License cleanup: add SPDX GPL-2.0 license identifier to files with no license
Many source files in the tree are missing licensing information, which
makes it harder for compliance tools to determine the correct license.
By default all files without license information are under the default
license of the kernel, which is GPL version 2.
Update the files which contain no license information with the 'GPL-2.0'
SPDX license identifier. The SPDX identifier is a legally binding
shorthand, which can be used instead of the full boiler plate text.
This patch is based on work done by Thomas Gleixner and Kate Stewart and
Philippe Ombredanne.
How this work was done:
Patches were generated and checked against linux-4.14-rc6 for a subset of
the use cases:
- file had no licensing information it it.
- file was a */uapi/* one with no licensing information in it,
- file was a */uapi/* one with existing licensing information,
Further patches will be generated in subsequent months to fix up cases
where non-standard license headers were used, and references to license
had to be inferred by heuristics based on keywords.
The analysis to determine which SPDX License Identifier to be applied to
a file was done in a spreadsheet of side by side results from of the
output of two independent scanners (ScanCode & Windriver) producing SPDX
tag:value files created by Philippe Ombredanne. Philippe prepared the
base worksheet, and did an initial spot review of a few 1000 files.
The 4.13 kernel was the starting point of the analysis with 60,537 files
assessed. Kate Stewart did a file by file comparison of the scanner
results in the spreadsheet to determine which SPDX license identifier(s)
to be applied to the file. She confirmed any determination that was not
immediately clear with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Criteria used to select files for SPDX license identifier tagging was:
- Files considered eligible had to be source code files.
- Make and config files were included as candidates if they contained >5
lines of source
- File already had some variant of a license header in it (even if <5
lines).
All documentation files were explicitly excluded.
The following heuristics were used to determine which SPDX license
identifiers to apply.
- when both scanners couldn't find any license traces, file was
considered to have no license information in it, and the top level
COPYING file license applied.
For non */uapi/* files that summary was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 11139
and resulted in the first patch in this series.
If that file was a */uapi/* path one, it was "GPL-2.0 WITH
Linux-syscall-note" otherwise it was "GPL-2.0". Results of that was:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|-------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 930
and resulted in the second patch in this series.
- if a file had some form of licensing information in it, and was one
of the */uapi/* ones, it was denoted with the Linux-syscall-note if
any GPL family license was found in the file or had no licensing in
it (per prior point). Results summary:
SPDX license identifier # files
---------------------------------------------------|------
GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note 270
GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 169
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-2-Clause) 21
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 17
LGPL-2.1+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 15
GPL-1.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 14
((GPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR BSD-3-Clause) 5
LGPL-2.0+ WITH Linux-syscall-note 4
LGPL-2.1 WITH Linux-syscall-note 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) OR MIT) 3
((GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note) AND MIT) 1
and that resulted in the third patch in this series.
- when the two scanners agreed on the detected license(s), that became
the concluded license(s).
- when there was disagreement between the two scanners (one detected a
license but the other didn't, or they both detected different
licenses) a manual inspection of the file occurred.
- In most cases a manual inspection of the information in the file
resulted in a clear resolution of the license that should apply (and
which scanner probably needed to revisit its heuristics).
- When it was not immediately clear, the license identifier was
confirmed with lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
- If there was any question as to the appropriate license identifier,
the file was flagged for further research and to be revisited later
in time.
In total, over 70 hours of logged manual review was done on the
spreadsheet to determine the SPDX license identifiers to apply to the
source files by Kate, Philippe, Thomas and, in some cases, confirmation
by lawyers working with the Linux Foundation.
Kate also obtained a third independent scan of the 4.13 code base from
FOSSology, and compared selected files where the other two scanners
disagreed against that SPDX file, to see if there was new insights. The
Windriver scanner is based on an older version of FOSSology in part, so
they are related.
Thomas did random spot checks in about 500 files from the spreadsheets
for the uapi headers and agreed with SPDX license identifier in the
files he inspected. For the non-uapi files Thomas did random spot checks
in about 15000 files.
In initial set of patches against 4.14-rc6, 3 files were found to have
copy/paste license identifier errors, and have been fixed to reflect the
correct identifier.
Additionally Philippe spent 10 hours this week doing a detailed manual
inspection and review of the 12,461 patched files from the initial patch
version early this week with:
- a full scancode scan run, collecting the matched texts, detected
license ids and scores
- reviewing anything where there was a license detected (about 500+
files) to ensure that the applied SPDX license was correct
- reviewing anything where there was no detection but the patch license
was not GPL-2.0 WITH Linux-syscall-note to ensure that the applied
SPDX license was correct
This produced a worksheet with 20 files needing minor correction. This
worksheet was then exported into 3 different .csv files for the
different types of files to be modified.
These .csv files were then reviewed by Greg. Thomas wrote a script to
parse the csv files and add the proper SPDX tag to the file, in the
format that the file expected. This script was further refined by Greg
based on the output to detect more types of files automatically and to
distinguish between header and source .c files (which need different
comment types.) Finally Greg ran the script using the .csv files to
generate the patches.
Reviewed-by: Kate Stewart <kstewart@linuxfoundation.org>
Reviewed-by: Philippe Ombredanne <pombredanne@nexb.com>
Reviewed-by: Thomas Gleixner <tglx@linutronix.de>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@linuxfoundation.org>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/Makefile b/arch/powerpc/kernel/Makefile
index 91960f8..6c6cce9 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/Makefile
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Makefile for the linux kernel.
#
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/audit.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/audit.c
index a4dab7c..a2dddd7 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/audit.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/audit.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/audit.h>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/btext.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/btext.c
index 3f46ca1..6537cba 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/btext.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/btext.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Procedures for drawing on the screen early on in the boot process.
*
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/cacheinfo.h b/arch/powerpc/kernel/cacheinfo.h
index a7b74d3..955f5e9 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/cacheinfo.h
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/cacheinfo.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef _PPC_CACHEINFO_H
#define _PPC_CACHEINFO_H
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/compat_audit.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/compat_audit.c
index 108ff14e..55c6ccd 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/compat_audit.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/compat_audit.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#undef __powerpc64__
#include <asm/unistd.h>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/dma-iommu.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/dma-iommu.c
index 8f7abf9..66f33e7 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/dma-iommu.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/dma-iommu.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Copyright (C) 2006 Benjamin Herrenschmidt, IBM Corporation
*
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/exceptions-64s.S b/arch/powerpc/kernel/exceptions-64s.S
index b82586c..1c80bd2 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/exceptions-64s.S
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/exceptions-64s.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* This file contains the 64-bit "server" PowerPC variant
* of the low level exception handling including exception
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/fsl_booke_entry_mapping.S b/arch/powerpc/kernel/fsl_booke_entry_mapping.S
index 83dd0f6..ea06528 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/fsl_booke_entry_mapping.S
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/fsl_booke_entry_mapping.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/* 1. Find the index of the entry we're executing in */
bl invstr /* Find our address */
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/head_booke.h b/arch/powerpc/kernel/head_booke.h
index a620203..d0862a1 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/head_booke.h
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/head_booke.h
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifndef __HEAD_BOOKE_H__
#define __HEAD_BOOKE_H__
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/iomap.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/iomap.c
index a1854d1..aab456e 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/iomap.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/iomap.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* ppc64 "iomap" interface implementation.
*
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/legacy_serial.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/legacy_serial.c
index 5e5a64a..33b34a5 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/legacy_serial.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/legacy_serial.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/serial.h>
#include <linux/serial_8250.h>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/prom_parse.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/prom_parse.c
index 6295e64..9cb7f88 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/prom_parse.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/prom_parse.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#undef DEBUG
#include <linux/kernel.h>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/rtas-proc.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/rtas-proc.c
index df56dfc..c8c5f3a 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/rtas-proc.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/rtas-proc.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Copyright (C) 2000 Tilmann Bitterberg
* (tilmann@bitterberg.de)
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/rtas-rtc.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/rtas-rtc.c
index c57c193..4960098 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/rtas-rtc.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/rtas-rtc.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/time.h>
#include <linux/timer.h>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/smp-tbsync.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/smp-tbsync.c
index 7a37ecd..21c3935 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/smp-tbsync.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/smp-tbsync.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Smp timebase synchronization for ppc.
*
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/swsusp_32.S b/arch/powerpc/kernel/swsusp_32.S
index ba4dee3..34b73a2 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/swsusp_32.S
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/swsusp_32.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#include <linux/threads.h>
#include <asm/processor.h>
#include <asm/page.h>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/swsusp_booke.S b/arch/powerpc/kernel/swsusp_booke.S
index 553c140..88cfdbd 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/swsusp_booke.S
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/swsusp_booke.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* Based on swsusp_32.S, modified for FSL BookE by
* Anton Vorontsov <avorontsov@ru.mvista.com>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/tau_6xx.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/tau_6xx.c
index a753b72..a3374e8 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/tau_6xx.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/tau_6xx.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* temp.c Thermal management for cpu's with Thermal Assist Units
*
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/tm.S b/arch/powerpc/kernel/tm.S
index c4ba378..1da12f5 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/tm.S
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/tm.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* Transactional memory support routines to reclaim and recheckpoint
* transactional process state.
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/trace/Makefile b/arch/powerpc/kernel/trace/Makefile
index 729dffc..d22d8ba 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/trace/Makefile
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/trace/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
#
# Makefile for the powerpc trace subsystem
#
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/trace/ftrace.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/trace/ftrace.c
index 32509de..4741fe1 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/trace/ftrace.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/trace/ftrace.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Code for replacing ftrace calls with jumps.
*
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/Makefile b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/Makefile
index 78a7449..b8c434d 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/Makefile
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
# List of files in the vdso, has to be asm only for now
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32.lds.S b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32.lds.S
index e58ee10fa..099a6db 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32.lds.S
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32.lds.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* This is the infamous ld script for the 32 bits vdso
* library
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32_wrapper.S b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32_wrapper.S
index 6ac107a..3f5ef03 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32_wrapper.S
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso32/vdso32_wrapper.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#include <linux/linkage.h>
#include <asm/page.h>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/Makefile b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/Makefile
index 31107bf..69cecb3 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/Makefile
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/Makefile
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
# List of files in the vdso, has to be asm only for now
obj-vdso64 = sigtramp.o gettimeofday.o datapage.o cacheflush.o note.o getcpu.o
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/vdso64.lds.S b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/vdso64.lds.S
index 64fb183..256fb97 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/vdso64.lds.S
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/vdso64.lds.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
/*
* This is the infamous ld script for the 64 bits vdso
* library
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/vdso64_wrapper.S b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/vdso64_wrapper.S
index df60fca..1d56d81 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/vdso64_wrapper.S
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vdso64/vdso64_wrapper.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#include <linux/linkage.h>
#include <asm/page.h>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vecemu.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vecemu.c
index 2d8f6d8..8812085 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vecemu.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vecemu.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Routines to emulate some Altivec/VMX instructions, specifically
* those that can trap when given denormalized operands in Java mode.
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vector.S b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vector.S
index 0c123f3..f314fd4 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vector.S
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vector.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#include <asm/processor.h>
#include <asm/ppc_asm.h>
#include <asm/reg.h>
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
index 882628f..0494e15 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/vmlinux.lds.S
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 */
#ifdef CONFIG_PPC64
#define PROVIDE32(x) PROVIDE(__unused__##x)
#else
diff --git a/arch/powerpc/kernel/watchdog.c b/arch/powerpc/kernel/watchdog.c
index c702a89..57190f3 100644
--- a/arch/powerpc/kernel/watchdog.c
+++ b/arch/powerpc/kernel/watchdog.c
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0
/*
* Watchdog support on powerpc systems.
*
