Ramoops oops/panic logger
=========================

Sergiu Iordache <sergiu@chromium.org>

Updated: 10 Feb 2021

Introduction
------------

Ramoops is an oops/panic logger that writes its logs to RAM before the system
crashes. It works by logging oopses and panics in a circular buffer. Ramoops
needs a system with persistent RAM so that the content of that area can
survive after a restart.

Ramoops concepts
----------------

Ramoops uses a predefined memory area to store the dump. The start and size
and type of the memory area are set using three variables:

  * ``mem_address`` for the start
  * ``mem_size`` for the size. The memory size will be rounded down to a
    power of two.
  * ``mem_type`` to specify if the memory type (default is pgprot_writecombine).
  * ``mem_name`` to specify a memory region defined by ``reserve_mem`` command
    line parameter.

Typically the default value of ``mem_type=0`` should be used as that sets the pstore
mapping to pgprot_writecombine. Setting ``mem_type=1`` attempts to use
``pgprot_noncached``, which only works on some platforms. This is because pstore
depends on atomic operations. At least on ARM, pgprot_noncached causes the
memory to be mapped strongly ordered, and atomic operations on strongly ordered
memory are implementation defined, and won't work on many ARMs such as omaps.
Setting ``mem_type=2`` attempts to treat the memory region as normal memory,
which enables full cache on it. This can improve the performance.

The memory area is divided into ``record_size`` chunks (also rounded down to
power of two) and each kmesg dump writes a ``record_size`` chunk of
information.

Limiting which kinds of kmsg dumps are stored can be controlled via
the ``max_reason`` value, as defined in include/linux/kmsg_dump.h's
``enum kmsg_dump_reason``. For example, to store both Oopses and Panics,
``max_reason`` should be set to 2 (KMSG_DUMP_OOPS), to store only Panics
``max_reason`` should be set to 1 (KMSG_DUMP_PANIC). Setting this to 0
(KMSG_DUMP_UNDEF), means the reason filtering will be controlled by the
``printk.always_kmsg_dump`` boot param: if unset, it'll be KMSG_DUMP_OOPS,
otherwise KMSG_DUMP_MAX.

The module uses a counter to record multiple dumps but the counter gets reset
on restart (i.e. new dumps after the restart will overwrite old ones).

Ramoops also supports software ECC protection of persistent memory regions.
This might be useful when a hardware reset was used to bring the machine back
to life (i.e. a watchdog triggered). In such cases, RAM may be somewhat
corrupt, but usually it is restorable.

Setting the parameters
----------------------

Setting the ramoops parameters can be done in several different manners:

 A. Use the module parameters (which have the names of the variables described
 as before). For quick debugging, you can also reserve parts of memory during
 boot and then use the reserved memory for ramoops. For example, assuming a
 machine with > 128 MB of memory, the following kernel command line will tell
 the kernel to use only the first 128 MB of memory, and place ECC-protected
 ramoops region at 128 MB boundary::

	mem=128M ramoops.mem_address=0x8000000 ramoops.ecc=1

 B. Use Device Tree bindings, as described in
 ``Documentation/devicetree/bindings/reserved-memory/ramoops.yaml``.
 For example::

	reserved-memory {
		#address-cells = <2>;
		#size-cells = <2>;
		ranges;

		ramoops@8f000000 {
			compatible = "ramoops";
			reg = <0 0x8f000000 0 0x100000>;
			record-size = <0x4000>;
			console-size = <0x4000>;
		};
	};

 C. Use a platform device and set the platform data. The parameters can then
 be set through that platform data. An example of doing that is:

 .. code-block:: c

  #include <linux/pstore_ram.h>
  [...]

  static struct ramoops_platform_data ramoops_data = {
        .mem_size               = <...>,
        .mem_address            = <...>,
        .mem_type               = <...>,
        .record_size            = <...>,
        .max_reason             = <...>,
        .ecc                    = <...>,
  };

  static struct platform_device ramoops_dev = {
        .name = "ramoops",
        .dev = {
                .platform_data = &ramoops_data,
        },
  };

  [... inside a function ...]
  int ret;

  ret = platform_device_register(&ramoops_dev);
  if (ret) {
	printk(KERN_ERR "unable to register platform device\n");
	return ret;
  }

 D. Using a region of memory reserved via ``reserve_mem`` command line
    parameter. The address and size will be defined by the ``reserve_mem``
    parameter. Note, that ``reserve_mem`` may not always allocate memory
    in the same location, and cannot be relied upon. Testing will need
    to be done, and it may not work on every machine, nor every kernel.
    Consider this a "best effort" approach. The ``reserve_mem`` option
    takes a size, alignment and name as arguments. The name is used
    to map the memory to a label that can be retrieved by ramoops.

	reserve_mem=2M:4096:oops  ramoops.mem_name=oops

You can specify either RAM memory or peripheral devices' memory. However, when
specifying RAM, be sure to reserve the memory by issuing memblock_reserve()
very early in the architecture code, e.g.::

	#include <linux/memblock.h>

	memblock_reserve(ramoops_data.mem_address, ramoops_data.mem_size);

Dump format
-----------

The data dump begins with a header, currently defined as ``====`` followed by a
timestamp and a new line. The dump then continues with the actual data.

Reading the data
----------------

The dump data can be read from the pstore filesystem. The format for these
files is ``dmesg-ramoops-N``, where N is the record number in memory. To delete
a stored record from RAM, simply unlink the respective pstore file.

Persistent function tracing
---------------------------

Persistent function tracing might be useful for debugging software or hardware
related hangs. The functions call chain log is stored in a ``ftrace-ramoops``
file. Here is an example of usage::

 # mount -t debugfs debugfs /sys/kernel/debug/
 # echo 1 > /sys/kernel/debug/pstore/record_ftrace
 # reboot -f
 [...]
 # mount -t pstore pstore /mnt/
 # tail /mnt/ftrace-ramoops
 0 ffffffff8101ea64  ffffffff8101bcda  native_apic_mem_read <- disconnect_bsp_APIC+0x6a/0xc0
 0 ffffffff8101ea44  ffffffff8101bcf6  native_apic_mem_write <- disconnect_bsp_APIC+0x86/0xc0
 0 ffffffff81020084  ffffffff8101a4b5  hpet_disable <- native_machine_shutdown+0x75/0x90
 0 ffffffff81005f94  ffffffff8101a4bb  iommu_shutdown_noop <- native_machine_shutdown+0x7b/0x90
 0 ffffffff8101a6a1  ffffffff8101a437  native_machine_emergency_restart <- native_machine_restart+0x37/0x40
 0 ffffffff811f9876  ffffffff8101a73a  acpi_reboot <- native_machine_emergency_restart+0xaa/0x1e0
 0 ffffffff8101a514  ffffffff8101a772  mach_reboot_fixups <- native_machine_emergency_restart+0xe2/0x1e0
 0 ffffffff811d9c54  ffffffff8101a7a0  __const_udelay <- native_machine_emergency_restart+0x110/0x1e0
 0 ffffffff811d9c34  ffffffff811d9c80  __delay <- __const_udelay+0x30/0x40
 0 ffffffff811d9d14  ffffffff811d9c3f  delay_tsc <- __delay+0xf/0x20