mm/memory.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/*
 *  linux/mm/memory.c
 *
 *  Copyright (C) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994  Linus Torvalds
 */

/*
 * demand-loading started 01.12.91 - seems it is high on the list of
 * things wanted, and it should be easy to implement. - Linus
 */

/*
 * Ok, demand-loading was easy, shared pages a little bit tricker. Shared
 * pages started 02.12.91, seems to work. - Linus.
 *
 * Tested sharing by executing about 30 /bin/sh: under the old kernel it
 * would have taken more than the 6M I have free, but it worked well as
 * far as I could see.
 *
 * Also corrected some "invalidate()"s - I wasn't doing enough of them.
 */

/*
 * Real VM (paging to/from disk) started 18.12.91. Much more work and
 * thought has to go into this. Oh, well..
 * 19.12.91  -  works, somewhat. Sometimes I get faults, don't know why.
 *		Found it. Everything seems to work now.
 * 20.12.91  -  Ok, making the swap-device changeable like the root.
 */

/*
 * 05.04.94  -  Multi-page memory management added for v1.1.
 *              Idea by Alex Bligh (alex@cconcepts.co.uk)
 *
 * 16.07.99  -  Support of BIGMEM added by Gerhard Wichert, Siemens AG
 *		(Gerhard.Wichert@pdb.siemens.de)
 *
 * Aug/Sep 2004 Changed to four level page tables (Andi Kleen)
 */

#include <linux/kernel_stat.h>
#include <linux/mm.h>
#include <linux/sched/mm.h>
#include <linux/sched/coredump.h>
#include <linux/sched/numa_balancing.h>
#include <linux/sched/task.h>
#include <linux/hugetlb.h>
#include <linux/mman.h>
#include <linux/swap.h>
#include <linux/highmem.h>
#include <linux/pagemap.h>
#include <linux/memremap.h>
#include <linux/ksm.h>
#include <linux/rmap.h>
#include <linux/export.h>
#include <linux/delayacct.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/pfn_t.h>
#include <linux/writeback.h>
#include <linux/memcontrol.h>
#include <linux/mmu_notifier.h>
#include <linux/swapops.h>
#include <linux/elf.h>
#include <linux/gfp.h>
#include <linux/migrate.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/debugfs.h>
#include <linux/userfaultfd_k.h>
#include <linux/dax.h>
#include <linux/oom.h>
#include <linux/numa.h>
#include <linux/perf_event.h>
#include <linux/ptrace.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>

#include <trace/events/kmem.h>

#include <asm/io.h>
#include <asm/mmu_context.h>
#include <asm/pgalloc.h>
#include <linux/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/tlb.h>
#include <asm/tlbflush.h>

#include "pgalloc-track.h"
#include "internal.h"

#if defined(LAST_CPUPID_NOT_IN_PAGE_FLAGS) && !defined(CONFIG_COMPILE_TEST)
#warning Unfortunate NUMA and NUMA Balancing config, growing page-frame for last_cpupid.
#endif

#ifndef CONFIG_NUMA
unsigned long max_mapnr;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(max_mapnr);

struct page *mem_map;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(mem_map);
#endif

/*
 * A number of key systems in x86 including ioremap() rely on the assumption
 * that high_memory defines the upper bound on direct map memory, then end
 * of ZONE_NORMAL.  Under CONFIG_DISCONTIG this means that max_low_pfn and
 * highstart_pfn must be the same; there must be no gap between ZONE_NORMAL
 * and ZONE_HIGHMEM.
 */
void *high_memory;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(high_memory);

/*
 * Randomize the address space (stacks, mmaps, brk, etc.).
 *
 * ( When CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK=y we exclude brk from randomization,
 *   as ancient (libc5 based) binaries can segfault. )
 */
int randomize_va_space __read_mostly =
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT_BRK
					1;
#else
					2;
#endif

#ifndef arch_faults_on_old_pte
static inline bool arch_faults_on_old_pte(void)
{
	/*
	 * Those arches which don't have hw access flag feature need to
	 * implement their own helper. By default, "true" means pagefault
	 * will be hit on old pte.
	 */
	return true;
}
#endif

#ifndef arch_wants_old_prefaulted_pte
static inline bool arch_wants_old_prefaulted_pte(void)
{
	/*
	 * Transitioning a PTE from 'old' to 'young' can be expensive on
	 * some architectures, even if it's performed in hardware. By
	 * default, "false" means prefaulted entries will be 'young'.
	 */
	return false;
}
#endif

static int __init disable_randmaps(char *s)
{
	randomize_va_space = 0;
	return 1;
}
__setup("norandmaps", disable_randmaps);

unsigned long zero_pfn __read_mostly;
EXPORT_SYMBOL(zero_pfn);

unsigned long highest_memmap_pfn __read_mostly;

/*
 * CONFIG_MMU architectures set up ZERO_PAGE in their paging_init()
 */
static int __init init_zero_pfn(void)
{
	zero_pfn = page_to_pfn(ZERO_PAGE(0));
	return 0;
}
early_initcall(init_zero_pfn);

void mm_trace_rss_stat(struct mm_struct *mm, int member, long count)
{
	trace_rss_stat(mm, member, count);
}

#if defined(SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING)

void sync_mm_rss(struct mm_struct *mm)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < NR_MM_COUNTERS; i++) {
		if (current->rss_stat.count[i]) {
			add_mm_counter(mm, i, current->rss_stat.count[i]);
			current->rss_stat.count[i] = 0;
		}
	}
	current->rss_stat.events = 0;
}

static void add_mm_counter_fast(struct mm_struct *mm, int member, int val)
{
	struct task_struct *task = current;

	if (likely(task->mm == mm))
		task->rss_stat.count[member] += val;
	else
		add_mm_counter(mm, member, val);
}
#define inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) add_mm_counter_fast(mm, member, 1)
#define dec_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) add_mm_counter_fast(mm, member, -1)

/* sync counter once per 64 page faults */
#define TASK_RSS_EVENTS_THRESH	(64)
static void check_sync_rss_stat(struct task_struct *task)
{
	if (unlikely(task != current))
		return;
	if (unlikely(task->rss_stat.events++ > TASK_RSS_EVENTS_THRESH))
		sync_mm_rss(task->mm);
}
#else /* SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING */

#define inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) inc_mm_counter(mm, member)
#define dec_mm_counter_fast(mm, member) dec_mm_counter(mm, member)

static void check_sync_rss_stat(struct task_struct *task)
{
}

#endif /* SPLIT_RSS_COUNTING */

/*
 * Note: this doesn't free the actual pages themselves. That
 * has been handled earlier when unmapping all the memory regions.
 */
static void free_pte_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb, pmd_t *pmd,
			   unsigned long addr)
{
	pgtable_t token = pmd_pgtable(*pmd);
	pmd_clear(pmd);
	pte_free_tlb(tlb, token, addr);
	mm_dec_nr_ptes(tlb->mm);
}

static inline void free_pmd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb, pud_t *pud,
				unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
	pmd_t *pmd;
	unsigned long next;
	unsigned long start;

	start = addr;
	pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
	do {
		next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pmd_none_or_clear_bad(pmd))
			continue;
		free_pte_range(tlb, pmd, addr);
	} while (pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);

	start &= PUD_MASK;
	if (start < floor)
		return;
	if (ceiling) {
		ceiling &= PUD_MASK;
		if (!ceiling)
			return;
	}
	if (end - 1 > ceiling - 1)
		return;

	pmd = pmd_offset(pud, start);
	pud_clear(pud);
	pmd_free_tlb(tlb, pmd, start);
	mm_dec_nr_pmds(tlb->mm);
}

static inline void free_pud_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb, p4d_t *p4d,
				unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
	pud_t *pud;
	unsigned long next;
	unsigned long start;

	start = addr;
	pud = pud_offset(p4d, addr);
	do {
		next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pud_none_or_clear_bad(pud))
			continue;
		free_pmd_range(tlb, pud, addr, next, floor, ceiling);
	} while (pud++, addr = next, addr != end);

	start &= P4D_MASK;
	if (start < floor)
		return;
	if (ceiling) {
		ceiling &= P4D_MASK;
		if (!ceiling)
			return;
	}
	if (end - 1 > ceiling - 1)
		return;

	pud = pud_offset(p4d, start);
	p4d_clear(p4d);
	pud_free_tlb(tlb, pud, start);
	mm_dec_nr_puds(tlb->mm);
}

static inline void free_p4d_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb, pgd_t *pgd,
				unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
	p4d_t *p4d;
	unsigned long next;
	unsigned long start;

	start = addr;
	p4d = p4d_offset(pgd, addr);
	do {
		next = p4d_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (p4d_none_or_clear_bad(p4d))
			continue;
		free_pud_range(tlb, p4d, addr, next, floor, ceiling);
	} while (p4d++, addr = next, addr != end);

	start &= PGDIR_MASK;
	if (start < floor)
		return;
	if (ceiling) {
		ceiling &= PGDIR_MASK;
		if (!ceiling)
			return;
	}
	if (end - 1 > ceiling - 1)
		return;

	p4d = p4d_offset(pgd, start);
	pgd_clear(pgd);
	p4d_free_tlb(tlb, p4d, start);
}

/*
 * This function frees user-level page tables of a process.
 */
void free_pgd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
			unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
			unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
	pgd_t *pgd;
	unsigned long next;

	/*
	 * The next few lines have given us lots of grief...
	 *
	 * Why are we testing PMD* at this top level?  Because often
	 * there will be no work to do at all, and we'd prefer not to
	 * go all the way down to the bottom just to discover that.
	 *
	 * Why all these "- 1"s?  Because 0 represents both the bottom
	 * of the address space and the top of it (using -1 for the
	 * top wouldn't help much: the masks would do the wrong thing).
	 * The rule is that addr 0 and floor 0 refer to the bottom of
	 * the address space, but end 0 and ceiling 0 refer to the top
	 * Comparisons need to use "end - 1" and "ceiling - 1" (though
	 * that end 0 case should be mythical).
	 *
	 * Wherever addr is brought up or ceiling brought down, we must
	 * be careful to reject "the opposite 0" before it confuses the
	 * subsequent tests.  But what about where end is brought down
	 * by PMD_SIZE below? no, end can't go down to 0 there.
	 *
	 * Whereas we round start (addr) and ceiling down, by different
	 * masks at different levels, in order to test whether a table
	 * now has no other vmas using it, so can be freed, we don't
	 * bother to round floor or end up - the tests don't need that.
	 */

	addr &= PMD_MASK;
	if (addr < floor) {
		addr += PMD_SIZE;
		if (!addr)
			return;
	}
	if (ceiling) {
		ceiling &= PMD_MASK;
		if (!ceiling)
			return;
	}
	if (end - 1 > ceiling - 1)
		end -= PMD_SIZE;
	if (addr > end - 1)
		return;
	/*
	 * We add page table cache pages with PAGE_SIZE,
	 * (see pte_free_tlb()), flush the tlb if we need
	 */
	tlb_change_page_size(tlb, PAGE_SIZE);
	pgd = pgd_offset(tlb->mm, addr);
	do {
		next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pgd_none_or_clear_bad(pgd))
			continue;
		free_p4d_range(tlb, pgd, addr, next, floor, ceiling);
	} while (pgd++, addr = next, addr != end);
}

void free_pgtables(struct mmu_gather *tlb, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
		unsigned long floor, unsigned long ceiling)
{
	while (vma) {
		struct vm_area_struct *next = vma->vm_next;
		unsigned long addr = vma->vm_start;

		/*
		 * Hide vma from rmap and truncate_pagecache before freeing
		 * pgtables
		 */
		unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
		unlink_file_vma(vma);

		if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma)) {
			hugetlb_free_pgd_range(tlb, addr, vma->vm_end,
				floor, next ? next->vm_start : ceiling);
		} else {
			/*
			 * Optimization: gather nearby vmas into one call down
			 */
			while (next && next->vm_start <= vma->vm_end + PMD_SIZE
			       && !is_vm_hugetlb_page(next)) {
				vma = next;
				next = vma->vm_next;
				unlink_anon_vmas(vma);
				unlink_file_vma(vma);
			}
			free_pgd_range(tlb, addr, vma->vm_end,
				floor, next ? next->vm_start : ceiling);
		}
		vma = next;
	}
}

void pmd_install(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd, pgtable_t *pte)
{
	spinlock_t *ptl = pmd_lock(mm, pmd);

	if (likely(pmd_none(*pmd))) {	/* Has another populated it ? */
		mm_inc_nr_ptes(mm);
		/*
		 * Ensure all pte setup (eg. pte page lock and page clearing) are
		 * visible before the pte is made visible to other CPUs by being
		 * put into page tables.
		 *
		 * The other side of the story is the pointer chasing in the page
		 * table walking code (when walking the page table without locking;
		 * ie. most of the time). Fortunately, these data accesses consist
		 * of a chain of data-dependent loads, meaning most CPUs (alpha
		 * being the notable exception) will already guarantee loads are
		 * seen in-order. See the alpha page table accessors for the
		 * smp_rmb() barriers in page table walking code.
		 */
		smp_wmb(); /* Could be smp_wmb__xxx(before|after)_spin_lock */
		pmd_populate(mm, pmd, *pte);
		*pte = NULL;
	}
	spin_unlock(ptl);
}

int __pte_alloc(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd)
{
	pgtable_t new = pte_alloc_one(mm);
	if (!new)
		return -ENOMEM;

	pmd_install(mm, pmd, &new);
	if (new)
		pte_free(mm, new);
	return 0;
}

int __pte_alloc_kernel(pmd_t *pmd)
{
	pte_t *new = pte_alloc_one_kernel(&init_mm);
	if (!new)
		return -ENOMEM;

	spin_lock(&init_mm.page_table_lock);
	if (likely(pmd_none(*pmd))) {	/* Has another populated it ? */
		smp_wmb(); /* See comment in pmd_install() */
		pmd_populate_kernel(&init_mm, pmd, new);
		new = NULL;
	}
	spin_unlock(&init_mm.page_table_lock);
	if (new)
		pte_free_kernel(&init_mm, new);
	return 0;
}

static inline void init_rss_vec(int *rss)
{
	memset(rss, 0, sizeof(int) * NR_MM_COUNTERS);
}

static inline void add_mm_rss_vec(struct mm_struct *mm, int *rss)
{
	int i;

	if (current->mm == mm)
		sync_mm_rss(mm);
	for (i = 0; i < NR_MM_COUNTERS; i++)
		if (rss[i])
			add_mm_counter(mm, i, rss[i]);
}

/*
 * This function is called to print an error when a bad pte
 * is found. For example, we might have a PFN-mapped pte in
 * a region that doesn't allow it.
 *
 * The calling function must still handle the error.
 */
static void print_bad_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
			  pte_t pte, struct page *page)
{
	pgd_t *pgd = pgd_offset(vma->vm_mm, addr);
	p4d_t *p4d = p4d_offset(pgd, addr);
	pud_t *pud = pud_offset(p4d, addr);
	pmd_t *pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
	struct address_space *mapping;
	pgoff_t index;
	static unsigned long resume;
	static unsigned long nr_shown;
	static unsigned long nr_unshown;

	/*
	 * Allow a burst of 60 reports, then keep quiet for that minute;
	 * or allow a steady drip of one report per second.
	 */
	if (nr_shown == 60) {
		if (time_before(jiffies, resume)) {
			nr_unshown++;
			return;
		}
		if (nr_unshown) {
			pr_alert("BUG: Bad page map: %lu messages suppressed\n",
				 nr_unshown);
			nr_unshown = 0;
		}
		nr_shown = 0;
	}
	if (nr_shown++ == 0)
		resume = jiffies + 60 * HZ;

	mapping = vma->vm_file ? vma->vm_file->f_mapping : NULL;
	index = linear_page_index(vma, addr);

	pr_alert("BUG: Bad page map in process %s  pte:%08llx pmd:%08llx\n",
		 current->comm,
		 (long long)pte_val(pte), (long long)pmd_val(*pmd));
	if (page)
		dump_page(page, "bad pte");
	pr_alert("addr:%px vm_flags:%08lx anon_vma:%px mapping:%px index:%lx\n",
		 (void *)addr, vma->vm_flags, vma->anon_vma, mapping, index);
	pr_alert("file:%pD fault:%ps mmap:%ps readpage:%ps\n",
		 vma->vm_file,
		 vma->vm_ops ? vma->vm_ops->fault : NULL,
		 vma->vm_file ? vma->vm_file->f_op->mmap : NULL,
		 mapping ? mapping->a_ops->readpage : NULL);
	dump_stack();
	add_taint(TAINT_BAD_PAGE, LOCKDEP_NOW_UNRELIABLE);
}

/*
 * vm_normal_page -- This function gets the "struct page" associated with a pte.
 *
 * "Special" mappings do not wish to be associated with a "struct page" (either
 * it doesn't exist, or it exists but they don't want to touch it). In this
 * case, NULL is returned here. "Normal" mappings do have a struct page.
 *
 * There are 2 broad cases. Firstly, an architecture may define a pte_special()
 * pte bit, in which case this function is trivial. Secondly, an architecture
 * may not have a spare pte bit, which requires a more complicated scheme,
 * described below.
 *
 * A raw VM_PFNMAP mapping (ie. one that is not COWed) is always considered a
 * special mapping (even if there are underlying and valid "struct pages").
 * COWed pages of a VM_PFNMAP are always normal.
 *
 * The way we recognize COWed pages within VM_PFNMAP mappings is through the
 * rules set up by "remap_pfn_range()": the vma will have the VM_PFNMAP bit
 * set, and the vm_pgoff will point to the first PFN mapped: thus every special
 * mapping will always honor the rule
 *
 *	pfn_of_page == vma->vm_pgoff + ((addr - vma->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT)
 *
 * And for normal mappings this is false.
 *
 * This restricts such mappings to be a linear translation from virtual address
 * to pfn. To get around this restriction, we allow arbitrary mappings so long
 * as the vma is not a COW mapping; in that case, we know that all ptes are
 * special (because none can have been COWed).
 *
 *
 * In order to support COW of arbitrary special mappings, we have VM_MIXEDMAP.
 *
 * VM_MIXEDMAP mappings can likewise contain memory with or without "struct
 * page" backing, however the difference is that _all_ pages with a struct
 * page (that is, those where pfn_valid is true) are refcounted and considered
 * normal pages by the VM. The disadvantage is that pages are refcounted
 * (which can be slower and simply not an option for some PFNMAP users). The
 * advantage is that we don't have to follow the strict linearity rule of
 * PFNMAP mappings in order to support COWable mappings.
 *
 */
struct page *vm_normal_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
			    pte_t pte)
{
	unsigned long pfn = pte_pfn(pte);

	if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL)) {
		if (likely(!pte_special(pte)))
			goto check_pfn;
		if (vma->vm_ops && vma->vm_ops->find_special_page)
			return vma->vm_ops->find_special_page(vma, addr);
		if (vma->vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP | VM_MIXEDMAP))
			return NULL;
		if (is_zero_pfn(pfn))
			return NULL;
		if (pte_devmap(pte))
			return NULL;

		print_bad_pte(vma, addr, pte, NULL);
		return NULL;
	}

	/* !CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL case follows: */

	if (unlikely(vma->vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP|VM_MIXEDMAP))) {
		if (vma->vm_flags & VM_MIXEDMAP) {
			if (!pfn_valid(pfn))
				return NULL;
			goto out;
		} else {
			unsigned long off;
			off = (addr - vma->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
			if (pfn == vma->vm_pgoff + off)
				return NULL;
			if (!is_cow_mapping(vma->vm_flags))
				return NULL;
		}
	}

	if (is_zero_pfn(pfn))
		return NULL;

check_pfn:
	if (unlikely(pfn > highest_memmap_pfn)) {
		print_bad_pte(vma, addr, pte, NULL);
		return NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * NOTE! We still have PageReserved() pages in the page tables.
	 * eg. VDSO mappings can cause them to exist.
	 */
out:
	return pfn_to_page(pfn);
}

#ifdef CONFIG_TRANSPARENT_HUGEPAGE
struct page *vm_normal_page_pmd(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
				pmd_t pmd)
{
	unsigned long pfn = pmd_pfn(pmd);

	/*
	 * There is no pmd_special() but there may be special pmds, e.g.
	 * in a direct-access (dax) mapping, so let's just replicate the
	 * !CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL case from vm_normal_page() here.
	 */
	if (unlikely(vma->vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP|VM_MIXEDMAP))) {
		if (vma->vm_flags & VM_MIXEDMAP) {
			if (!pfn_valid(pfn))
				return NULL;
			goto out;
		} else {
			unsigned long off;
			off = (addr - vma->vm_start) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
			if (pfn == vma->vm_pgoff + off)
				return NULL;
			if (!is_cow_mapping(vma->vm_flags))
				return NULL;
		}
	}

	if (pmd_devmap(pmd))
		return NULL;
	if (is_huge_zero_pmd(pmd))
		return NULL;
	if (unlikely(pfn > highest_memmap_pfn))
		return NULL;

	/*
	 * NOTE! We still have PageReserved() pages in the page tables.
	 * eg. VDSO mappings can cause them to exist.
	 */
out:
	return pfn_to_page(pfn);
}
#endif

static void restore_exclusive_pte(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
				  struct page *page, unsigned long address,
				  pte_t *ptep)
{
	pte_t pte;
	swp_entry_t entry;

	pte = pte_mkold(mk_pte(page, READ_ONCE(vma->vm_page_prot)));
	if (pte_swp_soft_dirty(*ptep))
		pte = pte_mksoft_dirty(pte);

	entry = pte_to_swp_entry(*ptep);
	if (pte_swp_uffd_wp(*ptep))
		pte = pte_mkuffd_wp(pte);
	else if (is_writable_device_exclusive_entry(entry))
		pte = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(pte), vma);

	set_pte_at(vma->vm_mm, address, ptep, pte);

	/*
	 * No need to take a page reference as one was already
	 * created when the swap entry was made.
	 */
	if (PageAnon(page))
		page_add_anon_rmap(page, vma, address, false);
	else
		/*
		 * Currently device exclusive access only supports anonymous
		 * memory so the entry shouldn't point to a filebacked page.
		 */
		WARN_ON_ONCE(!PageAnon(page));

	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)
		mlock_vma_page(page);

	/*
	 * No need to invalidate - it was non-present before. However
	 * secondary CPUs may have mappings that need invalidating.
	 */
	update_mmu_cache(vma, address, ptep);
}

/*
 * Tries to restore an exclusive pte if the page lock can be acquired without
 * sleeping.
 */
static int
try_restore_exclusive_pte(pte_t *src_pte, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
			unsigned long addr)
{
	swp_entry_t entry = pte_to_swp_entry(*src_pte);
	struct page *page = pfn_swap_entry_to_page(entry);

	if (trylock_page(page)) {
		restore_exclusive_pte(vma, page, addr, src_pte);
		unlock_page(page);
		return 0;
	}

	return -EBUSY;
}

/*
 * copy one vm_area from one task to the other. Assumes the page tables
 * already present in the new task to be cleared in the whole range
 * covered by this vma.
 */

static unsigned long
copy_nonpresent_pte(struct mm_struct *dst_mm, struct mm_struct *src_mm,
		pte_t *dst_pte, pte_t *src_pte, struct vm_area_struct *dst_vma,
		struct vm_area_struct *src_vma, unsigned long addr, int *rss)
{
	unsigned long vm_flags = dst_vma->vm_flags;
	pte_t pte = *src_pte;
	struct page *page;
	swp_entry_t entry = pte_to_swp_entry(pte);

	if (likely(!non_swap_entry(entry))) {
		if (swap_duplicate(entry) < 0)
			return -EIO;

		/* make sure dst_mm is on swapoff's mmlist. */
		if (unlikely(list_empty(&dst_mm->mmlist))) {
			spin_lock(&mmlist_lock);
			if (list_empty(&dst_mm->mmlist))
				list_add(&dst_mm->mmlist,
						&src_mm->mmlist);
			spin_unlock(&mmlist_lock);
		}
		rss[MM_SWAPENTS]++;
	} else if (is_migration_entry(entry)) {
		page = pfn_swap_entry_to_page(entry);

		rss[mm_counter(page)]++;

		if (is_writable_migration_entry(entry) &&
				is_cow_mapping(vm_flags)) {
			/*
			 * COW mappings require pages in both
			 * parent and child to be set to read.
			 */
			entry = make_readable_migration_entry(
							swp_offset(entry));
			pte = swp_entry_to_pte(entry);
			if (pte_swp_soft_dirty(*src_pte))
				pte = pte_swp_mksoft_dirty(pte);
			if (pte_swp_uffd_wp(*src_pte))
				pte = pte_swp_mkuffd_wp(pte);
			set_pte_at(src_mm, addr, src_pte, pte);
		}
	} else if (is_device_private_entry(entry)) {
		page = pfn_swap_entry_to_page(entry);

		/*
		 * Update rss count even for unaddressable pages, as
		 * they should treated just like normal pages in this
		 * respect.
		 *
		 * We will likely want to have some new rss counters
		 * for unaddressable pages, at some point. But for now
		 * keep things as they are.
		 */
		get_page(page);
		rss[mm_counter(page)]++;
		page_dup_rmap(page, false);

		/*
		 * We do not preserve soft-dirty information, because so
		 * far, checkpoint/restore is the only feature that
		 * requires that. And checkpoint/restore does not work
		 * when a device driver is involved (you cannot easily
		 * save and restore device driver state).
		 */
		if (is_writable_device_private_entry(entry) &&
		    is_cow_mapping(vm_flags)) {
			entry = make_readable_device_private_entry(
							swp_offset(entry));
			pte = swp_entry_to_pte(entry);
			if (pte_swp_uffd_wp(*src_pte))
				pte = pte_swp_mkuffd_wp(pte);
			set_pte_at(src_mm, addr, src_pte, pte);
		}
	} else if (is_device_exclusive_entry(entry)) {
		/*
		 * Make device exclusive entries present by restoring the
		 * original entry then copying as for a present pte. Device
		 * exclusive entries currently only support private writable
		 * (ie. COW) mappings.
		 */
		VM_BUG_ON(!is_cow_mapping(src_vma->vm_flags));
		if (try_restore_exclusive_pte(src_pte, src_vma, addr))
			return -EBUSY;
		return -ENOENT;
	}
	if (!userfaultfd_wp(dst_vma))
		pte = pte_swp_clear_uffd_wp(pte);
	set_pte_at(dst_mm, addr, dst_pte, pte);
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Copy a present and normal page if necessary.
 *
 * NOTE! The usual case is that this doesn't need to do
 * anything, and can just return a positive value. That
 * will let the caller know that it can just increase
 * the page refcount and re-use the pte the traditional
 * way.
 *
 * But _if_ we need to copy it because it needs to be
 * pinned in the parent (and the child should get its own
 * copy rather than just a reference to the same page),
 * we'll do that here and return zero to let the caller
 * know we're done.
 *
 * And if we need a pre-allocated page but don't yet have
 * one, return a negative error to let the preallocation
 * code know so that it can do so outside the page table
 * lock.
 */
static inline int
copy_present_page(struct vm_area_struct *dst_vma, struct vm_area_struct *src_vma,
		  pte_t *dst_pte, pte_t *src_pte, unsigned long addr, int *rss,
		  struct page **prealloc, pte_t pte, struct page *page)
{
	struct page *new_page;

	/*
	 * What we want to do is to check whether this page may
	 * have been pinned by the parent process.  If so,
	 * instead of wrprotect the pte on both sides, we copy
	 * the page immediately so that we'll always guarantee
	 * the pinned page won't be randomly replaced in the
	 * future.
	 *
	 * The page pinning checks are just "has this mm ever
	 * seen pinning", along with the (inexact) check of
	 * the page count. That might give false positives for
	 * for pinning, but it will work correctly.
	 */
	if (likely(!page_needs_cow_for_dma(src_vma, page)))
		return 1;

	new_page = *prealloc;
	if (!new_page)
		return -EAGAIN;

	/*
	 * We have a prealloc page, all good!  Take it
	 * over and copy the page & arm it.
	 */
	*prealloc = NULL;
	copy_user_highpage(new_page, page, addr, src_vma);
	__SetPageUptodate(new_page);
	page_add_new_anon_rmap(new_page, dst_vma, addr, false);
	lru_cache_add_inactive_or_unevictable(new_page, dst_vma);
	rss[mm_counter(new_page)]++;

	/* All done, just insert the new page copy in the child */
	pte = mk_pte(new_page, dst_vma->vm_page_prot);
	pte = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(pte), dst_vma);
	if (userfaultfd_pte_wp(dst_vma, *src_pte))
		/* Uffd-wp needs to be delivered to dest pte as well */
		pte = pte_wrprotect(pte_mkuffd_wp(pte));
	set_pte_at(dst_vma->vm_mm, addr, dst_pte, pte);
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Copy one pte.  Returns 0 if succeeded, or -EAGAIN if one preallocated page
 * is required to copy this pte.
 */
static inline int
copy_present_pte(struct vm_area_struct *dst_vma, struct vm_area_struct *src_vma,
		 pte_t *dst_pte, pte_t *src_pte, unsigned long addr, int *rss,
		 struct page **prealloc)
{
	struct mm_struct *src_mm = src_vma->vm_mm;
	unsigned long vm_flags = src_vma->vm_flags;
	pte_t pte = *src_pte;
	struct page *page;

	page = vm_normal_page(src_vma, addr, pte);
	if (page) {
		int retval;

		retval = copy_present_page(dst_vma, src_vma, dst_pte, src_pte,
					   addr, rss, prealloc, pte, page);
		if (retval <= 0)
			return retval;

		get_page(page);
		page_dup_rmap(page, false);
		rss[mm_counter(page)]++;
	}

	/*
	 * If it's a COW mapping, write protect it both
	 * in the parent and the child
	 */
	if (is_cow_mapping(vm_flags) && pte_write(pte)) {
		ptep_set_wrprotect(src_mm, addr, src_pte);
		pte = pte_wrprotect(pte);
	}

	/*
	 * If it's a shared mapping, mark it clean in
	 * the child
	 */
	if (vm_flags & VM_SHARED)
		pte = pte_mkclean(pte);
	pte = pte_mkold(pte);

	if (!userfaultfd_wp(dst_vma))
		pte = pte_clear_uffd_wp(pte);

	set_pte_at(dst_vma->vm_mm, addr, dst_pte, pte);
	return 0;
}

static inline struct page *
page_copy_prealloc(struct mm_struct *src_mm, struct vm_area_struct *vma,
		   unsigned long addr)
{
	struct page *new_page;

	new_page = alloc_page_vma(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE, vma, addr);
	if (!new_page)
		return NULL;

	if (mem_cgroup_charge(page_folio(new_page), src_mm, GFP_KERNEL)) {
		put_page(new_page);
		return NULL;
	}
	cgroup_throttle_swaprate(new_page, GFP_KERNEL);

	return new_page;
}

static int
copy_pte_range(struct vm_area_struct *dst_vma, struct vm_area_struct *src_vma,
	       pmd_t *dst_pmd, pmd_t *src_pmd, unsigned long addr,
	       unsigned long end)
{
	struct mm_struct *dst_mm = dst_vma->vm_mm;
	struct mm_struct *src_mm = src_vma->vm_mm;
	pte_t *orig_src_pte, *orig_dst_pte;
	pte_t *src_pte, *dst_pte;
	spinlock_t *src_ptl, *dst_ptl;
	int progress, ret = 0;
	int rss[NR_MM_COUNTERS];
	swp_entry_t entry = (swp_entry_t){0};
	struct page *prealloc = NULL;

again:
	progress = 0;
	init_rss_vec(rss);

	dst_pte = pte_alloc_map_lock(dst_mm, dst_pmd, addr, &dst_ptl);
	if (!dst_pte) {
		ret = -ENOMEM;
		goto out;
	}
	src_pte = pte_offset_map(src_pmd, addr);
	src_ptl = pte_lockptr(src_mm, src_pmd);
	spin_lock_nested(src_ptl, SINGLE_DEPTH_NESTING);
	orig_src_pte = src_pte;
	orig_dst_pte = dst_pte;
	arch_enter_lazy_mmu_mode();

	do {
		/*
		 * We are holding two locks at this point - either of them
		 * could generate latencies in another task on another CPU.
		 */
		if (progress >= 32) {
			progress = 0;
			if (need_resched() ||
			    spin_needbreak(src_ptl) || spin_needbreak(dst_ptl))
				break;
		}
		if (pte_none(*src_pte)) {
			progress++;
			continue;
		}
		if (unlikely(!pte_present(*src_pte))) {
			ret = copy_nonpresent_pte(dst_mm, src_mm,
						  dst_pte, src_pte,
						  dst_vma, src_vma,
						  addr, rss);
			if (ret == -EIO) {
				entry = pte_to_swp_entry(*src_pte);
				break;
			} else if (ret == -EBUSY) {
				break;
			} else if (!ret) {
				progress += 8;
				continue;
			}

			/*
			 * Device exclusive entry restored, continue by copying
			 * the now present pte.
			 */
			WARN_ON_ONCE(ret != -ENOENT);
		}
		/* copy_present_pte() will clear `*prealloc' if consumed */
		ret = copy_present_pte(dst_vma, src_vma, dst_pte, src_pte,
				       addr, rss, &prealloc);
		/*
		 * If we need a pre-allocated page for this pte, drop the
		 * locks, allocate, and try again.
		 */
		if (unlikely(ret == -EAGAIN))
			break;
		if (unlikely(prealloc)) {
			/*
			 * pre-alloc page cannot be reused by next time so as
			 * to strictly follow mempolicy (e.g., alloc_page_vma()
			 * will allocate page according to address).  This
			 * could only happen if one pinned pte changed.
			 */
			put_page(prealloc);
			prealloc = NULL;
		}
		progress += 8;
	} while (dst_pte++, src_pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);

	arch_leave_lazy_mmu_mode();
	spin_unlock(src_ptl);
	pte_unmap(orig_src_pte);
	add_mm_rss_vec(dst_mm, rss);
	pte_unmap_unlock(orig_dst_pte, dst_ptl);
	cond_resched();

	if (ret == -EIO) {
		VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(!entry.val);
		if (add_swap_count_continuation(entry, GFP_KERNEL) < 0) {
			ret = -ENOMEM;
			goto out;
		}
		entry.val = 0;
	} else if (ret == -EBUSY) {
		goto out;
	} else if (ret ==  -EAGAIN) {
		prealloc = page_copy_prealloc(src_mm, src_vma, addr);
		if (!prealloc)
			return -ENOMEM;
	} else if (ret) {
		VM_WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
	}

	/* We've captured and resolved the error. Reset, try again. */
	ret = 0;

	if (addr != end)
		goto again;
out:
	if (unlikely(prealloc))
		put_page(prealloc);
	return ret;
}

static inline int
copy_pmd_range(struct vm_area_struct *dst_vma, struct vm_area_struct *src_vma,
	       pud_t *dst_pud, pud_t *src_pud, unsigned long addr,
	       unsigned long end)
{
	struct mm_struct *dst_mm = dst_vma->vm_mm;
	struct mm_struct *src_mm = src_vma->vm_mm;
	pmd_t *src_pmd, *dst_pmd;
	unsigned long next;

	dst_pmd = pmd_alloc(dst_mm, dst_pud, addr);
	if (!dst_pmd)
		return -ENOMEM;
	src_pmd = pmd_offset(src_pud, addr);
	do {
		next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (is_swap_pmd(*src_pmd) || pmd_trans_huge(*src_pmd)
			|| pmd_devmap(*src_pmd)) {
			int err;
			VM_BUG_ON_VMA(next-addr != HPAGE_PMD_SIZE, src_vma);
			err = copy_huge_pmd(dst_mm, src_mm, dst_pmd, src_pmd,
					    addr, dst_vma, src_vma);
			if (err == -ENOMEM)
				return -ENOMEM;
			if (!err)
				continue;
			/* fall through */
		}
		if (pmd_none_or_clear_bad(src_pmd))
			continue;
		if (copy_pte_range(dst_vma, src_vma, dst_pmd, src_pmd,
				   addr, next))
			return -ENOMEM;
	} while (dst_pmd++, src_pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);
	return 0;
}

static inline int
copy_pud_range(struct vm_area_struct *dst_vma, struct vm_area_struct *src_vma,
	       p4d_t *dst_p4d, p4d_t *src_p4d, unsigned long addr,
	       unsigned long end)
{
	struct mm_struct *dst_mm = dst_vma->vm_mm;
	struct mm_struct *src_mm = src_vma->vm_mm;
	pud_t *src_pud, *dst_pud;
	unsigned long next;

	dst_pud = pud_alloc(dst_mm, dst_p4d, addr);
	if (!dst_pud)
		return -ENOMEM;
	src_pud = pud_offset(src_p4d, addr);
	do {
		next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pud_trans_huge(*src_pud) || pud_devmap(*src_pud)) {
			int err;

			VM_BUG_ON_VMA(next-addr != HPAGE_PUD_SIZE, src_vma);
			err = copy_huge_pud(dst_mm, src_mm,
					    dst_pud, src_pud, addr, src_vma);
			if (err == -ENOMEM)
				return -ENOMEM;
			if (!err)
				continue;
			/* fall through */
		}
		if (pud_none_or_clear_bad(src_pud))
			continue;
		if (copy_pmd_range(dst_vma, src_vma, dst_pud, src_pud,
				   addr, next))
			return -ENOMEM;
	} while (dst_pud++, src_pud++, addr = next, addr != end);
	return 0;
}

static inline int
copy_p4d_range(struct vm_area_struct *dst_vma, struct vm_area_struct *src_vma,
	       pgd_t *dst_pgd, pgd_t *src_pgd, unsigned long addr,
	       unsigned long end)
{
	struct mm_struct *dst_mm = dst_vma->vm_mm;
	p4d_t *src_p4d, *dst_p4d;
	unsigned long next;

	dst_p4d = p4d_alloc(dst_mm, dst_pgd, addr);
	if (!dst_p4d)
		return -ENOMEM;
	src_p4d = p4d_offset(src_pgd, addr);
	do {
		next = p4d_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (p4d_none_or_clear_bad(src_p4d))
			continue;
		if (copy_pud_range(dst_vma, src_vma, dst_p4d, src_p4d,
				   addr, next))
			return -ENOMEM;
	} while (dst_p4d++, src_p4d++, addr = next, addr != end);
	return 0;
}

int
copy_page_range(struct vm_area_struct *dst_vma, struct vm_area_struct *src_vma)
{
	pgd_t *src_pgd, *dst_pgd;
	unsigned long next;
	unsigned long addr = src_vma->vm_start;
	unsigned long end = src_vma->vm_end;
	struct mm_struct *dst_mm = dst_vma->vm_mm;
	struct mm_struct *src_mm = src_vma->vm_mm;
	struct mmu_notifier_range range;
	bool is_cow;
	int ret;

	/*
	 * Don't copy ptes where a page fault will fill them correctly.
	 * Fork becomes much lighter when there are big shared or private
	 * readonly mappings. The tradeoff is that copy_page_range is more
	 * efficient than faulting.
	 */
	if (!(src_vma->vm_flags & (VM_HUGETLB | VM_PFNMAP | VM_MIXEDMAP)) &&
	    !src_vma->anon_vma)
		return 0;

	if (is_vm_hugetlb_page(src_vma))
		return copy_hugetlb_page_range(dst_mm, src_mm, src_vma);

	if (unlikely(src_vma->vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP)) {
		/*
		 * We do not free on error cases below as remove_vma
		 * gets called on error from higher level routine
		 */
		ret = track_pfn_copy(src_vma);
		if (ret)
			return ret;
	}

	/*
	 * We need to invalidate the secondary MMU mappings only when
	 * there could be a permission downgrade on the ptes of the
	 * parent mm. And a permission downgrade will only happen if
	 * is_cow_mapping() returns true.
	 */
	is_cow = is_cow_mapping(src_vma->vm_flags);

	if (is_cow) {
		mmu_notifier_range_init(&range, MMU_NOTIFY_PROTECTION_PAGE,
					0, src_vma, src_mm, addr, end);
		mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start(&range);
		/*
		 * Disabling preemption is not needed for the write side, as
		 * the read side doesn't spin, but goes to the mmap_lock.
		 *
		 * Use the raw variant of the seqcount_t write API to avoid
		 * lockdep complaining about preemptibility.
		 */
		mmap_assert_write_locked(src_mm);
		raw_write_seqcount_begin(&src_mm->write_protect_seq);
	}

	ret = 0;
	dst_pgd = pgd_offset(dst_mm, addr);
	src_pgd = pgd_offset(src_mm, addr);
	do {
		next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pgd_none_or_clear_bad(src_pgd))
			continue;
		if (unlikely(copy_p4d_range(dst_vma, src_vma, dst_pgd, src_pgd,
					    addr, next))) {
			ret = -ENOMEM;
			break;
		}
	} while (dst_pgd++, src_pgd++, addr = next, addr != end);

	if (is_cow) {
		raw_write_seqcount_end(&src_mm->write_protect_seq);
		mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_end(&range);
	}
	return ret;
}

static unsigned long zap_pte_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
				struct vm_area_struct *vma, pmd_t *pmd,
				unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				struct zap_details *details)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = tlb->mm;
	int force_flush = 0;
	int rss[NR_MM_COUNTERS];
	spinlock_t *ptl;
	pte_t *start_pte;
	pte_t *pte;
	swp_entry_t entry;

	tlb_change_page_size(tlb, PAGE_SIZE);
again:
	init_rss_vec(rss);
	start_pte = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, &ptl);
	pte = start_pte;
	flush_tlb_batched_pending(mm);
	arch_enter_lazy_mmu_mode();
	do {
		pte_t ptent = *pte;
		if (pte_none(ptent))
			continue;

		if (need_resched())
			break;

		if (pte_present(ptent)) {
			struct page *page;

			page = vm_normal_page(vma, addr, ptent);
			if (unlikely(zap_skip_check_mapping(details, page)))
				continue;
			ptent = ptep_get_and_clear_full(mm, addr, pte,
							tlb->fullmm);
			tlb_remove_tlb_entry(tlb, pte, addr);
			if (unlikely(!page))
				continue;

			if (!PageAnon(page)) {
				if (pte_dirty(ptent)) {
					force_flush = 1;
					set_page_dirty(page);
				}
				if (pte_young(ptent) &&
				    likely(!(vma->vm_flags & VM_SEQ_READ)))
					mark_page_accessed(page);
			}
			rss[mm_counter(page)]--;
			page_remove_rmap(page, false);
			if (unlikely(page_mapcount(page) < 0))
				print_bad_pte(vma, addr, ptent, page);
			if (unlikely(__tlb_remove_page(tlb, page))) {
				force_flush = 1;
				addr += PAGE_SIZE;
				break;
			}
			continue;
		}

		entry = pte_to_swp_entry(ptent);
		if (is_device_private_entry(entry) ||
		    is_device_exclusive_entry(entry)) {
			struct page *page = pfn_swap_entry_to_page(entry);

			if (unlikely(zap_skip_check_mapping(details, page)))
				continue;
			pte_clear_not_present_full(mm, addr, pte, tlb->fullmm);
			rss[mm_counter(page)]--;

			if (is_device_private_entry(entry))
				page_remove_rmap(page, false);

			put_page(page);
			continue;
		}

		/* If details->check_mapping, we leave swap entries. */
		if (unlikely(details))
			continue;

		if (!non_swap_entry(entry))
			rss[MM_SWAPENTS]--;
		else if (is_migration_entry(entry)) {
			struct page *page;

			page = pfn_swap_entry_to_page(entry);
			rss[mm_counter(page)]--;
		}
		if (unlikely(!free_swap_and_cache(entry)))
			print_bad_pte(vma, addr, ptent, NULL);
		pte_clear_not_present_full(mm, addr, pte, tlb->fullmm);
	} while (pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);

	add_mm_rss_vec(mm, rss);
	arch_leave_lazy_mmu_mode();

	/* Do the actual TLB flush before dropping ptl */
	if (force_flush)
		tlb_flush_mmu_tlbonly(tlb);
	pte_unmap_unlock(start_pte, ptl);

	/*
	 * If we forced a TLB flush (either due to running out of
	 * batch buffers or because we needed to flush dirty TLB
	 * entries before releasing the ptl), free the batched
	 * memory too. Restart if we didn't do everything.
	 */
	if (force_flush) {
		force_flush = 0;
		tlb_flush_mmu(tlb);
	}

	if (addr != end) {
		cond_resched();
		goto again;
	}

	return addr;
}

static inline unsigned long zap_pmd_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
				struct vm_area_struct *vma, pud_t *pud,
				unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				struct zap_details *details)
{
	pmd_t *pmd;
	unsigned long next;

	pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
	do {
		next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (is_swap_pmd(*pmd) || pmd_trans_huge(*pmd) || pmd_devmap(*pmd)) {
			if (next - addr != HPAGE_PMD_SIZE)
				__split_huge_pmd(vma, pmd, addr, false, NULL);
			else if (zap_huge_pmd(tlb, vma, pmd, addr))
				goto next;
			/* fall through */
		} else if (details && details->single_page &&
			   PageTransCompound(details->single_page) &&
			   next - addr == HPAGE_PMD_SIZE && pmd_none(*pmd)) {
			spinlock_t *ptl = pmd_lock(tlb->mm, pmd);
			/*
			 * Take and drop THP pmd lock so that we cannot return
			 * prematurely, while zap_huge_pmd() has cleared *pmd,
			 * but not yet decremented compound_mapcount().
			 */
			spin_unlock(ptl);
		}

		/*
		 * Here there can be other concurrent MADV_DONTNEED or
		 * trans huge page faults running, and if the pmd is
		 * none or trans huge it can change under us. This is
		 * because MADV_DONTNEED holds the mmap_lock in read
		 * mode.
		 */
		if (pmd_none_or_trans_huge_or_clear_bad(pmd))
			goto next;
		next = zap_pte_range(tlb, vma, pmd, addr, next, details);
next:
		cond_resched();
	} while (pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);

	return addr;
}

static inline unsigned long zap_pud_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
				struct vm_area_struct *vma, p4d_t *p4d,
				unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				struct zap_details *details)
{
	pud_t *pud;
	unsigned long next;

	pud = pud_offset(p4d, addr);
	do {
		next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pud_trans_huge(*pud) || pud_devmap(*pud)) {
			if (next - addr != HPAGE_PUD_SIZE) {
				mmap_assert_locked(tlb->mm);
				split_huge_pud(vma, pud, addr);
			} else if (zap_huge_pud(tlb, vma, pud, addr))
				goto next;
			/* fall through */
		}
		if (pud_none_or_clear_bad(pud))
			continue;
		next = zap_pmd_range(tlb, vma, pud, addr, next, details);
next:
		cond_resched();
	} while (pud++, addr = next, addr != end);

	return addr;
}

static inline unsigned long zap_p4d_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
				struct vm_area_struct *vma, pgd_t *pgd,
				unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				struct zap_details *details)
{
	p4d_t *p4d;
	unsigned long next;

	p4d = p4d_offset(pgd, addr);
	do {
		next = p4d_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (p4d_none_or_clear_bad(p4d))
			continue;
		next = zap_pud_range(tlb, vma, p4d, addr, next, details);
	} while (p4d++, addr = next, addr != end);

	return addr;
}

void unmap_page_range(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
			     struct vm_area_struct *vma,
			     unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
			     struct zap_details *details)
{
	pgd_t *pgd;
	unsigned long next;

	BUG_ON(addr >= end);
	tlb_start_vma(tlb, vma);
	pgd = pgd_offset(vma->vm_mm, addr);
	do {
		next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pgd_none_or_clear_bad(pgd))
			continue;
		next = zap_p4d_range(tlb, vma, pgd, addr, next, details);
	} while (pgd++, addr = next, addr != end);
	tlb_end_vma(tlb, vma);
}


static void unmap_single_vma(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
		struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long start_addr,
		unsigned long end_addr,
		struct zap_details *details)
{
	unsigned long start = max(vma->vm_start, start_addr);
	unsigned long end;

	if (start >= vma->vm_end)
		return;
	end = min(vma->vm_end, end_addr);
	if (end <= vma->vm_start)
		return;

	if (vma->vm_file)
		uprobe_munmap(vma, start, end);

	if (unlikely(vma->vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP))
		untrack_pfn(vma, 0, 0);

	if (start != end) {
		if (unlikely(is_vm_hugetlb_page(vma))) {
			/*
			 * It is undesirable to test vma->vm_file as it
			 * should be non-null for valid hugetlb area.
			 * However, vm_file will be NULL in the error
			 * cleanup path of mmap_region. When
			 * hugetlbfs ->mmap method fails,
			 * mmap_region() nullifies vma->vm_file
			 * before calling this function to clean up.
			 * Since no pte has actually been setup, it is
			 * safe to do nothing in this case.
			 */
			if (vma->vm_file) {
				i_mmap_lock_write(vma->vm_file->f_mapping);
				__unmap_hugepage_range_final(tlb, vma, start, end, NULL);
				i_mmap_unlock_write(vma->vm_file->f_mapping);
			}
		} else
			unmap_page_range(tlb, vma, start, end, details);
	}
}

/**
 * unmap_vmas - unmap a range of memory covered by a list of vma's
 * @tlb: address of the caller's struct mmu_gather
 * @vma: the starting vma
 * @start_addr: virtual address at which to start unmapping
 * @end_addr: virtual address at which to end unmapping
 *
 * Unmap all pages in the vma list.
 *
 * Only addresses between `start' and `end' will be unmapped.
 *
 * The VMA list must be sorted in ascending virtual address order.
 *
 * unmap_vmas() assumes that the caller will flush the whole unmapped address
 * range after unmap_vmas() returns.  So the only responsibility here is to
 * ensure that any thus-far unmapped pages are flushed before unmap_vmas()
 * drops the lock and schedules.
 */
void unmap_vmas(struct mmu_gather *tlb,
		struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long start_addr,
		unsigned long end_addr)
{
	struct mmu_notifier_range range;

	mmu_notifier_range_init(&range, MMU_NOTIFY_UNMAP, 0, vma, vma->vm_mm,
				start_addr, end_addr);
	mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start(&range);
	for ( ; vma && vma->vm_start < end_addr; vma = vma->vm_next)
		unmap_single_vma(tlb, vma, start_addr, end_addr, NULL);
	mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_end(&range);
}

/**
 * zap_page_range - remove user pages in a given range
 * @vma: vm_area_struct holding the applicable pages
 * @start: starting address of pages to zap
 * @size: number of bytes to zap
 *
 * Caller must protect the VMA list
 */
void zap_page_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long start,
		unsigned long size)
{
	struct mmu_notifier_range range;
	struct mmu_gather tlb;

	lru_add_drain();
	mmu_notifier_range_init(&range, MMU_NOTIFY_CLEAR, 0, vma, vma->vm_mm,
				start, start + size);
	tlb_gather_mmu(&tlb, vma->vm_mm);
	update_hiwater_rss(vma->vm_mm);
	mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start(&range);
	for ( ; vma && vma->vm_start < range.end; vma = vma->vm_next)
		unmap_single_vma(&tlb, vma, start, range.end, NULL);
	mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_end(&range);
	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
}

/**
 * zap_page_range_single - remove user pages in a given range
 * @vma: vm_area_struct holding the applicable pages
 * @address: starting address of pages to zap
 * @size: number of bytes to zap
 * @details: details of shared cache invalidation
 *
 * The range must fit into one VMA.
 */
static void zap_page_range_single(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
		unsigned long size, struct zap_details *details)
{
	struct mmu_notifier_range range;
	struct mmu_gather tlb;

	lru_add_drain();
	mmu_notifier_range_init(&range, MMU_NOTIFY_CLEAR, 0, vma, vma->vm_mm,
				address, address + size);
	tlb_gather_mmu(&tlb, vma->vm_mm);
	update_hiwater_rss(vma->vm_mm);
	mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start(&range);
	unmap_single_vma(&tlb, vma, address, range.end, details);
	mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_end(&range);
	tlb_finish_mmu(&tlb);
}

/**
 * zap_vma_ptes - remove ptes mapping the vma
 * @vma: vm_area_struct holding ptes to be zapped
 * @address: starting address of pages to zap
 * @size: number of bytes to zap
 *
 * This function only unmaps ptes assigned to VM_PFNMAP vmas.
 *
 * The entire address range must be fully contained within the vma.
 *
 */
void zap_vma_ptes(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long address,
		unsigned long size)
{
	if (address < vma->vm_start || address + size > vma->vm_end ||
	    		!(vma->vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP))
		return;

	zap_page_range_single(vma, address, size, NULL);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(zap_vma_ptes);

static pmd_t *walk_to_pmd(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr)
{
	pgd_t *pgd;
	p4d_t *p4d;
	pud_t *pud;
	pmd_t *pmd;

	pgd = pgd_offset(mm, addr);
	p4d = p4d_alloc(mm, pgd, addr);
	if (!p4d)
		return NULL;
	pud = pud_alloc(mm, p4d, addr);
	if (!pud)
		return NULL;
	pmd = pmd_alloc(mm, pud, addr);
	if (!pmd)
		return NULL;

	VM_BUG_ON(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd));
	return pmd;
}

pte_t *__get_locked_pte(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
			spinlock_t **ptl)
{
	pmd_t *pmd = walk_to_pmd(mm, addr);

	if (!pmd)
		return NULL;
	return pte_alloc_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, ptl);
}

static int validate_page_before_insert(struct page *page)
{
	if (PageAnon(page) || PageSlab(page) || page_has_type(page))
		return -EINVAL;
	flush_dcache_page(page);
	return 0;
}

static int insert_page_into_pte_locked(struct mm_struct *mm, pte_t *pte,
			unsigned long addr, struct page *page, pgprot_t prot)
{
	if (!pte_none(*pte))
		return -EBUSY;
	/* Ok, finally just insert the thing.. */
	get_page(page);
	inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, mm_counter_file(page));
	page_add_file_rmap(page, false);
	set_pte_at(mm, addr, pte, mk_pte(page, prot));
	return 0;
}

/*
 * This is the old fallback for page remapping.
 *
 * For historical reasons, it only allows reserved pages. Only
 * old drivers should use this, and they needed to mark their
 * pages reserved for the old functions anyway.
 */
static int insert_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
			struct page *page, pgprot_t prot)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	int retval;
	pte_t *pte;
	spinlock_t *ptl;

	retval = validate_page_before_insert(page);
	if (retval)
		goto out;
	retval = -ENOMEM;
	pte = get_locked_pte(mm, addr, &ptl);
	if (!pte)
		goto out;
	retval = insert_page_into_pte_locked(mm, pte, addr, page, prot);
	pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
out:
	return retval;
}

#ifdef pte_index
static int insert_page_in_batch_locked(struct mm_struct *mm, pte_t *pte,
			unsigned long addr, struct page *page, pgprot_t prot)
{
	int err;

	if (!page_count(page))
		return -EINVAL;
	err = validate_page_before_insert(page);
	if (err)
		return err;
	return insert_page_into_pte_locked(mm, pte, addr, page, prot);
}

/* insert_pages() amortizes the cost of spinlock operations
 * when inserting pages in a loop. Arch *must* define pte_index.
 */
static int insert_pages(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
			struct page **pages, unsigned long *num, pgprot_t prot)
{
	pmd_t *pmd = NULL;
	pte_t *start_pte, *pte;
	spinlock_t *pte_lock;
	struct mm_struct *const mm = vma->vm_mm;
	unsigned long curr_page_idx = 0;
	unsigned long remaining_pages_total = *num;
	unsigned long pages_to_write_in_pmd;
	int ret;
more:
	ret = -EFAULT;
	pmd = walk_to_pmd(mm, addr);
	if (!pmd)
		goto out;

	pages_to_write_in_pmd = min_t(unsigned long,
		remaining_pages_total, PTRS_PER_PTE - pte_index(addr));

	/* Allocate the PTE if necessary; takes PMD lock once only. */
	ret = -ENOMEM;
	if (pte_alloc(mm, pmd))
		goto out;

	while (pages_to_write_in_pmd) {
		int pte_idx = 0;
		const int batch_size = min_t(int, pages_to_write_in_pmd, 8);

		start_pte = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, &pte_lock);
		for (pte = start_pte; pte_idx < batch_size; ++pte, ++pte_idx) {
			int err = insert_page_in_batch_locked(mm, pte,
				addr, pages[curr_page_idx], prot);
			if (unlikely(err)) {
				pte_unmap_unlock(start_pte, pte_lock);
				ret = err;
				remaining_pages_total -= pte_idx;
				goto out;
			}
			addr += PAGE_SIZE;
			++curr_page_idx;
		}
		pte_unmap_unlock(start_pte, pte_lock);
		pages_to_write_in_pmd -= batch_size;
		remaining_pages_total -= batch_size;
	}
	if (remaining_pages_total)
		goto more;
	ret = 0;
out:
	*num = remaining_pages_total;
	return ret;
}
#endif  /* ifdef pte_index */

/**
 * vm_insert_pages - insert multiple pages into user vma, batching the pmd lock.
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @addr: target start user address of these pages
 * @pages: source kernel pages
 * @num: in: number of pages to map. out: number of pages that were *not*
 * mapped. (0 means all pages were successfully mapped).
 *
 * Preferred over vm_insert_page() when inserting multiple pages.
 *
 * In case of error, we may have mapped a subset of the provided
 * pages. It is the caller's responsibility to account for this case.
 *
 * The same restrictions apply as in vm_insert_page().
 */
int vm_insert_pages(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
			struct page **pages, unsigned long *num)
{
#ifdef pte_index
	const unsigned long end_addr = addr + (*num * PAGE_SIZE) - 1;

	if (addr < vma->vm_start || end_addr >= vma->vm_end)
		return -EFAULT;
	if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_MIXEDMAP)) {
		BUG_ON(mmap_read_trylock(vma->vm_mm));
		BUG_ON(vma->vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP);
		vma->vm_flags |= VM_MIXEDMAP;
	}
	/* Defer page refcount checking till we're about to map that page. */
	return insert_pages(vma, addr, pages, num, vma->vm_page_prot);
#else
	unsigned long idx = 0, pgcount = *num;
	int err = -EINVAL;

	for (; idx < pgcount; ++idx) {
		err = vm_insert_page(vma, addr + (PAGE_SIZE * idx), pages[idx]);
		if (err)
			break;
	}
	*num = pgcount - idx;
	return err;
#endif  /* ifdef pte_index */
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_insert_pages);

/**
 * vm_insert_page - insert single page into user vma
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @addr: target user address of this page
 * @page: source kernel page
 *
 * This allows drivers to insert individual pages they've allocated
 * into a user vma.
 *
 * The page has to be a nice clean _individual_ kernel allocation.
 * If you allocate a compound page, you need to have marked it as
 * such (__GFP_COMP), or manually just split the page up yourself
 * (see split_page()).
 *
 * NOTE! Traditionally this was done with "remap_pfn_range()" which
 * took an arbitrary page protection parameter. This doesn't allow
 * that. Your vma protection will have to be set up correctly, which
 * means that if you want a shared writable mapping, you'd better
 * ask for a shared writable mapping!
 *
 * The page does not need to be reserved.
 *
 * Usually this function is called from f_op->mmap() handler
 * under mm->mmap_lock write-lock, so it can change vma->vm_flags.
 * Caller must set VM_MIXEDMAP on vma if it wants to call this
 * function from other places, for example from page-fault handler.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int vm_insert_page(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
			struct page *page)
{
	if (addr < vma->vm_start || addr >= vma->vm_end)
		return -EFAULT;
	if (!page_count(page))
		return -EINVAL;
	if (!(vma->vm_flags & VM_MIXEDMAP)) {
		BUG_ON(mmap_read_trylock(vma->vm_mm));
		BUG_ON(vma->vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP);
		vma->vm_flags |= VM_MIXEDMAP;
	}
	return insert_page(vma, addr, page, vma->vm_page_prot);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_insert_page);

/*
 * __vm_map_pages - maps range of kernel pages into user vma
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @pages: pointer to array of source kernel pages
 * @num: number of pages in page array
 * @offset: user's requested vm_pgoff
 *
 * This allows drivers to map range of kernel pages into a user vma.
 *
 * Return: 0 on success and error code otherwise.
 */
static int __vm_map_pages(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct page **pages,
				unsigned long num, unsigned long offset)
{
	unsigned long count = vma_pages(vma);
	unsigned long uaddr = vma->vm_start;
	int ret, i;

	/* Fail if the user requested offset is beyond the end of the object */
	if (offset >= num)
		return -ENXIO;

	/* Fail if the user requested size exceeds available object size */
	if (count > num - offset)
		return -ENXIO;

	for (i = 0; i < count; i++) {
		ret = vm_insert_page(vma, uaddr, pages[offset + i]);
		if (ret < 0)
			return ret;
		uaddr += PAGE_SIZE;
	}

	return 0;
}

/**
 * vm_map_pages - maps range of kernel pages starts with non zero offset
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @pages: pointer to array of source kernel pages
 * @num: number of pages in page array
 *
 * Maps an object consisting of @num pages, catering for the user's
 * requested vm_pgoff
 *
 * If we fail to insert any page into the vma, the function will return
 * immediately leaving any previously inserted pages present.  Callers
 * from the mmap handler may immediately return the error as their caller
 * will destroy the vma, removing any successfully inserted pages. Other
 * callers should make their own arrangements for calling unmap_region().
 *
 * Context: Process context. Called by mmap handlers.
 * Return: 0 on success and error code otherwise.
 */
int vm_map_pages(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct page **pages,
				unsigned long num)
{
	return __vm_map_pages(vma, pages, num, vma->vm_pgoff);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_map_pages);

/**
 * vm_map_pages_zero - map range of kernel pages starts with zero offset
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @pages: pointer to array of source kernel pages
 * @num: number of pages in page array
 *
 * Similar to vm_map_pages(), except that it explicitly sets the offset
 * to 0. This function is intended for the drivers that did not consider
 * vm_pgoff.
 *
 * Context: Process context. Called by mmap handlers.
 * Return: 0 on success and error code otherwise.
 */
int vm_map_pages_zero(struct vm_area_struct *vma, struct page **pages,
				unsigned long num)
{
	return __vm_map_pages(vma, pages, num, 0);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_map_pages_zero);

static vm_fault_t insert_pfn(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
			pfn_t pfn, pgprot_t prot, bool mkwrite)
{
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	pte_t *pte, entry;
	spinlock_t *ptl;

	pte = get_locked_pte(mm, addr, &ptl);
	if (!pte)
		return VM_FAULT_OOM;
	if (!pte_none(*pte)) {
		if (mkwrite) {
			/*
			 * For read faults on private mappings the PFN passed
			 * in may not match the PFN we have mapped if the
			 * mapped PFN is a writeable COW page.  In the mkwrite
			 * case we are creating a writable PTE for a shared
			 * mapping and we expect the PFNs to match. If they
			 * don't match, we are likely racing with block
			 * allocation and mapping invalidation so just skip the
			 * update.
			 */
			if (pte_pfn(*pte) != pfn_t_to_pfn(pfn)) {
				WARN_ON_ONCE(!is_zero_pfn(pte_pfn(*pte)));
				goto out_unlock;
			}
			entry = pte_mkyoung(*pte);
			entry = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);
			if (ptep_set_access_flags(vma, addr, pte, entry, 1))
				update_mmu_cache(vma, addr, pte);
		}
		goto out_unlock;
	}

	/* Ok, finally just insert the thing.. */
	if (pfn_t_devmap(pfn))
		entry = pte_mkdevmap(pfn_t_pte(pfn, prot));
	else
		entry = pte_mkspecial(pfn_t_pte(pfn, prot));

	if (mkwrite) {
		entry = pte_mkyoung(entry);
		entry = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);
	}

	set_pte_at(mm, addr, pte, entry);
	update_mmu_cache(vma, addr, pte); /* XXX: why not for insert_page? */

out_unlock:
	pte_unmap_unlock(pte, ptl);
	return VM_FAULT_NOPAGE;
}

/**
 * vmf_insert_pfn_prot - insert single pfn into user vma with specified pgprot
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @addr: target user address of this page
 * @pfn: source kernel pfn
 * @pgprot: pgprot flags for the inserted page
 *
 * This is exactly like vmf_insert_pfn(), except that it allows drivers
 * to override pgprot on a per-page basis.
 *
 * This only makes sense for IO mappings, and it makes no sense for
 * COW mappings.  In general, using multiple vmas is preferable;
 * vmf_insert_pfn_prot should only be used if using multiple VMAs is
 * impractical.
 *
 * See vmf_insert_mixed_prot() for a discussion of the implication of using
 * a value of @pgprot different from that of @vma->vm_page_prot.
 *
 * Context: Process context.  May allocate using %GFP_KERNEL.
 * Return: vm_fault_t value.
 */
vm_fault_t vmf_insert_pfn_prot(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
			unsigned long pfn, pgprot_t pgprot)
{
	/*
	 * Technically, architectures with pte_special can avoid all these
	 * restrictions (same for remap_pfn_range).  However we would like
	 * consistency in testing and feature parity among all, so we should
	 * try to keep these invariants in place for everybody.
	 */
	BUG_ON(!(vma->vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP|VM_MIXEDMAP)));
	BUG_ON((vma->vm_flags & (VM_PFNMAP|VM_MIXEDMAP)) ==
						(VM_PFNMAP|VM_MIXEDMAP));
	BUG_ON((vma->vm_flags & VM_PFNMAP) && is_cow_mapping(vma->vm_flags));
	BUG_ON((vma->vm_flags & VM_MIXEDMAP) && pfn_valid(pfn));

	if (addr < vma->vm_start || addr >= vma->vm_end)
		return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

	if (!pfn_modify_allowed(pfn, pgprot))
		return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

	track_pfn_insert(vma, &pgprot, __pfn_to_pfn_t(pfn, PFN_DEV));

	return insert_pfn(vma, addr, __pfn_to_pfn_t(pfn, PFN_DEV), pgprot,
			false);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vmf_insert_pfn_prot);

/**
 * vmf_insert_pfn - insert single pfn into user vma
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @addr: target user address of this page
 * @pfn: source kernel pfn
 *
 * Similar to vm_insert_page, this allows drivers to insert individual pages
 * they've allocated into a user vma. Same comments apply.
 *
 * This function should only be called from a vm_ops->fault handler, and
 * in that case the handler should return the result of this function.
 *
 * vma cannot be a COW mapping.
 *
 * As this is called only for pages that do not currently exist, we
 * do not need to flush old virtual caches or the TLB.
 *
 * Context: Process context.  May allocate using %GFP_KERNEL.
 * Return: vm_fault_t value.
 */
vm_fault_t vmf_insert_pfn(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
			unsigned long pfn)
{
	return vmf_insert_pfn_prot(vma, addr, pfn, vma->vm_page_prot);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vmf_insert_pfn);

static bool vm_mixed_ok(struct vm_area_struct *vma, pfn_t pfn)
{
	/* these checks mirror the abort conditions in vm_normal_page */
	if (vma->vm_flags & VM_MIXEDMAP)
		return true;
	if (pfn_t_devmap(pfn))
		return true;
	if (pfn_t_special(pfn))
		return true;
	if (is_zero_pfn(pfn_t_to_pfn(pfn)))
		return true;
	return false;
}

static vm_fault_t __vm_insert_mixed(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
		unsigned long addr, pfn_t pfn, pgprot_t pgprot,
		bool mkwrite)
{
	int err;

	BUG_ON(!vm_mixed_ok(vma, pfn));

	if (addr < vma->vm_start || addr >= vma->vm_end)
		return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

	track_pfn_insert(vma, &pgprot, pfn);

	if (!pfn_modify_allowed(pfn_t_to_pfn(pfn), pgprot))
		return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

	/*
	 * If we don't have pte special, then we have to use the pfn_valid()
	 * based VM_MIXEDMAP scheme (see vm_normal_page), and thus we *must*
	 * refcount the page if pfn_valid is true (hence insert_page rather
	 * than insert_pfn).  If a zero_pfn were inserted into a VM_MIXEDMAP
	 * without pte special, it would there be refcounted as a normal page.
	 */
	if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_ARCH_HAS_PTE_SPECIAL) &&
	    !pfn_t_devmap(pfn) && pfn_t_valid(pfn)) {
		struct page *page;

		/*
		 * At this point we are committed to insert_page()
		 * regardless of whether the caller specified flags that
		 * result in pfn_t_has_page() == false.
		 */
		page = pfn_to_page(pfn_t_to_pfn(pfn));
		err = insert_page(vma, addr, page, pgprot);
	} else {
		return insert_pfn(vma, addr, pfn, pgprot, mkwrite);
	}

	if (err == -ENOMEM)
		return VM_FAULT_OOM;
	if (err < 0 && err != -EBUSY)
		return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

	return VM_FAULT_NOPAGE;
}

/**
 * vmf_insert_mixed_prot - insert single pfn into user vma with specified pgprot
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @addr: target user address of this page
 * @pfn: source kernel pfn
 * @pgprot: pgprot flags for the inserted page
 *
 * This is exactly like vmf_insert_mixed(), except that it allows drivers
 * to override pgprot on a per-page basis.
 *
 * Typically this function should be used by drivers to set caching- and
 * encryption bits different than those of @vma->vm_page_prot, because
 * the caching- or encryption mode may not be known at mmap() time.
 * This is ok as long as @vma->vm_page_prot is not used by the core vm
 * to set caching and encryption bits for those vmas (except for COW pages).
 * This is ensured by core vm only modifying these page table entries using
 * functions that don't touch caching- or encryption bits, using pte_modify()
 * if needed. (See for example mprotect()).
 * Also when new page-table entries are created, this is only done using the
 * fault() callback, and never using the value of vma->vm_page_prot,
 * except for page-table entries that point to anonymous pages as the result
 * of COW.
 *
 * Context: Process context.  May allocate using %GFP_KERNEL.
 * Return: vm_fault_t value.
 */
vm_fault_t vmf_insert_mixed_prot(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
				 pfn_t pfn, pgprot_t pgprot)
{
	return __vm_insert_mixed(vma, addr, pfn, pgprot, false);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vmf_insert_mixed_prot);

vm_fault_t vmf_insert_mixed(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
		pfn_t pfn)
{
	return __vm_insert_mixed(vma, addr, pfn, vma->vm_page_prot, false);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vmf_insert_mixed);

/*
 *  If the insertion of PTE failed because someone else already added a
 *  different entry in the mean time, we treat that as success as we assume
 *  the same entry was actually inserted.
 */
vm_fault_t vmf_insert_mixed_mkwrite(struct vm_area_struct *vma,
		unsigned long addr, pfn_t pfn)
{
	return __vm_insert_mixed(vma, addr, pfn, vma->vm_page_prot, true);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vmf_insert_mixed_mkwrite);

/*
 * maps a range of physical memory into the requested pages. the old
 * mappings are removed. any references to nonexistent pages results
 * in null mappings (currently treated as "copy-on-access")
 */
static int remap_pte_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd,
			unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
			unsigned long pfn, pgprot_t prot)
{
	pte_t *pte, *mapped_pte;
	spinlock_t *ptl;
	int err = 0;

	mapped_pte = pte = pte_alloc_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, &ptl);
	if (!pte)
		return -ENOMEM;
	arch_enter_lazy_mmu_mode();
	do {
		BUG_ON(!pte_none(*pte));
		if (!pfn_modify_allowed(pfn, prot)) {
			err = -EACCES;
			break;
		}
		set_pte_at(mm, addr, pte, pte_mkspecial(pfn_pte(pfn, prot)));
		pfn++;
	} while (pte++, addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
	arch_leave_lazy_mmu_mode();
	pte_unmap_unlock(mapped_pte, ptl);
	return err;
}

static inline int remap_pmd_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pud_t *pud,
			unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
			unsigned long pfn, pgprot_t prot)
{
	pmd_t *pmd;
	unsigned long next;
	int err;

	pfn -= addr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	pmd = pmd_alloc(mm, pud, addr);
	if (!pmd)
		return -ENOMEM;
	VM_BUG_ON(pmd_trans_huge(*pmd));
	do {
		next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
		err = remap_pte_range(mm, pmd, addr, next,
				pfn + (addr >> PAGE_SHIFT), prot);
		if (err)
			return err;
	} while (pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);
	return 0;
}

static inline int remap_pud_range(struct mm_struct *mm, p4d_t *p4d,
			unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
			unsigned long pfn, pgprot_t prot)
{
	pud_t *pud;
	unsigned long next;
	int err;

	pfn -= addr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	pud = pud_alloc(mm, p4d, addr);
	if (!pud)
		return -ENOMEM;
	do {
		next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
		err = remap_pmd_range(mm, pud, addr, next,
				pfn + (addr >> PAGE_SHIFT), prot);
		if (err)
			return err;
	} while (pud++, addr = next, addr != end);
	return 0;
}

static inline int remap_p4d_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pgd_t *pgd,
			unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
			unsigned long pfn, pgprot_t prot)
{
	p4d_t *p4d;
	unsigned long next;
	int err;

	pfn -= addr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	p4d = p4d_alloc(mm, pgd, addr);
	if (!p4d)
		return -ENOMEM;
	do {
		next = p4d_addr_end(addr, end);
		err = remap_pud_range(mm, p4d, addr, next,
				pfn + (addr >> PAGE_SHIFT), prot);
		if (err)
			return err;
	} while (p4d++, addr = next, addr != end);
	return 0;
}

/*
 * Variant of remap_pfn_range that does not call track_pfn_remap.  The caller
 * must have pre-validated the caching bits of the pgprot_t.
 */
int remap_pfn_range_notrack(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
		unsigned long pfn, unsigned long size, pgprot_t prot)
{
	pgd_t *pgd;
	unsigned long next;
	unsigned long end = addr + PAGE_ALIGN(size);
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	int err;

	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!PAGE_ALIGNED(addr)))
		return -EINVAL;

	/*
	 * Physically remapped pages are special. Tell the
	 * rest of the world about it:
	 *   VM_IO tells people not to look at these pages
	 *	(accesses can have side effects).
	 *   VM_PFNMAP tells the core MM that the base pages are just
	 *	raw PFN mappings, and do not have a "struct page" associated
	 *	with them.
	 *   VM_DONTEXPAND
	 *      Disable vma merging and expanding with mremap().
	 *   VM_DONTDUMP
	 *      Omit vma from core dump, even when VM_IO turned off.
	 *
	 * There's a horrible special case to handle copy-on-write
	 * behaviour that some programs depend on. We mark the "original"
	 * un-COW'ed pages by matching them up with "vma->vm_pgoff".
	 * See vm_normal_page() for details.
	 */
	if (is_cow_mapping(vma->vm_flags)) {
		if (addr != vma->vm_start || end != vma->vm_end)
			return -EINVAL;
		vma->vm_pgoff = pfn;
	}

	vma->vm_flags |= VM_IO | VM_PFNMAP | VM_DONTEXPAND | VM_DONTDUMP;

	BUG_ON(addr >= end);
	pfn -= addr >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	pgd = pgd_offset(mm, addr);
	flush_cache_range(vma, addr, end);
	do {
		next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
		err = remap_p4d_range(mm, pgd, addr, next,
				pfn + (addr >> PAGE_SHIFT), prot);
		if (err)
			return err;
	} while (pgd++, addr = next, addr != end);

	return 0;
}

/**
 * remap_pfn_range - remap kernel memory to userspace
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @addr: target page aligned user address to start at
 * @pfn: page frame number of kernel physical memory address
 * @size: size of mapping area
 * @prot: page protection flags for this mapping
 *
 * Note: this is only safe if the mm semaphore is held when called.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int remap_pfn_range(struct vm_area_struct *vma, unsigned long addr,
		    unsigned long pfn, unsigned long size, pgprot_t prot)
{
	int err;

	err = track_pfn_remap(vma, &prot, pfn, addr, PAGE_ALIGN(size));
	if (err)
		return -EINVAL;

	err = remap_pfn_range_notrack(vma, addr, pfn, size, prot);
	if (err)
		untrack_pfn(vma, pfn, PAGE_ALIGN(size));
	return err;
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(remap_pfn_range);

/**
 * vm_iomap_memory - remap memory to userspace
 * @vma: user vma to map to
 * @start: start of the physical memory to be mapped
 * @len: size of area
 *
 * This is a simplified io_remap_pfn_range() for common driver use. The
 * driver just needs to give us the physical memory range to be mapped,
 * we'll figure out the rest from the vma information.
 *
 * NOTE! Some drivers might want to tweak vma->vm_page_prot first to get
 * whatever write-combining details or similar.
 *
 * Return: %0 on success, negative error code otherwise.
 */
int vm_iomap_memory(struct vm_area_struct *vma, phys_addr_t start, unsigned long len)
{
	unsigned long vm_len, pfn, pages;

	/* Check that the physical memory area passed in looks valid */
	if (start + len < start)
		return -EINVAL;
	/*
	 * You *really* shouldn't map things that aren't page-aligned,
	 * but we've historically allowed it because IO memory might
	 * just have smaller alignment.
	 */
	len += start & ~PAGE_MASK;
	pfn = start >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	pages = (len + ~PAGE_MASK) >> PAGE_SHIFT;
	if (pfn + pages < pfn)
		return -EINVAL;

	/* We start the mapping 'vm_pgoff' pages into the area */
	if (vma->vm_pgoff > pages)
		return -EINVAL;
	pfn += vma->vm_pgoff;
	pages -= vma->vm_pgoff;

	/* Can we fit all of the mapping? */
	vm_len = vma->vm_end - vma->vm_start;
	if (vm_len >> PAGE_SHIFT > pages)
		return -EINVAL;

	/* Ok, let it rip */
	return io_remap_pfn_range(vma, vma->vm_start, pfn, vm_len, vma->vm_page_prot);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL(vm_iomap_memory);

static int apply_to_pte_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pmd_t *pmd,
				     unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				     pte_fn_t fn, void *data, bool create,
				     pgtbl_mod_mask *mask)
{
	pte_t *pte, *mapped_pte;
	int err = 0;
	spinlock_t *ptl;

	if (create) {
		mapped_pte = pte = (mm == &init_mm) ?
			pte_alloc_kernel_track(pmd, addr, mask) :
			pte_alloc_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, &ptl);
		if (!pte)
			return -ENOMEM;
	} else {
		mapped_pte = pte = (mm == &init_mm) ?
			pte_offset_kernel(pmd, addr) :
			pte_offset_map_lock(mm, pmd, addr, &ptl);
	}

	BUG_ON(pmd_huge(*pmd));

	arch_enter_lazy_mmu_mode();

	if (fn) {
		do {
			if (create || !pte_none(*pte)) {
				err = fn(pte++, addr, data);
				if (err)
					break;
			}
		} while (addr += PAGE_SIZE, addr != end);
	}
	*mask |= PGTBL_PTE_MODIFIED;

	arch_leave_lazy_mmu_mode();

	if (mm != &init_mm)
		pte_unmap_unlock(mapped_pte, ptl);
	return err;
}

static int apply_to_pmd_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pud_t *pud,
				     unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				     pte_fn_t fn, void *data, bool create,
				     pgtbl_mod_mask *mask)
{
	pmd_t *pmd;
	unsigned long next;
	int err = 0;

	BUG_ON(pud_huge(*pud));

	if (create) {
		pmd = pmd_alloc_track(mm, pud, addr, mask);
		if (!pmd)
			return -ENOMEM;
	} else {
		pmd = pmd_offset(pud, addr);
	}
	do {
		next = pmd_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pmd_none(*pmd) && !create)
			continue;
		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(pmd_leaf(*pmd)))
			return -EINVAL;
		if (!pmd_none(*pmd) && WARN_ON_ONCE(pmd_bad(*pmd))) {
			if (!create)
				continue;
			pmd_clear_bad(pmd);
		}
		err = apply_to_pte_range(mm, pmd, addr, next,
					 fn, data, create, mask);
		if (err)
			break;
	} while (pmd++, addr = next, addr != end);

	return err;
}

static int apply_to_pud_range(struct mm_struct *mm, p4d_t *p4d,
				     unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				     pte_fn_t fn, void *data, bool create,
				     pgtbl_mod_mask *mask)
{
	pud_t *pud;
	unsigned long next;
	int err = 0;

	if (create) {
		pud = pud_alloc_track(mm, p4d, addr, mask);
		if (!pud)
			return -ENOMEM;
	} else {
		pud = pud_offset(p4d, addr);
	}
	do {
		next = pud_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pud_none(*pud) && !create)
			continue;
		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(pud_leaf(*pud)))
			return -EINVAL;
		if (!pud_none(*pud) && WARN_ON_ONCE(pud_bad(*pud))) {
			if (!create)
				continue;
			pud_clear_bad(pud);
		}
		err = apply_to_pmd_range(mm, pud, addr, next,
					 fn, data, create, mask);
		if (err)
			break;
	} while (pud++, addr = next, addr != end);

	return err;
}

static int apply_to_p4d_range(struct mm_struct *mm, pgd_t *pgd,
				     unsigned long addr, unsigned long end,
				     pte_fn_t fn, void *data, bool create,
				     pgtbl_mod_mask *mask)
{
	p4d_t *p4d;
	unsigned long next;
	int err = 0;

	if (create) {
		p4d = p4d_alloc_track(mm, pgd, addr, mask);
		if (!p4d)
			return -ENOMEM;
	} else {
		p4d = p4d_offset(pgd, addr);
	}
	do {
		next = p4d_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (p4d_none(*p4d) && !create)
			continue;
		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(p4d_leaf(*p4d)))
			return -EINVAL;
		if (!p4d_none(*p4d) && WARN_ON_ONCE(p4d_bad(*p4d))) {
			if (!create)
				continue;
			p4d_clear_bad(p4d);
		}
		err = apply_to_pud_range(mm, p4d, addr, next,
					 fn, data, create, mask);
		if (err)
			break;
	} while (p4d++, addr = next, addr != end);

	return err;
}

static int __apply_to_page_range(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
				 unsigned long size, pte_fn_t fn,
				 void *data, bool create)
{
	pgd_t *pgd;
	unsigned long start = addr, next;
	unsigned long end = addr + size;
	pgtbl_mod_mask mask = 0;
	int err = 0;

	if (WARN_ON(addr >= end))
		return -EINVAL;

	pgd = pgd_offset(mm, addr);
	do {
		next = pgd_addr_end(addr, end);
		if (pgd_none(*pgd) && !create)
			continue;
		if (WARN_ON_ONCE(pgd_leaf(*pgd)))
			return -EINVAL;
		if (!pgd_none(*pgd) && WARN_ON_ONCE(pgd_bad(*pgd))) {
			if (!create)
				continue;
			pgd_clear_bad(pgd);
		}
		err = apply_to_p4d_range(mm, pgd, addr, next,
					 fn, data, create, &mask);
		if (err)
			break;
	} while (pgd++, addr = next, addr != end);

	if (mask & ARCH_PAGE_TABLE_SYNC_MASK)
		arch_sync_kernel_mappings(start, start + size);

	return err;
}

/*
 * Scan a region of virtual memory, filling in page tables as necessary
 * and calling a provided function on each leaf page table.
 */
int apply_to_page_range(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
			unsigned long size, pte_fn_t fn, void *data)
{
	return __apply_to_page_range(mm, addr, size, fn, data, true);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(apply_to_page_range);

/*
 * Scan a region of virtual memory, calling a provided function on
 * each leaf page table where it exists.
 *
 * Unlike apply_to_page_range, this does _not_ fill in page tables
 * where they are absent.
 */
int apply_to_existing_page_range(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long addr,
				 unsigned long size, pte_fn_t fn, void *data)
{
	return __apply_to_page_range(mm, addr, size, fn, data, false);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(apply_to_existing_page_range);

/*
 * handle_pte_fault chooses page fault handler according to an entry which was
 * read non-atomically.  Before making any commitment, on those architectures
 * or configurations (e.g. i386 with PAE) which might give a mix of unmatched
 * parts, do_swap_page must check under lock before unmapping the pte and
 * proceeding (but do_wp_page is only called after already making such a check;
 * and do_anonymous_page can safely check later on).
 */
static inline int pte_unmap_same(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
	int same = 1;
#if defined(CONFIG_SMP) || defined(CONFIG_PREEMPTION)
	if (sizeof(pte_t) > sizeof(unsigned long)) {
		spinlock_t *ptl = pte_lockptr(vmf->vma->vm_mm, vmf->pmd);
		spin_lock(ptl);
		same = pte_same(*vmf->pte, vmf->orig_pte);
		spin_unlock(ptl);
	}
#endif
	pte_unmap(vmf->pte);
	vmf->pte = NULL;
	return same;
}

static inline bool cow_user_page(struct page *dst, struct page *src,
				 struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
	bool ret;
	void *kaddr;
	void __user *uaddr;
	bool locked = false;
	struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	unsigned long addr = vmf->address;

	if (likely(src)) {
		copy_user_highpage(dst, src, addr, vma);
		return true;
	}

	/*
	 * If the source page was a PFN mapping, we don't have
	 * a "struct page" for it. We do a best-effort copy by
	 * just copying from the original user address. If that
	 * fails, we just zero-fill it. Live with it.
	 */
	kaddr = kmap_atomic(dst);
	uaddr = (void __user *)(addr & PAGE_MASK);

	/*
	 * On architectures with software "accessed" bits, we would
	 * take a double page fault, so mark it accessed here.
	 */
	if (arch_faults_on_old_pte() && !pte_young(vmf->orig_pte)) {
		pte_t entry;

		vmf->pte = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, vmf->pmd, addr, &vmf->ptl);
		locked = true;
		if (!likely(pte_same(*vmf->pte, vmf->orig_pte))) {
			/*
			 * Other thread has already handled the fault
			 * and update local tlb only
			 */
			update_mmu_tlb(vma, addr, vmf->pte);
			ret = false;
			goto pte_unlock;
		}

		entry = pte_mkyoung(vmf->orig_pte);
		if (ptep_set_access_flags(vma, addr, vmf->pte, entry, 0))
			update_mmu_cache(vma, addr, vmf->pte);
	}

	/*
	 * This really shouldn't fail, because the page is there
	 * in the page tables. But it might just be unreadable,
	 * in which case we just give up and fill the result with
	 * zeroes.
	 */
	if (__copy_from_user_inatomic(kaddr, uaddr, PAGE_SIZE)) {
		if (locked)
			goto warn;

		/* Re-validate under PTL if the page is still mapped */
		vmf->pte = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, vmf->pmd, addr, &vmf->ptl);
		locked = true;
		if (!likely(pte_same(*vmf->pte, vmf->orig_pte))) {
			/* The PTE changed under us, update local tlb */
			update_mmu_tlb(vma, addr, vmf->pte);
			ret = false;
			goto pte_unlock;
		}

		/*
		 * The same page can be mapped back since last copy attempt.
		 * Try to copy again under PTL.
		 */
		if (__copy_from_user_inatomic(kaddr, uaddr, PAGE_SIZE)) {
			/*
			 * Give a warn in case there can be some obscure
			 * use-case
			 */
warn:
			WARN_ON_ONCE(1);
			clear_page(kaddr);
		}
	}

	ret = true;

pte_unlock:
	if (locked)
		pte_unmap_unlock(vmf->pte, vmf->ptl);
	kunmap_atomic(kaddr);
	flush_dcache_page(dst);

	return ret;
}

static gfp_t __get_fault_gfp_mask(struct vm_area_struct *vma)
{
	struct file *vm_file = vma->vm_file;

	if (vm_file)
		return mapping_gfp_mask(vm_file->f_mapping) | __GFP_FS | __GFP_IO;

	/*
	 * Special mappings (e.g. VDSO) do not have any file so fake
	 * a default GFP_KERNEL for them.
	 */
	return GFP_KERNEL;
}

/*
 * Notify the address space that the page is about to become writable so that
 * it can prohibit this or wait for the page to get into an appropriate state.
 *
 * We do this without the lock held, so that it can sleep if it needs to.
 */
static vm_fault_t do_page_mkwrite(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
	vm_fault_t ret;
	struct page *page = vmf->page;
	unsigned int old_flags = vmf->flags;

	vmf->flags = FAULT_FLAG_WRITE|FAULT_FLAG_MKWRITE;

	if (vmf->vma->vm_file &&
	    IS_SWAPFILE(vmf->vma->vm_file->f_mapping->host))
		return VM_FAULT_SIGBUS;

	ret = vmf->vma->vm_ops->page_mkwrite(vmf);
	/* Restore original flags so that caller is not surprised */
	vmf->flags = old_flags;
	if (unlikely(ret & (VM_FAULT_ERROR | VM_FAULT_NOPAGE)))
		return ret;
	if (unlikely(!(ret & VM_FAULT_LOCKED))) {
		lock_page(page);
		if (!page->mapping) {
			unlock_page(page);
			return 0; /* retry */
		}
		ret |= VM_FAULT_LOCKED;
	} else
		VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(!PageLocked(page), page);
	return ret;
}

/*
 * Handle dirtying of a page in shared file mapping on a write fault.
 *
 * The function expects the page to be locked and unlocks it.
 */
static vm_fault_t fault_dirty_shared_page(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
	struct address_space *mapping;
	struct page *page = vmf->page;
	bool dirtied;
	bool page_mkwrite = vma->vm_ops && vma->vm_ops->page_mkwrite;

	dirtied = set_page_dirty(page);
	VM_BUG_ON_PAGE(PageAnon(page), page);
	/*
	 * Take a local copy of the address_space - page.mapping may be zeroed
	 * by truncate after unlock_page().   The address_space itself remains
	 * pinned by vma->vm_file's reference.  We rely on unlock_page()'s
	 * release semantics to prevent the compiler from undoing this copying.
	 */
	mapping = page_rmapping(page);
	unlock_page(page);

	if (!page_mkwrite)
		file_update_time(vma->vm_file);

	/*
	 * Throttle page dirtying rate down to writeback speed.
	 *
	 * mapping may be NULL here because some device drivers do not
	 * set page.mapping but still dirty their pages
	 *
	 * Drop the mmap_lock before waiting on IO, if we can. The file
	 * is pinning the mapping, as per above.
	 */
	if ((dirtied || page_mkwrite) && mapping) {
		struct file *fpin;

		fpin = maybe_unlock_mmap_for_io(vmf, NULL);
		balance_dirty_pages_ratelimited(mapping);
		if (fpin) {
			fput(fpin);
			return VM_FAULT_RETRY;
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

/*
 * Handle write page faults for pages that can be reused in the current vma
 *
 * This can happen either due to the mapping being with the VM_SHARED flag,
 * or due to us being the last reference standing to the page. In either
 * case, all we need to do here is to mark the page as writable and update
 * any related book-keeping.
 */
static inline void wp_page_reuse(struct vm_fault *vmf)
	__releases(vmf->ptl)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
	struct page *page = vmf->page;
	pte_t entry;
	/*
	 * Clear the pages cpupid information as the existing
	 * information potentially belongs to a now completely
	 * unrelated process.
	 */
	if (page)
		page_cpupid_xchg_last(page, (1 << LAST_CPUPID_SHIFT) - 1);

	flush_cache_page(vma, vmf->address, pte_pfn(vmf->orig_pte));
	entry = pte_mkyoung(vmf->orig_pte);
	entry = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);
	if (ptep_set_access_flags(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte, entry, 1))
		update_mmu_cache(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte);
	pte_unmap_unlock(vmf->pte, vmf->ptl);
	count_vm_event(PGREUSE);
}

/*
 * Handle the case of a page which we actually need to copy to a new page.
 *
 * Called with mmap_lock locked and the old page referenced, but
 * without the ptl held.
 *
 * High level logic flow:
 *
 * - Allocate a page, copy the content of the old page to the new one.
 * - Handle book keeping and accounting - cgroups, mmu-notifiers, etc.
 * - Take the PTL. If the pte changed, bail out and release the allocated page
 * - If the pte is still the way we remember it, update the page table and all
 *   relevant references. This includes dropping the reference the page-table
 *   held to the old page, as well as updating the rmap.
 * - In any case, unlock the PTL and drop the reference we took to the old page.
 */
static vm_fault_t wp_page_copy(struct vm_fault *vmf)
{
	struct vm_area_struct *vma = vmf->vma;
	struct mm_struct *mm = vma->vm_mm;
	struct page *old_page = vmf->page;
	struct page *new_page = NULL;
	pte_t entry;
	int page_copied = 0;
	struct mmu_notifier_range range;

	if (unlikely(anon_vma_prepare(vma)))
		goto oom;

	if (is_zero_pfn(pte_pfn(vmf->orig_pte))) {
		new_page = alloc_zeroed_user_highpage_movable(vma,
							      vmf->address);
		if (!new_page)
			goto oom;
	} else {
		new_page = alloc_page_vma(GFP_HIGHUSER_MOVABLE, vma,
				vmf->address);
		if (!new_page)
			goto oom;

		if (!cow_user_page(new_page, old_page, vmf)) {
			/*
			 * COW failed, if the fault was solved by other,
			 * it's fine. If not, userspace would re-fault on
			 * the same address and we will handle the fault
			 * from the second attempt.
			 */
			put_page(new_page);
			if (old_page)
				put_page(old_page);
			return 0;
		}
	}

	if (mem_cgroup_charge(page_folio(new_page), mm, GFP_KERNEL))
		goto oom_free_new;
	cgroup_throttle_swaprate(new_page, GFP_KERNEL);

	__SetPageUptodate(new_page);

	mmu_notifier_range_init(&range, MMU_NOTIFY_CLEAR, 0, vma, mm,
				vmf->address & PAGE_MASK,
				(vmf->address & PAGE_MASK) + PAGE_SIZE);
	mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_start(&range);

	/*
	 * Re-check the pte - we dropped the lock
	 */
	vmf->pte = pte_offset_map_lock(mm, vmf->pmd, vmf->address, &vmf->ptl);
	if (likely(pte_same(*vmf->pte, vmf->orig_pte))) {
		if (old_page) {
			if (!PageAnon(old_page)) {
				dec_mm_counter_fast(mm,
						mm_counter_file(old_page));
				inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, MM_ANONPAGES);
			}
		} else {
			inc_mm_counter_fast(mm, MM_ANONPAGES);
		}
		flush_cache_page(vma, vmf->address, pte_pfn(vmf->orig_pte));
		entry = mk_pte(new_page, vma->vm_page_prot);
		entry = pte_sw_mkyoung(entry);
		entry = maybe_mkwrite(pte_mkdirty(entry), vma);

		/*
		 * Clear the pte entry and flush it first, before updating the
		 * pte with the new entry, to keep TLBs on different CPUs in
		 * sync. This code used to set the new PTE then flush TLBs, but
		 * that left a window where the new PTE could be loaded into
		 * some TLBs while the old PTE remains in others.
		 */
		ptep_clear_flush_notify(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte);
		page_add_new_anon_rmap(new_page, vma, vmf->address, false);
		lru_cache_add_inactive_or_unevictable(new_page, vma);
		/*
		 * We call the notify macro here because, when using secondary
		 * mmu page tables (such as kvm shadow page tables), we want the
		 * new page to be mapped directly into the secondary page table.
		 */
		set_pte_at_notify(mm, vmf->address, vmf->pte, entry);
		update_mmu_cache(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte);
		if (old_page) {
			/*
			 * Only after switching the pte to the new page may
			 * we remove the mapcount here. Otherwise another
			 * process may come and find the rmap count decremented
			 * before the pte is switched to the new page, and
			 * "reuse" the old page writing into it while our pte
			 * here still points into it and can be read by other
			 * threads.
			 *
			 * The critical issue is to order this
			 * page_remove_rmap with the ptp_clear_flush above.
			 * Those stores are ordered by (if nothing else,)
			 * the barrier present in the atomic_add_negative
			 * in page_remove_rmap.
			 *
			 * Then the TLB flush in ptep_clear_flush ensures that
			 * no process can access the old page before the
			 * decremented mapcount is visible. And the old page
			 * cannot be reused until after the decremented
			 * mapcount is visible. So transitively, TLBs to
			 * old page will be flushed before it can be reused.
			 */
			page_remove_rmap(old_page, false);
		}

		/* Free the old page.. */
		new_page = old_page;
		page_copied = 1;
	} else {
		update_mmu_tlb(vma, vmf->address, vmf->pte);
	}

	if (new_page)
		put_page(new_page);

	pte_unmap_unlock(vmf->pte, vmf->ptl);
	/*
	 * No need to double call mmu_notifier->invalidate_range() callback as
	 * the above ptep_clear_flush_notify() did already call it.
	 */
	mmu_notifier_invalidate_range_only_end(&range);
	if (old_page) {
		/*
		 * Don't let another task, with possibly unlocked vma,
		 * keep the mlocked page.
		 */
		if (page_copied && (vma->vm_flags & VM_LOCKED)) {
			lock_page(old_page);	/* LRU manipulation */
			if (PageMlocked(old_page))
				munlock_vma_page(old_page);
			unlock_page(old_page);
		}
		if (page_copied)
			free_swap_cache(old_page);
		put_page(old_page);
	}
	return page_copied ? VM_FAULT_WRITE : 0;
oom_free_new:
	put_page(new_page);
oom:
	if (old_page)
		put_page(old_page);
	return VM_FAULT_OOM;
}

/**
 * finish_mkwrite_fault - finish page fault for a shared mapping, making PTE
 *			  writeable once the page is prepared
 *
 * @vmf: structure describing the fault
 *
 * This function handles all that is needed to finish a write page fault in a
 * shared mapping due to PTE being read-only once the mapped page is prepared.
 * It handles locking of PTE and modifying it.