| .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 |
| |
| ========================= |
| Introduction to LoongArch |
| ========================= |
| |
| LoongArch is a new RISC ISA, which is a bit like MIPS or RISC-V. There are |
| currently 3 variants: a reduced 32-bit version (LA32R), a standard 32-bit |
| version (LA32S) and a 64-bit version (LA64). There are 4 privilege levels |
| (PLVs) defined in LoongArch: PLV0~PLV3, from high to low. Kernel runs at PLV0 |
| while applications run at PLV3. This document introduces the registers, basic |
| instruction set, virtual memory and some other topics of LoongArch. |
| |
| Registers |
| ========= |
| |
| LoongArch registers include general purpose registers (GPRs), floating point |
| registers (FPRs), vector registers (VRs) and control status registers (CSRs) |
| used in privileged mode (PLV0). |
| |
| GPRs |
| ---- |
| |
| LoongArch has 32 GPRs ( ``$r0`` ~ ``$r31`` ); each one is 32-bit wide in LA32 |
| and 64-bit wide in LA64. ``$r0`` is hard-wired to zero, and the other registers |
| are not architecturally special. (Except ``$r1``, which is hard-wired as the |
| link register of the BL instruction.) |
| |
| The kernel uses a variant of the LoongArch register convention, as described in |
| the LoongArch ELF psABI spec, in :ref:`References <loongarch-references>`: |
| |
| ================= =============== =================== ============ |
| Name Alias Usage Preserved |
| across calls |
| ================= =============== =================== ============ |
| ``$r0`` ``$zero`` Constant zero Unused |
| ``$r1`` ``$ra`` Return address No |
| ``$r2`` ``$tp`` TLS/Thread pointer Unused |
| ``$r3`` ``$sp`` Stack pointer Yes |
| ``$r4``-``$r11`` ``$a0``-``$a7`` Argument registers No |
| ``$r4``-``$r5`` ``$v0``-``$v1`` Return value No |
| ``$r12``-``$r20`` ``$t0``-``$t8`` Temp registers No |
| ``$r21`` ``$u0`` Percpu base address Unused |
| ``$r22`` ``$fp`` Frame pointer Yes |
| ``$r23``-``$r31`` ``$s0``-``$s8`` Static registers Yes |
| ================= =============== =================== ============ |
| |
| .. Note:: |
| The register ``$r21`` is reserved in the ELF psABI, but used by the Linux |
| kernel for storing the percpu base address. It normally has no ABI name, |
| but is called ``$u0`` in the kernel. You may also see ``$v0`` or ``$v1`` |
| in some old code,however they are deprecated aliases of ``$a0`` and ``$a1`` |
| respectively. |
| |
| FPRs |
| ---- |
| |
| LoongArch has 32 FPRs ( ``$f0`` ~ ``$f31`` ) when FPU is present. Each one is |
| 64-bit wide on the LA64 cores. |
| |
| The floating-point register convention is the same as described in the |
| LoongArch ELF psABI spec: |
| |
| ================= ================== =================== ============ |
| Name Alias Usage Preserved |
| across calls |
| ================= ================== =================== ============ |
| ``$f0``-``$f7`` ``$fa0``-``$fa7`` Argument registers No |
| ``$f0``-``$f1`` ``$fv0``-``$fv1`` Return value No |
| ``$f8``-``$f23`` ``$ft0``-``$ft15`` Temp registers No |
| ``$f24``-``$f31`` ``$fs0``-``$fs7`` Static registers Yes |
| ================= ================== =================== ============ |
| |
| .. Note:: |
| You may see ``$fv0`` or ``$fv1`` in some old code, however they are |
| deprecated aliases of ``$fa0`` and ``$fa1`` respectively. |
| |
| VRs |
| ---- |
| |
| There are currently 2 vector extensions to LoongArch: |
| |
| - LSX (Loongson SIMD eXtension) with 128-bit vectors, |
| - LASX (Loongson Advanced SIMD eXtension) with 256-bit vectors. |
| |
| LSX brings ``$v0`` ~ ``$v31`` while LASX brings ``$x0`` ~ ``$x31`` as the vector |
| registers. |
| |
| The VRs overlap with FPRs: for example, on a core implementing LSX and LASX, |
| the lower 128 bits of ``$x0`` is shared with ``$v0``, and the lower 64 bits of |
| ``$v0`` is shared with ``$f0``; same with all other VRs. |
| |
| CSRs |
| ---- |
| |
| CSRs can only be accessed from privileged mode (PLV0): |
| |
| ================= ===================================== ============== |
| Address Full Name Abbrev Name |
| ================= ===================================== ============== |
| 0x0 Current Mode Information CRMD |
| 0x1 Pre-exception Mode Information PRMD |
| 0x2 Extension Unit Enable EUEN |
| 0x3 Miscellaneous Control MISC |
| 0x4 Exception Configuration ECFG |
| 0x5 Exception Status ESTAT |
| 0x6 Exception Return Address ERA |
| 0x7 Bad (Faulting) Virtual Address BADV |
| 0x8 Bad (Faulting) Instruction Word BADI |
| 0xC Exception Entrypoint Address EENTRY |
| 0x10 TLB Index TLBIDX |
| 0x11 TLB Entry High-order Bits TLBEHI |
| 0x12 TLB Entry Low-order Bits 0 TLBELO0 |
| 0x13 TLB Entry Low-order Bits 1 TLBELO1 |
| 0x18 Address Space Identifier ASID |
| 0x19 Page Global Directory Address for PGDL |
| Lower-half Address Space |
| 0x1A Page Global Directory Address for PGDH |
| Higher-half Address Space |
| 0x1B Page Global Directory Address PGD |
| 0x1C Page Walk Control for Lower- PWCL |
| half Address Space |
| 0x1D Page Walk Control for Higher- PWCH |
| half Address Space |
| 0x1E STLB Page Size STLBPS |
| 0x1F Reduced Virtual Address Configuration RVACFG |
| 0x20 CPU Identifier CPUID |
| 0x21 Privileged Resource Configuration 1 PRCFG1 |
| 0x22 Privileged Resource Configuration 2 PRCFG2 |
| 0x23 Privileged Resource Configuration 3 PRCFG3 |
| 0x30+n (0≤n≤15) Saved Data register SAVEn |
| 0x40 Timer Identifier TID |
| 0x41 Timer Configuration TCFG |
| 0x42 Timer Value TVAL |
| 0x43 Compensation of Timer Count CNTC |
| 0x44 Timer Interrupt Clearing TICLR |
| 0x60 LLBit Control LLBCTL |
| 0x80 Implementation-specific Control 1 IMPCTL1 |
| 0x81 Implementation-specific Control 2 IMPCTL2 |
| 0x88 TLB Refill Exception Entrypoint TLBRENTRY |
| Address |
| 0x89 TLB Refill Exception BAD (Faulting) TLBRBADV |
| Virtual Address |
| 0x8A TLB Refill Exception Return Address TLBRERA |
| 0x8B TLB Refill Exception Saved Data TLBRSAVE |
| Register |
| 0x8C TLB Refill Exception Entry Low-order TLBRELO0 |
| Bits 0 |
| 0x8D TLB Refill Exception Entry Low-order TLBRELO1 |
| Bits 1 |
| 0x8E TLB Refill Exception Entry High-order TLBEHI |
| Bits |
| 0x8F TLB Refill Exception Pre-exception TLBRPRMD |
| Mode Information |
| 0x90 Machine Error Control MERRCTL |
| 0x91 Machine Error Information 1 MERRINFO1 |
| 0x92 Machine Error Information 2 MERRINFO2 |
| 0x93 Machine Error Exception Entrypoint MERRENTRY |
| Address |
| 0x94 Machine Error Exception Return MERRERA |
| Address |
| 0x95 Machine Error Exception Saved Data MERRSAVE |
| Register |
| 0x98 Cache TAGs CTAG |
| 0x180+n (0≤n≤3) Direct Mapping Configuration Window n DMWn |
| 0x200+2n (0≤n≤31) Performance Monitor Configuration n PMCFGn |
| 0x201+2n (0≤n≤31) Performance Monitor Overall Counter n PMCNTn |
| 0x300 Memory Load/Store WatchPoint MWPC |
| Overall Control |
| 0x301 Memory Load/Store WatchPoint MWPS |
| Overall Status |
| 0x310+8n (0≤n≤7) Memory Load/Store WatchPoint n MWPnCFG1 |
| Configuration 1 |
| 0x311+8n (0≤n≤7) Memory Load/Store WatchPoint n MWPnCFG2 |
| Configuration 2 |
| 0x312+8n (0≤n≤7) Memory Load/Store WatchPoint n MWPnCFG3 |
| Configuration 3 |
| 0x313+8n (0≤n≤7) Memory Load/Store WatchPoint n MWPnCFG4 |
| Configuration 4 |
| 0x380 Instruction Fetch WatchPoint FWPC |
| Overall Control |
| 0x381 Instruction Fetch WatchPoint FWPS |
| Overall Status |
| 0x390+8n (0≤n≤7) Instruction Fetch WatchPoint n FWPnCFG1 |
| Configuration 1 |
| 0x391+8n (0≤n≤7) Instruction Fetch WatchPoint n FWPnCFG2 |
| Configuration 2 |
| 0x392+8n (0≤n≤7) Instruction Fetch WatchPoint n FWPnCFG3 |
| Configuration 3 |
| 0x393+8n (0≤n≤7) Instruction Fetch WatchPoint n FWPnCFG4 |
| Configuration 4 |
| 0x500 Debug Register DBG |
| 0x501 Debug Exception Return Address DERA |
| 0x502 Debug Exception Saved Data Register DSAVE |
| ================= ===================================== ============== |
| |
| ERA, TLBRERA, MERRERA and DERA are sometimes also known as EPC, TLBREPC, MERREPC |
| and DEPC respectively. |
| |
| Basic Instruction Set |
| ===================== |
| |
| Instruction formats |
| ------------------- |
| |
| LoongArch instructions are 32 bits wide, belonging to 9 basic instruction |
| formats (and variants of them): |
| |
| =========== ========================== |
| Format name Composition |
| =========== ========================== |
| 2R Opcode + Rj + Rd |
| 3R Opcode + Rk + Rj + Rd |
| 4R Opcode + Ra + Rk + Rj + Rd |
| 2RI8 Opcode + I8 + Rj + Rd |
| 2RI12 Opcode + I12 + Rj + Rd |
| 2RI14 Opcode + I14 + Rj + Rd |
| 2RI16 Opcode + I16 + Rj + Rd |
| 1RI21 Opcode + I21L + Rj + I21H |
| I26 Opcode + I26L + I26H |
| =========== ========================== |
| |
| Rd is the destination register operand, while Rj, Rk and Ra ("a" stands for |
| "additional") are the source register operands. I8/I12/I14/I16/I21/I26 are |
| immediate operands of respective width. The longer I21 and I26 are stored |
| in separate higher and lower parts in the instruction word, denoted by the "L" |
| and "H" suffixes. |
| |
| List of Instructions |
| -------------------- |
| |
| For brevity, only instruction names (mnemonics) are listed here; please see the |
| :ref:`References <loongarch-references>` for details. |
| |
| |
| 1. Arithmetic Instructions:: |
| |
| ADD.W SUB.W ADDI.W ADD.D SUB.D ADDI.D |
| SLT SLTU SLTI SLTUI |
| AND OR NOR XOR ANDN ORN ANDI ORI XORI |
| MUL.W MULH.W MULH.WU DIV.W DIV.WU MOD.W MOD.WU |
| MUL.D MULH.D MULH.DU DIV.D DIV.DU MOD.D MOD.DU |
| PCADDI PCADDU12I PCADDU18I |
| LU12I.W LU32I.D LU52I.D ADDU16I.D |
| |
| 2. Bit-shift Instructions:: |
| |
| SLL.W SRL.W SRA.W ROTR.W SLLI.W SRLI.W SRAI.W ROTRI.W |
| SLL.D SRL.D SRA.D ROTR.D SLLI.D SRLI.D SRAI.D ROTRI.D |
| |
| 3. Bit-manipulation Instructions:: |
| |
| EXT.W.B EXT.W.H CLO.W CLO.D SLZ.W CLZ.D CTO.W CTO.D CTZ.W CTZ.D |
| BYTEPICK.W BYTEPICK.D BSTRINS.W BSTRINS.D BSTRPICK.W BSTRPICK.D |
| REVB.2H REVB.4H REVB.2W REVB.D REVH.2W REVH.D BITREV.4B BITREV.8B BITREV.W BITREV.D |
| MASKEQZ MASKNEZ |
| |
| 4. Branch Instructions:: |
| |
| BEQ BNE BLT BGE BLTU BGEU BEQZ BNEZ B BL JIRL |
| |
| 5. Load/Store Instructions:: |
| |
| LD.B LD.BU LD.H LD.HU LD.W LD.WU LD.D ST.B ST.H ST.W ST.D |
| LDX.B LDX.BU LDX.H LDX.HU LDX.W LDX.WU LDX.D STX.B STX.H STX.W STX.D |
| LDPTR.W LDPTR.D STPTR.W STPTR.D |
| PRELD PRELDX |
| |
| 6. Atomic Operation Instructions:: |
| |
| LL.W SC.W LL.D SC.D |
| AMSWAP.W AMSWAP.D AMADD.W AMADD.D AMAND.W AMAND.D AMOR.W AMOR.D AMXOR.W AMXOR.D |
| AMMAX.W AMMAX.D AMMIN.W AMMIN.D |
| |
| 7. Barrier Instructions:: |
| |
| IBAR DBAR |
| |
| 8. Special Instructions:: |
| |
| SYSCALL BREAK CPUCFG NOP IDLE ERTN(ERET) DBCL(DBGCALL) RDTIMEL.W RDTIMEH.W RDTIME.D |
| ASRTLE.D ASRTGT.D |
| |
| 9. Privileged Instructions:: |
| |
| CSRRD CSRWR CSRXCHG |
| IOCSRRD.B IOCSRRD.H IOCSRRD.W IOCSRRD.D IOCSRWR.B IOCSRWR.H IOCSRWR.W IOCSRWR.D |
| CACOP TLBP(TLBSRCH) TLBRD TLBWR TLBFILL TLBCLR TLBFLUSH INVTLB LDDIR LDPTE |
| |
| Virtual Memory |
| ============== |
| |
| LoongArch supports direct-mapped virtual memory and page-mapped virtual memory. |
| |
| Direct-mapped virtual memory is configured by CSR.DMWn (n=0~3), it has a simple |
| relationship between virtual address (VA) and physical address (PA):: |
| |
| VA = PA + FixedOffset |
| |
| Page-mapped virtual memory has arbitrary relationship between VA and PA, which |
| is recorded in TLB and page tables. LoongArch's TLB includes a fully-associative |
| MTLB (Multiple Page Size TLB) and set-associative STLB (Single Page Size TLB). |
| |
| By default, the whole virtual address space of LA32 is configured like this: |
| |
| ============ =========================== ============================= |
| Name Address Range Attributes |
| ============ =========================== ============================= |
| ``UVRANGE`` ``0x00000000 - 0x7FFFFFFF`` Page-mapped, Cached, PLV0~3 |
| ``KPRANGE0`` ``0x80000000 - 0x9FFFFFFF`` Direct-mapped, Uncached, PLV0 |
| ``KPRANGE1`` ``0xA0000000 - 0xBFFFFFFF`` Direct-mapped, Cached, PLV0 |
| ``KVRANGE`` ``0xC0000000 - 0xFFFFFFFF`` Page-mapped, Cached, PLV0 |
| ============ =========================== ============================= |
| |
| User mode (PLV3) can only access UVRANGE. For direct-mapped KPRANGE0 and |
| KPRANGE1, PA is equal to VA with bit30~31 cleared. For example, the uncached |
| direct-mapped VA of 0x00001000 is 0x80001000, and the cached direct-mapped |
| VA of 0x00001000 is 0xA0001000. |
| |
| By default, the whole virtual address space of LA64 is configured like this: |
| |
| ============ ====================== ====================================== |
| Name Address Range Attributes |
| ============ ====================== ====================================== |
| ``XUVRANGE`` ``0x0000000000000000 - Page-mapped, Cached, PLV0~3 |
| 0x3FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF`` |
| ``XSPRANGE`` ``0x4000000000000000 - Direct-mapped, Cached / Uncached, PLV0 |
| 0x7FFFFFFFFFFFFFFF`` |
| ``XKPRANGE`` ``0x8000000000000000 - Direct-mapped, Cached / Uncached, PLV0 |
| 0xBFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF`` |
| ``XKVRANGE`` ``0xC000000000000000 - Page-mapped, Cached, PLV0 |
| 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF`` |
| ============ ====================== ====================================== |
| |
| User mode (PLV3) can only access XUVRANGE. For direct-mapped XSPRANGE and |
| XKPRANGE, PA is equal to VA with bits 60~63 cleared, and the cache attribute |
| is configured by bits 60~61 in VA: 0 is for strongly-ordered uncached, 1 is |
| for coherent cached, and 2 is for weakly-ordered uncached. |
| |
| Currently we only use XKPRANGE for direct mapping and XSPRANGE is reserved. |
| |
| To put this in action: the strongly-ordered uncached direct-mapped VA (in |
| XKPRANGE) of 0x00000000_00001000 is 0x80000000_00001000, the coherent cached |
| direct-mapped VA (in XKPRANGE) of 0x00000000_00001000 is 0x90000000_00001000, |
| and the weakly-ordered uncached direct-mapped VA (in XKPRANGE) of 0x00000000 |
| _00001000 is 0xA0000000_00001000. |
| |
| Relationship of Loongson and LoongArch |
| ====================================== |
| |
| LoongArch is a RISC ISA which is different from any other existing ones, while |
| Loongson is a family of processors. Loongson includes 3 series: Loongson-1 is |
| the 32-bit processor series, Loongson-2 is the low-end 64-bit processor series, |
| and Loongson-3 is the high-end 64-bit processor series. Old Loongson is based on |
| MIPS, while New Loongson is based on LoongArch. Take Loongson-3 as an example: |
| Loongson-3A1000/3B1500/3A2000/3A3000/3A4000 are MIPS-compatible, while Loongson- |
| 3A5000 (and future revisions) are all based on LoongArch. |
| |
| .. _loongarch-references: |
| |
| References |
| ========== |
| |
| Official web site of Loongson Technology Corp. Ltd.: |
| |
| http://www.loongson.cn/ |
| |
| Developer web site of Loongson and LoongArch (Software and Documentation): |
| |
| http://www.loongnix.cn/ |
| |
| https://github.com/loongson/ |
| |
| https://loongson.github.io/LoongArch-Documentation/ |
| |
| Documentation of LoongArch ISA: |
| |
| https://github.com/loongson/LoongArch-Documentation/releases/latest/download/LoongArch-Vol1-v1.00-CN.pdf (in Chinese) |
| |
| https://github.com/loongson/LoongArch-Documentation/releases/latest/download/LoongArch-Vol1-v1.00-EN.pdf (in English) |
| |
| Documentation of LoongArch ELF psABI: |
| |
| https://github.com/loongson/LoongArch-Documentation/releases/latest/download/LoongArch-ELF-ABI-v1.00-CN.pdf (in Chinese) |
| |
| https://github.com/loongson/LoongArch-Documentation/releases/latest/download/LoongArch-ELF-ABI-v1.00-EN.pdf (in English) |
| |
| Linux kernel repository of Loongson and LoongArch: |
| |
| https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/chenhuacai/linux-loongson.git |
