.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

DeviceTree Booting
------------------

During the development of the Linux/ppc64 kernel, and more specifically, the
addition of new platform types outside of the old IBM pSeries/iSeries pair, it
was decided to enforce some strict rules regarding the kernel entry and
bootloader <-> kernel interfaces, in order to avoid the degeneration that had
become the ppc32 kernel entry point and the way a new platform should be added
to the kernel. The legacy iSeries platform breaks those rules as it predates
this scheme, but no new board support will be accepted in the main tree that
doesn't follow them properly.  In addition, since the advent of the arch/powerpc
merged architecture for ppc32 and ppc64, new 32-bit platforms and 32-bit
platforms which move into arch/powerpc will be required to use these rules as
well.

The main requirement that will be defined in more detail below is the presence
of a device-tree whose format is defined after Open Firmware specification.
However, in order to make life easier to embedded board vendors, the kernel
doesn't require the device-tree to represent every device in the system and only
requires some nodes and properties to be present. For example, the kernel does
not require you to create a node for every PCI device in the system. It is a
requirement to have a node for PCI host bridges in order to provide interrupt
routing information and memory/IO ranges, among others. It is also recommended
to define nodes for on chip devices and other buses that don't specifically fit
in an existing OF specification. This creates a great flexibility in the way the
kernel can then probe those and match drivers to device, without having to hard
code all sorts of tables. It also makes it more flexible for board vendors to do
minor hardware upgrades without significantly impacting the kernel code or
cluttering it with special cases.


Entry point
~~~~~~~~~~~

There is one single entry point to the kernel, at the start
of the kernel image. That entry point supports two calling
conventions:

        a) Boot from Open Firmware. If your firmware is compatible
        with Open Firmware (IEEE 1275) or provides an OF compatible
        client interface API (support for "interpret" callback of
        forth words isn't required), you can enter the kernel with:

              r5 : OF callback pointer as defined by IEEE 1275
              bindings to powerpc. Only the 32-bit client interface
              is currently supported

              r3, r4 : address & length of an initrd if any or 0

              The MMU is either on or off; the kernel will run the
              trampoline located in arch/powerpc/kernel/prom_init.c to
              extract the device-tree and other information from open
              firmware and build a flattened device-tree as described
              in b). prom_init() will then re-enter the kernel using
              the second method. This trampoline code runs in the
              context of the firmware, which is supposed to handle all
              exceptions during that time.

        b) Direct entry with a flattened device-tree block. This entry
        point is called by a) after the OF trampoline and can also be
        called directly by a bootloader that does not support the Open
        Firmware client interface. It is also used by "kexec" to
        implement "hot" booting of a new kernel from a previous
        running one. This method is what I will describe in more
        details in this document, as method a) is simply standard Open
        Firmware, and thus should be implemented according to the
        various standard documents defining it and its binding to the
        PowerPC platform. The entry point definition then becomes:

                r3 : physical pointer to the device-tree block
                (defined in chapter II) in RAM

                r4 : physical pointer to the kernel itself. This is
                used by the assembly code to properly disable the MMU
                in case you are entering the kernel with MMU enabled
                and a non-1:1 mapping.

                r5 : NULL (as to differentiate with method a)

Note about SMP entry: Either your firmware puts your other
CPUs in some sleep loop or spin loop in ROM where you can get
them out via a soft reset or some other means, in which case
you don't need to care, or you'll have to enter the kernel
with all CPUs. The way to do that with method b) will be
described in a later revision of this document.

Board supports (platforms) are not exclusive config options. An
arbitrary set of board supports can be built in a single kernel
image. The kernel will "know" what set of functions to use for a
given platform based on the content of the device-tree. Thus, you
should:

        a) add your platform support as a _boolean_ option in
        arch/powerpc/Kconfig, following the example of PPC_PSERIES,
        PPC_PMAC and PPC_MAPLE. The later is probably a good
        example of a board support to start from.

        b) create your main platform file as
        "arch/powerpc/platforms/myplatform/myboard_setup.c" and add it
        to the Makefile under the condition of your ``CONFIG_``
        option. This file will define a structure of type "ppc_md"
        containing the various callbacks that the generic code will
        use to get to your platform specific code

A kernel image may support multiple platforms, but only if the
platforms feature the same core architecture.  A single kernel build
cannot support both configurations with Book E and configurations
with classic Powerpc architectures.