Documentation/driver-api/device-io.rst - linux - Git at Google

 .. Copyright 2001 Matthew Wilcox
 ..
 ..     This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
 ..     it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
 ..     License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
 ..     version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
 ..     version.

 ===============================
 Bus-Independent Device Accesses
 ===============================

 :Author: Matthew Wilcox
 :Author: Alan Cox

 Introduction
 ============

 Linux provides an API which abstracts performing IO across all busses
 and devices, allowing device drivers to be written independently of bus
 type.

 Memory Mapped IO
 ================

 Getting Access to the Device
 ----------------------------

 The most widely supported form of IO is memory mapped IO. That is, a
 part of the CPU's address space is interpreted not as accesses to
 memory, but as accesses to a device. Some architectures define devices
 to be at a fixed address, but most have some method of discovering
 devices. The PCI bus walk is a good example of such a scheme. This
 document does not cover how to receive such an address, but assumes you
 are starting with one. Physical addresses are of type unsigned long.

 This address should not be used directly. Instead, to get an address
 suitable for passing to the accessor functions described below, you
 should call ioremap(). An address suitable for accessing
 the device will be returned to you.

 After you've finished using the device (say, in your module's exit
 routine), call iounmap() in order to return the address
 space to the kernel. Most architectures allocate new address space each
 time you call ioremap(), and they can run out unless you
 call iounmap().

 Accessing the device
 --------------------

 The part of the interface most used by drivers is reading and writing
 memory-mapped registers on the device. Linux provides interfaces to read
 and write 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit quantities. Due to a
 historical accident, these are named byte, word, long and quad accesses.
 Both read and write accesses are supported; there is no prefetch support
 at this time.

 The functions are named readb(), readw(), readl(), readq(),
 readb_relaxed(), readw_relaxed(), readl_relaxed(), readq_relaxed(),
 writeb(), writew(), writel() and writeq().

 Some devices (such as framebuffers) would like to use larger transfers than
 8 bytes at a time. For these devices, the memcpy_toio(),
 memcpy_fromio() and memset_io() functions are
 provided. Do not use memset or memcpy on IO addresses; they are not
 guaranteed to copy data in order.

 The read and write functions are defined to be ordered. That is the
 compiler is not permitted to reorder the I/O sequence. When the ordering
 can be compiler optimised, you can use __readb() and friends to
 indicate the relaxed ordering. Use this with care.

 While the basic functions are defined to be synchronous with respect to
 each other and ordered with respect to each other the busses the devices
 sit on may themselves have asynchronicity. In particular many authors
 are burned by the fact that PCI bus writes are posted asynchronously. A
 driver author must issue a read from the same device to ensure that
 writes have occurred in the specific cases the author cares. This kind
 of property cannot be hidden from driver writers in the API. In some
 cases, the read used to flush the device may be expected to fail (if the
 card is resetting, for example). In that case, the read should be done
 from config space, which is guaranteed to soft-fail if the card doesn't
 respond.

 The following is an example of flushing a write to a device when the
 driver would like to ensure the write's effects are visible prior to
 continuing execution::

     static inline void
     qla1280_disable_intrs(struct scsi_qla_host *ha)
     {
         struct device_reg *reg;

         reg = ha->iobase;
         /* disable risc and host interrupts */
         WRT_REG_WORD(&reg->ictrl, 0);
         /*
          * The following read will ensure that the above write
          * has been received by the device before we return from this
          * function.
          */
         RD_REG_WORD(&reg->ictrl);
         ha->flags.ints_enabled = 0;
     }

 PCI ordering rules also guarantee that PIO read responses arrive after any
 outstanding DMA writes from that bus, since for some devices the result of
 a readb() call may signal to the driver that a DMA transaction is
 complete. In many cases, however, the driver may want to indicate that the
 next readb() call has no relation to any previous DMA writes
 performed by the device. The driver can use readb_relaxed() for
 these cases, although only some platforms will honor the relaxed
 semantics. Using the relaxed read functions will provide significant
 performance benefits on platforms that support it. The qla2xxx driver
 provides examples of how to use readX_relaxed(). In many cases, a majority
 of the driver's readX() calls can safely be converted to readX_relaxed()
 calls, since only a few will indicate or depend on DMA completion.

 Port Space Accesses
 ===================

 Port Space Explained
 --------------------

 Another form of IO commonly supported is Port Space. This is a range of
 addresses separate to the normal memory address space. Access to these
 addresses is generally not as fast as accesses to the memory mapped
 addresses, and it also has a potentially smaller address space.

 Unlike memory mapped IO, no preparation is required to access port
 space.

 Accessing Port Space
 --------------------

 Accesses to this space are provided through a set of functions which
 allow 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit accesses; also known as byte, word and
 long. These functions are inb(), inw(),
 inl(), outb(), outw() and
 outl().

 Some variants are provided for these functions. Some devices require
 that accesses to their ports are slowed down. This functionality is
 provided by appending a ``_p`` to the end of the function.
 There are also equivalents to memcpy. The ins() and
 outs() functions copy bytes, words or longs to the given
 port.

 Public Functions Provided
 =========================

 .. kernel-doc:: arch/x86/include/asm/io.h
    :internal:

 .. kernel-doc:: lib/pci_iomap.c
    :export:
	.. Copyright 2001 Matthew Wilcox
	..
	.. This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
	.. it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
	.. License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
	.. version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
	.. version.

	===============================
	Bus-Independent Device Accesses
	===============================

	:Author: Matthew Wilcox
	:Author: Alan Cox

	Introduction
	============

	Linux provides an API which abstracts performing IO across all busses
	and devices, allowing device drivers to be written independently of bus
	type.

	Memory Mapped IO
	================

	Getting Access to the Device
	----------------------------

	The most widely supported form of IO is memory mapped IO. That is, a
	part of the CPU's address space is interpreted not as accesses to
	memory, but as accesses to a device. Some architectures define devices
	to be at a fixed address, but most have some method of discovering
	devices. The PCI bus walk is a good example of such a scheme. This
	document does not cover how to receive such an address, but assumes you
	are starting with one. Physical addresses are of type unsigned long.

	This address should not be used directly. Instead, to get an address
	suitable for passing to the accessor functions described below, you
	should call ioremap(). An address suitable for accessing
	the device will be returned to you.

	After you've finished using the device (say, in your module's exit
	routine), call iounmap() in order to return the address
	space to the kernel. Most architectures allocate new address space each
	time you call ioremap(), and they can run out unless you
	call iounmap().

	Accessing the device
	--------------------

	The part of the interface most used by drivers is reading and writing
	memory-mapped registers on the device. Linux provides interfaces to read
	and write 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit quantities. Due to a
	historical accident, these are named byte, word, long and quad accesses.
	Both read and write accesses are supported; there is no prefetch support
	at this time.

	The functions are named readb(), readw(), readl(), readq(),
	readb_relaxed(), readw_relaxed(), readl_relaxed(), readq_relaxed(),
	writeb(), writew(), writel() and writeq().

	Some devices (such as framebuffers) would like to use larger transfers than
	8 bytes at a time. For these devices, the memcpy_toio(),
	memcpy_fromio() and memset_io() functions are
	provided. Do not use memset or memcpy on IO addresses; they are not
	guaranteed to copy data in order.

	The read and write functions are defined to be ordered. That is the
	compiler is not permitted to reorder the I/O sequence. When the ordering
	can be compiler optimised, you can use __readb() and friends to
	indicate the relaxed ordering. Use this with care.

	While the basic functions are defined to be synchronous with respect to
	each other and ordered with respect to each other the busses the devices
	sit on may themselves have asynchronicity. In particular many authors
	are burned by the fact that PCI bus writes are posted asynchronously. A
	driver author must issue a read from the same device to ensure that
	writes have occurred in the specific cases the author cares. This kind
	of property cannot be hidden from driver writers in the API. In some
	cases, the read used to flush the device may be expected to fail (if the
	card is resetting, for example). In that case, the read should be done
	from config space, which is guaranteed to soft-fail if the card doesn't
	respond.

	The following is an example of flushing a write to a device when the
	driver would like to ensure the write's effects are visible prior to
	continuing execution::

	static inline void
	qla1280_disable_intrs(struct scsi_qla_host *ha)
	{
	struct device_reg *reg;

	reg = ha->iobase;
	/* disable risc and host interrupts */
	WRT_REG_WORD(&reg->ictrl, 0);
	/*
	* The following read will ensure that the above write
	* has been received by the device before we return from this
	* function.
	*/
	RD_REG_WORD(&reg->ictrl);
	ha->flags.ints_enabled = 0;
	}

	PCI ordering rules also guarantee that PIO read responses arrive after any
	outstanding DMA writes from that bus, since for some devices the result of
	a readb() call may signal to the driver that a DMA transaction is
	complete. In many cases, however, the driver may want to indicate that the
	next readb() call has no relation to any previous DMA writes
	performed by the device. The driver can use readb_relaxed() for
	these cases, although only some platforms will honor the relaxed
	semantics. Using the relaxed read functions will provide significant
	performance benefits on platforms that support it. The qla2xxx driver
	provides examples of how to use readX_relaxed(). In many cases, a majority
	of the driver's readX() calls can safely be converted to readX_relaxed()
	calls, since only a few will indicate or depend on DMA completion.

	Port Space Accesses
	===================

	Port Space Explained
	--------------------

	Another form of IO commonly supported is Port Space. This is a range of
	addresses separate to the normal memory address space. Access to these
	addresses is generally not as fast as accesses to the memory mapped
	addresses, and it also has a potentially smaller address space.

	Unlike memory mapped IO, no preparation is required to access port
	space.

	Accessing Port Space
	--------------------

	Accesses to this space are provided through a set of functions which
	allow 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit accesses; also known as byte, word and
	long. These functions are inb(), inw(),
	inl(), outb(), outw() and
	outl().

	Some variants are provided for these functions. Some devices require
	that accesses to their ports are slowed down. This functionality is
	provided by appending a ``_p`` to the end of the function.
	There are also equivalents to memcpy. The ins() and
	outs() functions copy bytes, words or longs to the given
	port.

	Public Functions Provided
	=========================

	.. kernel-doc:: arch/x86/include/asm/io.h
	:internal:

	.. kernel-doc:: lib/pci_iomap.c
	:export: