.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

=====================
Segmentation Offloads
=====================


Introduction
============

This document describes a set of techniques in the Linux networking stack
to take advantage of segmentation offload capabilities of various NICs.

The following technologies are described:
 * TCP Segmentation Offload - TSO
 * UDP Fragmentation Offload - UFO
 * UDP Segmentation Offload - USO
 * IPIP, SIT, GRE, and UDP Tunnel Offloads
 * Generic Segmentation Offload - GSO
 * Generic Receive Offload - GRO
 * Partial Generic Segmentation Offload - GSO_PARTIAL
 * ESP Segmentation Offload
 * Fraglist Generic Segmentation Offload - GSO_FRAGLIST
 * SCTP acceleration with GSO - GSO_BY_FRAGS


TCP Segmentation Offload
========================

TCP segmentation allows a device to segment a single frame into multiple
frames with a data payload size specified in skb_shinfo()->gso_size.
When TCP segmentation requested the bit for either SKB_GSO_TCPV4 or
SKB_GSO_TCPV6 should be set in skb_shinfo()->gso_type and
skb_shinfo()->gso_size should be set to a non-zero value.

TCP segmentation is dependent on support for the use of partial checksum
offload.  For this reason TSO is normally disabled if the Tx checksum
offload for a given device is disabled.

In order to support TCP segmentation offload it is necessary to populate
the network and transport header offsets of the skbuff so that the device
drivers will be able determine the offsets of the IP or IPv6 header and the
TCP header.  In addition as CHECKSUM_PARTIAL is required csum_start should
also point to the TCP header of the packet, or to the inner transport header
for encapsulated TSO.

For IPv4 segmentation we support one of two types in terms of the IP ID.
The default behavior is to increment the IP ID with every segment.  If the
GSO type SKB_GSO_TCP_FIXEDID is specified then we will not increment the IP
ID and all segments will use the same IP ID.

For encapsulated packets, SKB_GSO_TCP_FIXEDID refers only to the outer header.
SKB_GSO_TCP_FIXEDID_INNER can be used to specify the same for the inner header.
Any combination of these two GSO types is allowed.

If a device has NETIF_F_TSO_MANGLEID set then the IP ID can be ignored when
performing TSO and we will either increment the IP ID for all frames, or leave
it at a static value based on driver preference.  For encapsulated packets,
NETIF_F_TSO_MANGLEID is relevant for both outer and inner headers, unless the
DF bit is not set on the outer header, in which case the device driver must
guarantee that the IP ID field is incremented in the outer header with every
segment.

SKB_GSO_TCP_ACCECN is a modifier used with TCP segmentation offload for
AccECN packets where the CWR bit must not be cleared during segmentation.
Devices advertise support for this using NETIF_F_GSO_ACCECN.


UDP Fragmentation Offload
=========================

UDP fragmentation offload allows a device to fragment an oversized UDP
datagram into multiple IPv4 fragments.  Many of the requirements for UDP
fragmentation offload are the same as TSO.  However the IPv4 ID for
fragments should not increment as a single IPv4 datagram is fragmented.

UFO is deprecated: modern kernels will no longer generate UFO skbs, but can
still receive them from tuntap and similar devices. Offload of UDP-based
tunnel protocols is still supported.


UDP Segmentation Offload
========================

UDP segmentation offload allows a device to segment a large UDP packet into
multiple UDP datagrams.  Unlike UFO, these are not IP fragments.  The payload
size of each datagram is specified in skb_shinfo()->gso_size and the GSO type
is SKB_GSO_UDP_L4.  Devices advertise support for this using
NETIF_F_GSO_UDP_L4.


IPIP, SIT, GRE, UDP Tunnel, and Remote Checksum Offloads
========================================================

In addition to the offloads described above it is possible for a frame to
contain additional headers such as an outer tunnel.  In order to account
for such instances an additional set of segmentation offload types were
introduced including SKB_GSO_IPXIP4, SKB_GSO_IPXIP6, SKB_GSO_GRE, and
SKB_GSO_UDP_TUNNEL.  These extra segmentation types are used to identify
cases where there are more than just 1 set of headers.  For example in the
case of IPIP and SIT we should have the network and transport headers moved
from the standard list of headers to "inner" header offsets.

Currently only two levels of headers are supported.  The convention is to
refer to the tunnel headers as the outer headers, while the encapsulated
data is normally referred to as the inner headers.  Below is the list of
calls to access the given headers:

IPIP/SIT Tunnel::

             Outer                  Inner
  MAC        skb_mac_header
  Network    skb_network_header     skb_inner_network_header
  Transport  skb_transport_header

UDP/GRE Tunnel::

             Outer                  Inner
  MAC        skb_mac_header         skb_inner_mac_header
  Network    skb_network_header     skb_inner_network_header
  Transport  skb_transport_header   skb_inner_transport_header

In addition to the above tunnel types there are also SKB_GSO_GRE_CSUM and
SKB_GSO_UDP_TUNNEL_CSUM.  These two additional tunnel types reflect the
fact that the outer header also requests to have a non-zero checksum
included in the outer header.

Finally there is SKB_GSO_TUNNEL_REMCSUM which indicates that a given tunnel
header has requested a remote checksum offload.  In this case the inner
headers will be left with a partial checksum and only the outer header
checksum will be computed.


Generic Segmentation Offload
============================

Generic segmentation offload is a pure software offload that is meant to
deal with cases where device drivers cannot perform the offloads described
above.  What occurs in GSO is that a given skbuff will have its data broken
out over multiple skbuffs that have been resized to match the MSS provided
via skb_shinfo()->gso_size.

Before enabling any hardware segmentation offload a corresponding software
offload is required in GSO.  Otherwise it becomes possible for a frame to
be re-routed between devices and end up being unable to be transmitted.


Generic Receive Offload
=======================

Generic receive offload is the complement to GSO.  Ideally any frame
assembled by GRO should be segmented to create an identical sequence of
frames using GSO, and any sequence of frames segmented by GSO should be
able to be reassembled back to the original by GRO.


Partial Generic Segmentation Offload
====================================

Partial generic segmentation offload is a hybrid between TSO and GSO.  What
it effectively does is take advantage of certain traits of TCP and tunnels
so that instead of having to rewrite the packet headers for each segment
only the inner-most transport header and possibly the outer-most network
header need to be updated.  This allows devices that do not support tunnel
offloads or tunnel offloads with checksum to still make use of segmentation.

With the partial offload what occurs is that all headers excluding the
inner transport header are updated such that they will contain the correct
values for if the header was simply duplicated.  The one exception to this
is the outer IPv4 ID field.  It is up to the device drivers to guarantee
that the IPv4 ID field is incremented in the case that a given header does
not have the DF bit set.


ESP Segmentation Offload
========================

ESP segmentation offload uses SKB_GSO_ESP to mark packets that require
IPsec ESP segmentation.  This type is set by the XFRM output path for GSO
packets handled by ESP hardware offload.


Fraglist Generic Segmentation Offload
=====================================

Fraglist GSO uses SKB_GSO_FRAGLIST to mark packets whose segments are
already arranged as a list of skbs.  The segmentation path splits the skb
based on that list rather than by creating segments of skb_shinfo()->gso_size
bytes from the linear and page-fragment data.


SCTP acceleration with GSO
===========================

SCTP - despite the lack of hardware support - can still take advantage of
GSO to pass one large packet through the network stack, rather than
multiple small packets.

This requires a different approach to other offloads, as SCTP packets
cannot be just segmented to (P)MTU. Rather, the chunks must be contained in
IP segments, padding respected. So unlike regular GSO, SCTP can't just
generate a big skb, set gso_size to the fragmentation point and deliver it
to IP layer.

Instead, the SCTP protocol layer builds an skb with the segments correctly
padded and stored as chained skbs, and skb_segment() splits based on those.
To signal this, gso_size is set to the special value GSO_BY_FRAGS.

Therefore, any code in the core networking stack must be aware of the
possibility that gso_size will be GSO_BY_FRAGS and handle that case
appropriately.

There are some helpers to make this easier:

- skb_is_gso(skb) && skb_is_gso_sctp(skb) is the best way to see if
  an skb is an SCTP GSO skb.

- For size checks, the skb_gso_validate_*_len family of helpers correctly
  considers GSO_BY_FRAGS.

- For manipulating packets, skb_increase_gso_size and skb_decrease_gso_size
  will check for GSO_BY_FRAGS and WARN if asked to manipulate these skbs.

This also affects drivers with the NETIF_F_FRAGLIST & NETIF_F_GSO_SCTP bits
set. Note also that NETIF_F_GSO_SCTP is included in NETIF_F_GSO_SOFTWARE.