Documentation/process/changes.rst - linux - Git at Google

 .. _changes:

 Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

 Intro
 =====

 This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
 software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.

 This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
 and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
 Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
 'net).

 Current Minimal Requirements
 ****************************

 Upgrade to at **least** these software revisions before thinking you've
 encountered a bug!  If you're unsure what version you're currently
 running, the suggested command should tell you.

 Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
 running a Linux kernel.  Also, not all tools are necessary on all
 systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
 you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.

 ====================== ===============  ========================================
         Program        Minimal version       Command to check the version
 ====================== ===============  ========================================
 GNU C                  5.1              gcc --version
 Clang/LLVM (optional)  10.0.1           clang --version
 GNU make               3.81             make --version
 binutils               2.23             ld -v
 flex                   2.5.35           flex --version
 bison                  2.0              bison --version
 pahole                 1.16             pahole --version
 util-linux             2.10o            fdformat --version
 kmod                   13               depmod -V
 e2fsprogs              1.41.4           e2fsck -V
 jfsutils               1.1.3            fsck.jfs -V
 reiserfsprogs          3.6.3            reiserfsck -V
 xfsprogs               2.6.0            xfs_db -V
 squashfs-tools         4.0              mksquashfs -version
 btrfs-progs            0.18             btrfsck
 pcmciautils            004              pccardctl -V
 quota-tools            3.09             quota -V
 PPP                    2.4.0            pppd --version
 nfs-utils              1.0.5            showmount --version
 procps                 3.2.0            ps --version
 udev                   081              udevd --version
 grub                   0.93             grub --version || grub-install --version
 mcelog                 0.6              mcelog --version
 iptables               1.4.2            iptables -V
 openssl & libcrypto    1.0.0            openssl version
 bc                     1.06.95          bc --version
 Sphinx\ [#f1]_         1.7              sphinx-build --version
 ====================== ===============  ========================================

 .. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation

 Kernel compilation
 ******************

 GCC
 ---

 The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
 computer.

 Clang/LLVM (optional)
 ---------------------

 The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
 `releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
 kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
 from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
 docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.

 Make
 ----

 You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.

 Binutils
 --------

 Binutils 2.23 or newer is needed to build the kernel.

 pkg-config
 ----------

 The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
 kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
 'make {g,x}config'.  Previously pkg-config was being used but not
 verified or documented.

 Flex
 ----

 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
 during build.  This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.


 Bison
 -----

 Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
 during build.  This requires bison 2.0 or later.

 pahole:
 -------

 Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
 generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
 modules as well.  This requires pahole v1.16 or later.

 It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
 https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.

 Perl
 ----

 You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
 ``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.

 BC
 --

 You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher


 OpenSSL
 -------

 Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
 crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.

 You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
 enabled.  You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
 and higher.


 System utilities
 ****************

 Architectural changes
 ---------------------

 DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
 (https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)

 32-bit UID support is now in place.  Have fun!

 Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
 documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
 definitions in the source.  These comments can be combined with ReST
 files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
 then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
 In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
 Sphinx.

 Util-linux
 ----------

 New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
 support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
 types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
 You'll probably want to upgrade.

 Ksymoops
 --------

 If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
 ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
 It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
 that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
 produces better output than ksymoops).  If for some reason your kernel
 is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
 reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
 with ksymoops.

 Mkinitrd
 --------

 These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
 mkinitrd be upgraded.

 E2fsprogs
 ---------

 The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
 debugfs.  Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.

 JFSutils
 --------

 The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
 The following utilities are available:

 - ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
   and repair a JFS formatted partition.

 - ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.

 - other file system utilities are also available in this package.

 Reiserfsprogs
 -------------

 The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
 (Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
 versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
 ``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.

 Xfsprogs
 --------

 The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
 ``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem.  It is
 architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
 work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
 later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).

 PCMCIAutils
 -----------

 PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
 PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
 for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
 subsystem is used.

 Quota-tools
 -----------

 Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
 the newer version 2 quota format.  Quota-tools version 3.07 and
 newer has this support.  Use the recommended version or newer
 from the table above.

 Intel IA32 microcode
 --------------------

 A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
 accessible as a normal (misc) character device.  If you are not using
 udev you may need to::

   mkdir /dev/cpu
   mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
   chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode

 as root before you can use this.  You'll probably also want to
 get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.

 udev
 ----

 ``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
 only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
 functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
 devices.

 FUSE
 ----

 Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later.  Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
 options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.

 Networking
 **********

 General changes
 ---------------

 If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
 consider using the network tools from ip-route2.

 Packet Filter / NAT
 -------------------
 The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
 kernel series (iptables).  It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
 for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.

 PPP
 ---

 The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
 enable it to operate over diverse media layers.  If you use PPP,
 upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.

 If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
 which can be made by::

   mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0

 as root.

 NFS-utils
 ---------

 In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
 about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS.  This
 information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
 mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup.  exportfs
 would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.

 This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
 which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
 fail-over.  Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
 getting lots of old entries that never get removed.

 With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
 when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
 appropriate export information to the kernel.  This removes the
 dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
 currently active clients.

 To enable this new functionality, you need to::

   mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd

 before running exportfs or mountd.  It is recommended that all NFS
 services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
 that is possible.

 mcelog
 ------

 On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
 events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
 reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.

 Kernel documentation
 ********************

 Sphinx
 ------

 Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
 for details about Sphinx requirements.

 Getting updated software
 ========================

 Kernel compilation
 ******************

 gcc
 ---

 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>

 Clang/LLVM
 ----------

 - :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.

 Make
 ----

 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>

 Binutils
 --------

 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>

 Flex
 ----

 - <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>

 Bison
 -----

 - <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>

 OpenSSL
 -------

 - <https://www.openssl.org/>

 System utilities
 ****************

 Util-linux
 ----------

 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>

 Kmod
 ----

 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>

 Ksymoops
 --------

 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>

 Mkinitrd
 --------

 - <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>

 E2fsprogs
 ---------

 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>

 JFSutils
 --------

 - <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>

 Reiserfsprogs
 -------------

 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>

 Xfsprogs
 --------

 - <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>

 Pcmciautils
 -----------

 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>

 Quota-tools
 -----------

 - <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>


 Intel P6 microcode
 ------------------

 - <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>

 udev
 ----

 - <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>

 FUSE
 ----

 - <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>

 mcelog
 ------

 - <http://www.mcelog.org/>

 Networking
 **********

 PPP
 ---

 - <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
 - <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
 - <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>

 NFS-utils
 ---------

 - <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>

 Iptables
 --------

 - <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>

 Ip-route2
 ---------

 - <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>

 OProfile
 --------

 - <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>

 NFS-Utils
 ---------

 - <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>

 Kernel documentation
 ********************

 Sphinx
 ------

 - <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>
	.. _changes:

	Minimal requirements to compile the Kernel
	++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

	Intro
	=====

	This document is designed to provide a list of the minimum levels of
	software necessary to run the 4.x kernels.

	This document is originally based on my "Changes" file for 2.0.x kernels
	and therefore owes credit to the same people as that file (Jared Mauch,
	Axel Boldt, Alessandro Sigala, and countless other users all over the
	'net).

	Current Minimal Requirements
	****************************

	Upgrade to at least these software revisions before thinking you've
	encountered a bug! If you're unsure what version you're currently
	running, the suggested command should tell you.

	Again, keep in mind that this list assumes you are already functionally
	running a Linux kernel. Also, not all tools are necessary on all
	systems; obviously, if you don't have any PC Card hardware, for example,
	you probably needn't concern yourself with pcmciautils.

	====================== =============== ========================================
	Program Minimal version Command to check the version
	====================== =============== ========================================
	GNU C 5.1 gcc --version
	Clang/LLVM (optional) 10.0.1 clang --version
	GNU make 3.81 make --version
	binutils 2.23 ld -v
	flex 2.5.35 flex --version
	bison 2.0 bison --version
	pahole 1.16 pahole --version
	util-linux 2.10o fdformat --version
	kmod 13 depmod -V
	e2fsprogs 1.41.4 e2fsck -V
	jfsutils 1.1.3 fsck.jfs -V
	reiserfsprogs 3.6.3 reiserfsck -V
	xfsprogs 2.6.0 xfs_db -V
	squashfs-tools 4.0 mksquashfs -version
	btrfs-progs 0.18 btrfsck
	pcmciautils 004 pccardctl -V
	quota-tools 3.09 quota -V
	PPP 2.4.0 pppd --version
	nfs-utils 1.0.5 showmount --version
	procps 3.2.0 ps --version
	udev 081 udevd --version
	grub 0.93 grub --version \|\| grub-install --version
	mcelog 0.6 mcelog --version
	iptables 1.4.2 iptables -V
	openssl & libcrypto 1.0.0 openssl version
	bc 1.06.95 bc --version
	Sphinx\ [#f1]_ 1.7 sphinx-build --version
	====================== =============== ========================================

	.. [#f1] Sphinx is needed only to build the Kernel documentation

	Kernel compilation
	******************

	GCC
	---

	The gcc version requirements may vary depending on the type of CPU in your
	computer.

	Clang/LLVM (optional)
	---------------------

	The latest formal release of clang and LLVM utils (according to
	`releases.llvm.org <https://releases.llvm.org>`_) are supported for building
	kernels. Older releases aren't guaranteed to work, and we may drop workarounds
	from the kernel that were used to support older versions. Please see additional
	docs on :ref:`Building Linux with Clang/LLVM <kbuild_llvm>`.

	Make
	----

	You will need GNU make 3.81 or later to build the kernel.

	Binutils
	--------

	Binutils 2.23 or newer is needed to build the kernel.

	pkg-config
	----------

	The build system, as of 4.18, requires pkg-config to check for installed
	kconfig tools and to determine flags settings for use in
	'make {g,x}config'. Previously pkg-config was being used but not
	verified or documented.

	Flex
	----

	Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates lexical analyzers
	during build. This requires flex 2.5.35 or later.


	Bison
	-----

	Since Linux 4.16, the build system generates parsers
	during build. This requires bison 2.0 or later.

	pahole:
	-------

	Since Linux 5.2, if CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF is selected, the build system
	generates BTF (BPF Type Format) from DWARF in vmlinux, a bit later from kernel
	modules as well. This requires pahole v1.16 or later.

	It is found in the 'dwarves' or 'pahole' distro packages or from
	https://fedorapeople.org/~acme/dwarves/.

	Perl
	----

	You will need perl 5 and the following modules: ``Getopt::Long``,
	``Getopt::Std``, ``File::Basename``, and ``File::Find`` to build the kernel.

	BC
	--

	You will need bc to build kernels 3.10 and higher


	OpenSSL
	-------

	Module signing and external certificate handling use the OpenSSL program and
	crypto library to do key creation and signature generation.

	You will need openssl to build kernels 3.7 and higher if module signing is
	enabled. You will also need openssl development packages to build kernels 4.3
	and higher.


	System utilities
	****************

	Architectural changes
	---------------------

	DevFS has been obsoleted in favour of udev
	(https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/)

	32-bit UID support is now in place. Have fun!

	Linux documentation for functions is transitioning to inline
	documentation via specially-formatted comments near their
	definitions in the source. These comments can be combined with ReST
	files the Documentation/ directory to make enriched documentation, which can
	then be converted to PostScript, HTML, LaTex, ePUB and PDF files.
	In order to convert from ReST format to a format of your choice, you'll need
	Sphinx.

	Util-linux
	----------

	New versions of util-linux provide ``fdisk`` support for larger disks,
	support new options to mount, recognize more supported partition
	types, have a fdformat which works with 2.4 kernels, and similar goodies.
	You'll probably want to upgrade.

	Ksymoops
	--------

	If the unthinkable happens and your kernel oopses, you may need the
	ksymoops tool to decode it, but in most cases you don't.
	It is generally preferred to build the kernel with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` so
	that it produces readable dumps that can be used as-is (this also
	produces better output than ksymoops). If for some reason your kernel
	is not build with ``CONFIG_KALLSYMS`` and you have no way to rebuild and
	reproduce the Oops with that option, then you can still decode that Oops
	with ksymoops.

	Mkinitrd
	--------

	These changes to the ``/lib/modules`` file tree layout also require that
	mkinitrd be upgraded.

	E2fsprogs
	---------

	The latest version of ``e2fsprogs`` fixes several bugs in fsck and
	debugfs. Obviously, it's a good idea to upgrade.

	JFSutils
	--------

	The ``jfsutils`` package contains the utilities for the file system.
	The following utilities are available:

	- ``fsck.jfs`` - initiate replay of the transaction log, and check
	and repair a JFS formatted partition.

	- ``mkfs.jfs`` - create a JFS formatted partition.

	- other file system utilities are also available in this package.

	Reiserfsprogs
	-------------

	The reiserfsprogs package should be used for reiserfs-3.6.x
	(Linux kernels 2.4.x). It is a combined package and contains working
	versions of ``mkreiserfs``, ``resize_reiserfs``, ``debugreiserfs`` and
	``reiserfsck``. These utils work on both i386 and alpha platforms.

	Xfsprogs
	--------

	The latest version of ``xfsprogs`` contains ``mkfs.xfs``, ``xfs_db``, and the
	``xfs_repair`` utilities, among others, for the XFS filesystem. It is
	architecture independent and any version from 2.0.0 onward should
	work correctly with this version of the XFS kernel code (2.6.0 or
	later is recommended, due to some significant improvements).

	PCMCIAutils
	-----------

	PCMCIAutils replaces ``pcmcia-cs``. It properly sets up
	PCMCIA sockets at system startup and loads the appropriate modules
	for 16-bit PCMCIA devices if the kernel is modularized and the hotplug
	subsystem is used.

	Quota-tools
	-----------

	Support for 32 bit uid's and gid's is required if you want to use
	the newer version 2 quota format. Quota-tools version 3.07 and
	newer has this support. Use the recommended version or newer
	from the table above.

	Intel IA32 microcode
	--------------------

	A driver has been added to allow updating of Intel IA32 microcode,
	accessible as a normal (misc) character device. If you are not using
	udev you may need to::

	mkdir /dev/cpu
	mknod /dev/cpu/microcode c 10 184
	chmod 0644 /dev/cpu/microcode

	as root before you can use this. You'll probably also want to
	get the user-space microcode_ctl utility to use with this.

	udev
	----

	``udev`` is a userspace application for populating ``/dev`` dynamically with
	only entries for devices actually present. ``udev`` replaces the basic
	functionality of devfs, while allowing persistent device naming for
	devices.

	FUSE
	----

	Needs libfuse 2.4.0 or later. Absolute minimum is 2.3.0 but mount
	options ``direct_io`` and ``kernel_cache`` won't work.

	Networking
	**********

	General changes
	---------------

	If you have advanced network configuration needs, you should probably
	consider using the network tools from ip-route2.

	Packet Filter / NAT
	-------------------
	The packet filtering and NAT code uses the same tools like the previous 2.4.x
	kernel series (iptables). It still includes backwards-compatibility modules
	for 2.2.x-style ipchains and 2.0.x-style ipfwadm.

	PPP
	---

	The PPP driver has been restructured to support multilink and to
	enable it to operate over diverse media layers. If you use PPP,
	upgrade pppd to at least 2.4.0.

	If you are not using udev, you must have the device file /dev/ppp
	which can be made by::

	mknod /dev/ppp c 108 0

	as root.

	NFS-utils
	---------

	In ancient (2.4 and earlier) kernels, the nfs server needed to know
	about any client that expected to be able to access files via NFS. This
	information would be given to the kernel by ``mountd`` when the client
	mounted the filesystem, or by ``exportfs`` at system startup. exportfs
	would take information about active clients from ``/var/lib/nfs/rmtab``.

	This approach is quite fragile as it depends on rmtab being correct
	which is not always easy, particularly when trying to implement
	fail-over. Even when the system is working well, ``rmtab`` suffers from
	getting lots of old entries that never get removed.

	With modern kernels we have the option of having the kernel tell mountd
	when it gets a request from an unknown host, and mountd can give
	appropriate export information to the kernel. This removes the
	dependency on ``rmtab`` and means that the kernel only needs to know about
	currently active clients.

	To enable this new functionality, you need to::

	mount -t nfsd nfsd /proc/fs/nfsd

	before running exportfs or mountd. It is recommended that all NFS
	services be protected from the internet-at-large by a firewall where
	that is possible.

	mcelog
	------

	On x86 kernels the mcelog utility is needed to process and log machine check
	events when ``CONFIG_X86_MCE`` is enabled. Machine check events are errors
	reported by the CPU. Processing them is strongly encouraged.

	Kernel documentation
	********************

	Sphinx
	------

	Please see :ref:`sphinx_install` in :ref:`Documentation/doc-guide/sphinx.rst <sphinxdoc>`
	for details about Sphinx requirements.

	Getting updated software
	========================

	Kernel compilation
	******************

	gcc
	---

	- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/gcc/>

	Clang/LLVM
	----------

	- :ref:`Getting LLVM <getting_llvm>`.

	Make
	----

	- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/make/>

	Binutils
	--------

	- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/devel/binutils/>

	Flex
	----

	- <https://github.com/westes/flex/releases>

	Bison
	-----

	- <ftp://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/bison/>

	OpenSSL
	-------

	- <https://www.openssl.org/>

	System utilities
	****************

	Util-linux
	----------

	- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/>

	Kmod
	----

	- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kmod/>
	- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/kernel/kmod/kmod.git>

	Ksymoops
	--------

	- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/ksymoops/v2.4/>

	Mkinitrd
	--------

	- <https://code.launchpad.net/initrd-tools/main>

	E2fsprogs
	---------

	- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/tytso/e2fsprogs/>
	- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/ext2/e2fsprogs.git/>

	JFSutils
	--------

	- <http://jfs.sourceforge.net/>

	Reiserfsprogs
	-------------

	- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/jeffm/reiserfsprogs.git/>

	Xfsprogs
	--------

	- <https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/fs/xfs/xfsprogs-dev.git>
	- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/fs/xfs/xfsprogs/>

	Pcmciautils
	-----------

	- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/pcmcia/>

	Quota-tools
	-----------

	- <http://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/>


	Intel P6 microcode
	------------------

	- <https://downloadcenter.intel.com/>

	udev
	----

	- <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/systemd/man/udev.html>

	FUSE
	----

	- <https://github.com/libfuse/libfuse/releases>

	mcelog
	------

	- <http://www.mcelog.org/>

	Networking
	**********

	PPP
	---

	- <https://download.samba.org/pub/ppp/>
	- <https://git.ozlabs.org/?p=ppp.git>
	- <https://github.com/paulusmack/ppp/>

	NFS-utils
	---------

	- <http://sourceforge.net/project/showfiles.php?group_id=14>

	Iptables
	--------

	- <https://netfilter.org/projects/iptables/index.html>

	Ip-route2
	---------

	- <https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/net/iproute2/>

	OProfile
	--------

	- <http://oprofile.sf.net/download/>

	NFS-Utils
	---------

	- <http://nfs.sourceforge.net/>

	Kernel documentation
	********************

	Sphinx
	------

	- <https://www.sphinx-doc.org/>