Documentation/process/maintainer-netdev.rst - linux - Git at Google

 .. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

 .. _netdev-FAQ:

 =============================
 Networking subsystem (netdev)
 =============================

 tl;dr
 -----

  - designate your patch to a tree - ``[PATCH net]`` or ``[PATCH net-next]``
  - for fixes the ``Fixes:`` tag is required, regardless of the tree
  - don't post large series (> 15 patches), break them up
  - don't repost your patches within one 24h period
  - reverse xmas tree

 netdev
 ------

 netdev is a mailing list for all network-related Linux stuff.  This
 includes anything found under net/ (i.e. core code like IPv6) and
 drivers/net (i.e. hardware specific drivers) in the Linux source tree.

 Note that some subsystems (e.g. wireless drivers) which have a high
 volume of traffic have their own specific mailing lists and trees.

 Like many other Linux mailing lists, the netdev list is hosted at
 kernel.org with archives available at https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/.

 Aside from subsystems like those mentioned above, all network-related
 Linux development (i.e. RFC, review, comments, etc.) takes place on
 netdev.

 Development cycle
 -----------------

 Here is a bit of background information on
 the cadence of Linux development.  Each new release starts off with a
 two week "merge window" where the main maintainers feed their new stuff
 to Linus for merging into the mainline tree.  After the two weeks, the
 merge window is closed, and it is called/tagged ``-rc1``.  No new
 features get mainlined after this -- only fixes to the rc1 content are
 expected.  After roughly a week of collecting fixes to the rc1 content,
 rc2 is released.  This repeats on a roughly weekly basis until rc7
 (typically; sometimes rc6 if things are quiet, or rc8 if things are in a
 state of churn), and a week after the last vX.Y-rcN was done, the
 official vX.Y is released.

 To find out where we are now in the cycle - load the mainline (Linus)
 page here:

   https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git

 and note the top of the "tags" section.  If it is rc1, it is early in
 the dev cycle.  If it was tagged rc7 a week ago, then a release is
 probably imminent. If the most recent tag is a final release tag
 (without an ``-rcN`` suffix) - we are most likely in a merge window
 and ``net-next`` is closed.

 git trees and patch flow
 ------------------------

 There are two networking trees (git repositories) in play.  Both are
 driven by David Miller, the main network maintainer.  There is the
 ``net`` tree, and the ``net-next`` tree.  As you can probably guess from
 the names, the ``net`` tree is for fixes to existing code already in the
 mainline tree from Linus, and ``net-next`` is where the new code goes
 for the future release.  You can find the trees here:

 - https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net.git
 - https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net-next.git

 Relating that to kernel development: At the beginning of the 2-week
 merge window, the ``net-next`` tree will be closed - no new changes/features.
 The accumulated new content of the past ~10 weeks will be passed onto
 mainline/Linus via a pull request for vX.Y -- at the same time, the
 ``net`` tree will start accumulating fixes for this pulled content
 relating to vX.Y

 An announcement indicating when ``net-next`` has been closed is usually
 sent to netdev, but knowing the above, you can predict that in advance.

 .. warning::
   Do not send new ``net-next`` content to netdev during the
   period during which ``net-next`` tree is closed.

 RFC patches sent for review only are obviously welcome at any time
 (use ``--subject-prefix='RFC net-next'`` with ``git format-patch``).

 Shortly after the two weeks have passed (and vX.Y-rc1 is released), the
 tree for ``net-next`` reopens to collect content for the next (vX.Y+1)
 release.

 If you aren't subscribed to netdev and/or are simply unsure if
 ``net-next`` has re-opened yet, simply check the ``net-next`` git
 repository link above for any new networking-related commits.  You may
 also check the following website for the current status:

   https://netdev.bots.linux.dev/net-next.html

 The ``net`` tree continues to collect fixes for the vX.Y content, and is
 fed back to Linus at regular (~weekly) intervals.  Meaning that the
 focus for ``net`` is on stabilization and bug fixes.

 Finally, the vX.Y gets released, and the whole cycle starts over.

 netdev patch review
 -------------------

 .. _patch_status:

 Patch status
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Status of a patch can be checked by looking at the main patchwork
 queue for netdev:

   https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/netdevbpf/list/

 The "State" field will tell you exactly where things are at with your
 patch:

 ================== =============================================================
 Patch state        Description
 ================== =============================================================
 New, Under review  pending review, patch is in the maintainer’s queue for
                    review; the two states are used interchangeably (depending on
                    the exact co-maintainer handling patchwork at the time)
 Accepted           patch was applied to the appropriate networking tree, this is
                    usually set automatically by the pw-bot
 Needs ACK          waiting for an ack from an area expert or testing
 Changes requested  patch has not passed the review, new revision is expected
                    with appropriate code and commit message changes
 Rejected           patch has been rejected and new revision is not expected
 Not applicable     patch is expected to be applied outside of the networking
                    subsystem
 Awaiting upstream  patch should be reviewed and handled by appropriate
                    sub-maintainer, who will send it on to the networking trees;
                    patches set to ``Awaiting upstream`` in netdev's patchwork
                    will usually remain in this state, whether the sub-maintainer
                    requested changes, accepted or rejected the patch
 Deferred           patch needs to be reposted later, usually due to dependency
                    or because it was posted for a closed tree
 Superseded         new version of the patch was posted, usually set by the
                    pw-bot
 RFC                not to be applied, usually not in maintainer’s review queue,
                    pw-bot can automatically set patches to this state based
                    on subject tags
 ================== =============================================================

 Patches are indexed by the ``Message-ID`` header of the emails
 which carried them so if you have trouble finding your patch append
 the value of ``Message-ID`` to the URL above.

 Updating patch status
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Contributors and reviewers do not have the permissions to update patch
 state directly in patchwork. Patchwork doesn't expose much information
 about the history of the state of patches, therefore having multiple
 people update the state leads to confusion.

 Instead of delegating patchwork permissions netdev uses a simple mail
 bot which looks for special commands/lines within the emails sent to
 the mailing list. For example to mark a series as Changes Requested
 one needs to send the following line anywhere in the email thread::

   pw-bot: changes-requested

 As a result the bot will set the entire series to Changes Requested.
 This may be useful when author discovers a bug in their own series
 and wants to prevent it from getting applied.

 The use of the bot is entirely optional, if in doubt ignore its existence
 completely. Maintainers will classify and update the state of the patches
 themselves. No email should ever be sent to the list with the main purpose
 of communicating with the bot, the bot commands should be seen as metadata.

 The use of the bot is restricted to authors of the patches (the ``From:``
 header on patch submission and command must match!), maintainers of
 the modified code according to the MAINTAINERS file (again, ``From:``
 must match the MAINTAINERS entry) and a handful of senior reviewers.

 Bot records its activity here:

   https://netdev.bots.linux.dev/pw-bot.html

 Review timelines
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Generally speaking, the patches get triaged quickly (in less than
 48h). But be patient, if your patch is active in patchwork (i.e. it's
 listed on the project's patch list) the chances it was missed are close to zero.

 The high volume of development on netdev makes reviewers move on
 from discussions relatively quickly. New comments and replies
 are very unlikely to arrive after a week of silence. If a patch
 is no longer active in patchwork and the thread went idle for more
 than a week - clarify the next steps and/or post the next version.

 For RFC postings specifically, if nobody responded in a week - reviewers
 either missed the posting or have no strong opinions. If the code is ready,
 repost as a PATCH.

 Emails saying just "ping" or "bump" are considered rude. If you can't figure
 out the status of the patch from patchwork or where the discussion has
 landed - describe your best guess and ask if it's correct. For example::

   I don't understand what the next steps are. Person X seems to be unhappy
   with A, should I do B and repost the patches?

 .. _Changes requested:

 Changes requested
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Patches :ref:`marked<patch_status>` as ``Changes Requested`` need
 to be revised. The new version should come with a change log,
 preferably including links to previous postings, for example::

   [PATCH net-next v3] net: make cows go moo

   Even users who don't drink milk appreciate hearing the cows go "moo".

   The amount of mooing will depend on packet rate so should match
   the diurnal cycle quite well.

   Signed-off-by: Joe Defarmer <joe@barn.org>
   ---
   v3:
     - add a note about time-of-day mooing fluctuation to the commit message
   v2: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/123themessageid@barn.org/
     - fix missing argument in kernel doc for netif_is_bovine()
     - fix memory leak in netdev_register_cow()
   v1: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/456getstheclicks@barn.org/

 The commit message should be revised to answer any questions reviewers
 had to ask in previous discussions. Occasionally the update of
 the commit message will be the only change in the new version.

 Partial resends
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Please always resend the entire patch series and make sure you do number your
 patches such that it is clear this is the latest and greatest set of patches
 that can be applied. Do not try to resend just the patches which changed.

 Handling misapplied patches
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Occasionally a patch series gets applied before receiving critical feedback,
 or the wrong version of a series gets applied.

 Making the patch disappear once it is pushed out is not possible, the commit
 history in netdev trees is immutable.
 Please send incremental versions on top of what has been merged in order to fix
 the patches the way they would look like if your latest patch series was to be
 merged.

 In cases where full revert is needed the revert has to be submitted
 as a patch to the list with a commit message explaining the technical
 problems with the reverted commit. Reverts should be used as a last resort,
 when original change is completely wrong; incremental fixes are preferred.

 Stable tree
 ~~~~~~~~~~~

 While it used to be the case that netdev submissions were not supposed
 to carry explicit ``CC: stable@vger.kernel.org`` tags that is no longer
 the case today. Please follow the standard stable rules in
 :ref:`Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst <stable_kernel_rules>`,
 and make sure you include appropriate Fixes tags!

 Security fixes
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Do not email netdev maintainers directly if you think you discovered
 a bug that might have possible security implications.
 The current netdev maintainer has consistently requested that
 people use the mailing lists and not reach out directly.  If you aren't
 OK with that, then perhaps consider mailing security@kernel.org or
 reading about http://oss-security.openwall.org/wiki/mailing-lists/distros
 as possible alternative mechanisms.


 Co-posting changes to user space components
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 User space code exercising kernel features should be posted
 alongside kernel patches. This gives reviewers a chance to see
 how any new interface is used and how well it works.

 When user space tools reside in the kernel repo itself all changes
 should generally come as one series. If series becomes too large
 or the user space project is not reviewed on netdev include a link
 to a public repo where user space patches can be seen.

 In case user space tooling lives in a separate repository but is
 reviewed on netdev  (e.g. patches to ``iproute2`` tools) kernel and
 user space patches should form separate series (threads) when posted
 to the mailing list, e.g.::

   [PATCH net-next 0/3] net: some feature cover letter
    └─ [PATCH net-next 1/3] net: some feature prep
    └─ [PATCH net-next 2/3] net: some feature do it
    └─ [PATCH net-next 3/3] selftest: net: some feature

   [PATCH iproute2-next] ip: add support for some feature

 Posting as one thread is discouraged because it confuses patchwork
 (as of patchwork 2.2.2).

 Preparing changes
 -----------------

 Attention to detail is important.  Re-read your own work as if you were the
 reviewer.  You can start with using ``checkpatch.pl``, perhaps even with
 the ``--strict`` flag.  But do not be mindlessly robotic in doing so.
 If your change is a bug fix, make sure your commit log indicates the
 end-user visible symptom, the underlying reason as to why it happens,
 and then if necessary, explain why the fix proposed is the best way to
 get things done.  Don't mangle whitespace, and as is common, don't
 mis-indent function arguments that span multiple lines.  If it is your
 first patch, mail it to yourself so you can test apply it to an
 unpatched tree to confirm infrastructure didn't mangle it.

 Finally, go back and read
 :ref:`Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst <submittingpatches>`
 to be sure you are not repeating some common mistake documented there.

 Indicating target tree
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 To help maintainers and CI bots you should explicitly mark which tree
 your patch is targeting. Assuming that you use git, use the prefix
 flag::

   git format-patch --subject-prefix='PATCH net-next' start..finish

 Use ``net`` instead of ``net-next`` (always lower case) in the above for
 bug-fix ``net`` content.

 Dividing work into patches
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Put yourself in the shoes of the reviewer. Each patch is read separately
 and therefore should constitute a comprehensible step towards your stated
 goal.

 Avoid sending series longer than 15 patches. Larger series takes longer
 to review as reviewers will defer looking at it until they find a large
 chunk of time. A small series can be reviewed in a short time, so Maintainers
 just do it. As a result, a sequence of smaller series gets merged quicker and
 with better review coverage. Re-posting large series also increases the mailing
 list traffic.

 Local variable ordering ("reverse xmas tree", "RCS")
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Netdev has a convention for ordering local variables in functions.
 Order the variable declaration lines longest to shortest, e.g.::

   struct scatterlist *sg;
   struct sk_buff *skb;
   int err, i;

 If there are dependencies between the variables preventing the ordering
 move the initialization out of line.

 Format precedence
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 When working in existing code which uses nonstandard formatting make
 your code follow the most recent guidelines, so that eventually all code
 in the domain of netdev is in the preferred format.

 Using device-managed and cleanup.h constructs
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Netdev remains skeptical about promises of all "auto-cleanup" APIs,
 including even ``devm_`` helpers, historically. They are not the preferred
 style of implementation, merely an acceptable one.

 Use of ``guard()`` is discouraged within any function longer than 20 lines,
 ``scoped_guard()`` is considered more readable. Using normal lock/unlock is
 still (weakly) preferred.

 Low level cleanup constructs (such as ``__free()``) can be used when building
 APIs and helpers, especially scoped iterators. However, direct use of
 ``__free()`` within networking core and drivers is discouraged.
 Similar guidance applies to declaring variables mid-function.

 Resending after review
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Allow at least 24 hours to pass between postings. This will ensure reviewers
 from all geographical locations have a chance to chime in. Do not wait
 too long (weeks) between postings either as it will make it harder for reviewers
 to recall all the context.

 Make sure you address all the feedback in your new posting. Do not post a new
 version of the code if the discussion about the previous version is still
 ongoing, unless directly instructed by a reviewer.

 The new version of patches should be posted as a separate thread,
 not as a reply to the previous posting. Change log should include a link
 to the previous posting (see :ref:`Changes requested`).

 Testing
 -------

 Expected level of testing
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 At the very minimum your changes must survive an ``allyesconfig`` and an
 ``allmodconfig`` build with ``W=1`` set without new warnings or failures.

 Ideally you will have done run-time testing specific to your change,
 and the patch series contains a set of kernel selftest for
 ``tools/testing/selftests/net`` or using the KUnit framework.

 You are expected to test your changes on top of the relevant networking
 tree (``net`` or ``net-next``) and not e.g. a stable tree or ``linux-next``.

 patchwork checks
 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

 Checks in patchwork are mostly simple wrappers around existing kernel
 scripts, the sources are available at:

 https://github.com/linux-netdev/nipa/tree/master/tests

 **Do not** post your patches just to run them through the checks.
 You must ensure that your patches are ready by testing them locally
 before posting to the mailing list. The patchwork build bot instance
 gets overloaded very easily and netdev@vger really doesn't need more
 traffic if we can help it.

 netdevsim
 ~~~~~~~~~

 ``netdevsim`` is a test driver which can be used to exercise driver
 configuration APIs without requiring capable hardware.
 Mock-ups and tests based on ``netdevsim`` are strongly encouraged when
 adding new APIs, but ``netdevsim`` in itself is **not** considered
 a use case/user. You must also implement the new APIs in a real driver.

 We give no guarantees that ``netdevsim`` won't change in the future
 in a way which would break what would normally be considered uAPI.

 ``netdevsim`` is reserved for use by upstream tests only, so any
 new ``netdevsim`` features must be accompanied by selftests under
 ``tools/testing/selftests/``.

 Reviewer guidance
 -----------------

 Reviewing other people's patches on the list is highly encouraged,
 regardless of the level of expertise. For general guidance and
 helpful tips please see :ref:`development_advancedtopics_reviews`.

 It's safe to assume that netdev maintainers know the community and the level
 of expertise of the reviewers. The reviewers should not be concerned about
 their comments impeding or derailing the patch flow.

 Less experienced reviewers are highly encouraged to do more in-depth
 review of submissions and not focus exclusively on trivial or subjective
 matters like code formatting, tags etc.

 Testimonials / feedback
 -----------------------

 Some companies use peer feedback in employee performance reviews.
 Please feel free to request feedback from netdev maintainers,
 especially if you spend significant amount of time reviewing code
 and go out of your way to improve shared infrastructure.

 The feedback must be requested by you, the contributor, and will always
 be shared with you (even if you request for it to be submitted to your
 manager).
	.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0

	.. _netdev-FAQ:

	=============================
	Networking subsystem (netdev)
	=============================

	tl;dr
	-----

	- designate your patch to a tree - ``[PATCH net]`` or ``[PATCH net-next]``
	- for fixes the ``Fixes:`` tag is required, regardless of the tree
	- don't post large series (> 15 patches), break them up
	- don't repost your patches within one 24h period
	- reverse xmas tree

	netdev
	------

	netdev is a mailing list for all network-related Linux stuff. This
	includes anything found under net/ (i.e. core code like IPv6) and
	drivers/net (i.e. hardware specific drivers) in the Linux source tree.

	Note that some subsystems (e.g. wireless drivers) which have a high
	volume of traffic have their own specific mailing lists and trees.

	Like many other Linux mailing lists, the netdev list is hosted at
	kernel.org with archives available at https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/.

	Aside from subsystems like those mentioned above, all network-related
	Linux development (i.e. RFC, review, comments, etc.) takes place on
	netdev.

	Development cycle
	-----------------

	Here is a bit of background information on
	the cadence of Linux development. Each new release starts off with a
	two week "merge window" where the main maintainers feed their new stuff
	to Linus for merging into the mainline tree. After the two weeks, the
	merge window is closed, and it is called/tagged ``-rc1``. No new
	features get mainlined after this -- only fixes to the rc1 content are
	expected. After roughly a week of collecting fixes to the rc1 content,
	rc2 is released. This repeats on a roughly weekly basis until rc7
	(typically; sometimes rc6 if things are quiet, or rc8 if things are in a
	state of churn), and a week after the last vX.Y-rcN was done, the
	official vX.Y is released.

	To find out where we are now in the cycle - load the mainline (Linus)
	page here:

	https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git

	and note the top of the "tags" section. If it is rc1, it is early in
	the dev cycle. If it was tagged rc7 a week ago, then a release is
	probably imminent. If the most recent tag is a final release tag
	(without an ``-rcN`` suffix) - we are most likely in a merge window
	and ``net-next`` is closed.

	git trees and patch flow
	------------------------

	There are two networking trees (git repositories) in play. Both are
	driven by David Miller, the main network maintainer. There is the
	``net`` tree, and the ``net-next`` tree. As you can probably guess from
	the names, the ``net`` tree is for fixes to existing code already in the
	mainline tree from Linus, and ``net-next`` is where the new code goes
	for the future release. You can find the trees here:

	- https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net.git
	- https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/netdev/net-next.git

	Relating that to kernel development: At the beginning of the 2-week
	merge window, the ``net-next`` tree will be closed - no new changes/features.
	The accumulated new content of the past ~10 weeks will be passed onto
	mainline/Linus via a pull request for vX.Y -- at the same time, the
	``net`` tree will start accumulating fixes for this pulled content
	relating to vX.Y

	An announcement indicating when ``net-next`` has been closed is usually
	sent to netdev, but knowing the above, you can predict that in advance.

	.. warning::
	Do not send new ``net-next`` content to netdev during the
	period during which ``net-next`` tree is closed.

	RFC patches sent for review only are obviously welcome at any time
	(use ``--subject-prefix='RFC net-next'`` with ``git format-patch``).

	Shortly after the two weeks have passed (and vX.Y-rc1 is released), the
	tree for ``net-next`` reopens to collect content for the next (vX.Y+1)
	release.

	If you aren't subscribed to netdev and/or are simply unsure if
	``net-next`` has re-opened yet, simply check the ``net-next`` git
	repository link above for any new networking-related commits. You may
	also check the following website for the current status:

	https://netdev.bots.linux.dev/net-next.html

	The ``net`` tree continues to collect fixes for the vX.Y content, and is
	fed back to Linus at regular (~weekly) intervals. Meaning that the
	focus for ``net`` is on stabilization and bug fixes.

	Finally, the vX.Y gets released, and the whole cycle starts over.

	netdev patch review
	-------------------

	.. _patch_status:

	Patch status
	~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Status of a patch can be checked by looking at the main patchwork
	queue for netdev:

	https://patchwork.kernel.org/project/netdevbpf/list/

	The "State" field will tell you exactly where things are at with your
	patch:

	================== =============================================================
	Patch state Description
	================== =============================================================
	New, Under review pending review, patch is in the maintainer’s queue for
	review; the two states are used interchangeably (depending on
	the exact co-maintainer handling patchwork at the time)
	Accepted patch was applied to the appropriate networking tree, this is
	usually set automatically by the pw-bot
	Needs ACK waiting for an ack from an area expert or testing
	Changes requested patch has not passed the review, new revision is expected
	with appropriate code and commit message changes
	Rejected patch has been rejected and new revision is not expected
	Not applicable patch is expected to be applied outside of the networking
	subsystem
	Awaiting upstream patch should be reviewed and handled by appropriate
	sub-maintainer, who will send it on to the networking trees;
	patches set to ``Awaiting upstream`` in netdev's patchwork
	will usually remain in this state, whether the sub-maintainer
	requested changes, accepted or rejected the patch
	Deferred patch needs to be reposted later, usually due to dependency
	or because it was posted for a closed tree
	Superseded new version of the patch was posted, usually set by the
	pw-bot
	RFC not to be applied, usually not in maintainer’s review queue,
	pw-bot can automatically set patches to this state based
	on subject tags
	================== =============================================================

	Patches are indexed by the ``Message-ID`` header of the emails
	which carried them so if you have trouble finding your patch append
	the value of ``Message-ID`` to the URL above.

	Updating patch status
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Contributors and reviewers do not have the permissions to update patch
	state directly in patchwork. Patchwork doesn't expose much information
	about the history of the state of patches, therefore having multiple
	people update the state leads to confusion.

	Instead of delegating patchwork permissions netdev uses a simple mail
	bot which looks for special commands/lines within the emails sent to
	the mailing list. For example to mark a series as Changes Requested
	one needs to send the following line anywhere in the email thread::

	pw-bot: changes-requested

	As a result the bot will set the entire series to Changes Requested.
	This may be useful when author discovers a bug in their own series
	and wants to prevent it from getting applied.

	The use of the bot is entirely optional, if in doubt ignore its existence
	completely. Maintainers will classify and update the state of the patches
	themselves. No email should ever be sent to the list with the main purpose
	of communicating with the bot, the bot commands should be seen as metadata.

	The use of the bot is restricted to authors of the patches (the ``From:``
	header on patch submission and command must match!), maintainers of
	the modified code according to the MAINTAINERS file (again, ``From:``
	must match the MAINTAINERS entry) and a handful of senior reviewers.

	Bot records its activity here:

	https://netdev.bots.linux.dev/pw-bot.html

	Review timelines
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Generally speaking, the patches get triaged quickly (in less than
	48h). But be patient, if your patch is active in patchwork (i.e. it's
	listed on the project's patch list) the chances it was missed are close to zero.

	The high volume of development on netdev makes reviewers move on
	from discussions relatively quickly. New comments and replies
	are very unlikely to arrive after a week of silence. If a patch
	is no longer active in patchwork and the thread went idle for more
	than a week - clarify the next steps and/or post the next version.

	For RFC postings specifically, if nobody responded in a week - reviewers
	either missed the posting or have no strong opinions. If the code is ready,
	repost as a PATCH.

	Emails saying just "ping" or "bump" are considered rude. If you can't figure
	out the status of the patch from patchwork or where the discussion has
	landed - describe your best guess and ask if it's correct. For example::

	I don't understand what the next steps are. Person X seems to be unhappy
	with A, should I do B and repost the patches?

	.. _Changes requested:

	Changes requested
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Patches :ref:`marked<patch_status>` as ``Changes Requested`` need
	to be revised. The new version should come with a change log,
	preferably including links to previous postings, for example::

	[PATCH net-next v3] net: make cows go moo

	Even users who don't drink milk appreciate hearing the cows go "moo".

	The amount of mooing will depend on packet rate so should match
	the diurnal cycle quite well.

	Signed-off-by: Joe Defarmer <joe@barn.org>
	---
	v3:
	- add a note about time-of-day mooing fluctuation to the commit message
	v2: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/123themessageid@barn.org/
	- fix missing argument in kernel doc for netif_is_bovine()
	- fix memory leak in netdev_register_cow()
	v1: https://lore.kernel.org/netdev/456getstheclicks@barn.org/

	The commit message should be revised to answer any questions reviewers
	had to ask in previous discussions. Occasionally the update of
	the commit message will be the only change in the new version.

	Partial resends
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Please always resend the entire patch series and make sure you do number your
	patches such that it is clear this is the latest and greatest set of patches
	that can be applied. Do not try to resend just the patches which changed.

	Handling misapplied patches
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Occasionally a patch series gets applied before receiving critical feedback,
	or the wrong version of a series gets applied.

	Making the patch disappear once it is pushed out is not possible, the commit
	history in netdev trees is immutable.
	Please send incremental versions on top of what has been merged in order to fix
	the patches the way they would look like if your latest patch series was to be
	merged.

	In cases where full revert is needed the revert has to be submitted
	as a patch to the list with a commit message explaining the technical
	problems with the reverted commit. Reverts should be used as a last resort,
	when original change is completely wrong; incremental fixes are preferred.

	Stable tree
	~~~~~~~~~~~

	While it used to be the case that netdev submissions were not supposed
	to carry explicit ``CC: stable@vger.kernel.org`` tags that is no longer
	the case today. Please follow the standard stable rules in
	:ref:`Documentation/process/stable-kernel-rules.rst <stable_kernel_rules>`,
	and make sure you include appropriate Fixes tags!

	Security fixes
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Do not email netdev maintainers directly if you think you discovered
	a bug that might have possible security implications.
	The current netdev maintainer has consistently requested that
	people use the mailing lists and not reach out directly. If you aren't
	OK with that, then perhaps consider mailing security@kernel.org or
	reading about http://oss-security.openwall.org/wiki/mailing-lists/distros
	as possible alternative mechanisms.


	Co-posting changes to user space components
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	User space code exercising kernel features should be posted
	alongside kernel patches. This gives reviewers a chance to see
	how any new interface is used and how well it works.

	When user space tools reside in the kernel repo itself all changes
	should generally come as one series. If series becomes too large
	or the user space project is not reviewed on netdev include a link
	to a public repo where user space patches can be seen.

	In case user space tooling lives in a separate repository but is
	reviewed on netdev (e.g. patches to ``iproute2`` tools) kernel and
	user space patches should form separate series (threads) when posted
	to the mailing list, e.g.::

	[PATCH net-next 0/3] net: some feature cover letter
	└─ [PATCH net-next 1/3] net: some feature prep
	└─ [PATCH net-next 2/3] net: some feature do it
	└─ [PATCH net-next 3/3] selftest: net: some feature

	[PATCH iproute2-next] ip: add support for some feature

	Posting as one thread is discouraged because it confuses patchwork
	(as of patchwork 2.2.2).

	Preparing changes
	-----------------

	Attention to detail is important. Re-read your own work as if you were the
	reviewer. You can start with using ``checkpatch.pl``, perhaps even with
	the ``--strict`` flag. But do not be mindlessly robotic in doing so.
	If your change is a bug fix, make sure your commit log indicates the
	end-user visible symptom, the underlying reason as to why it happens,
	and then if necessary, explain why the fix proposed is the best way to
	get things done. Don't mangle whitespace, and as is common, don't
	mis-indent function arguments that span multiple lines. If it is your
	first patch, mail it to yourself so you can test apply it to an
	unpatched tree to confirm infrastructure didn't mangle it.

	Finally, go back and read
	:ref:`Documentation/process/submitting-patches.rst <submittingpatches>`
	to be sure you are not repeating some common mistake documented there.

	Indicating target tree
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	To help maintainers and CI bots you should explicitly mark which tree
	your patch is targeting. Assuming that you use git, use the prefix
	flag::

	git format-patch --subject-prefix='PATCH net-next' start..finish

	Use ``net`` instead of ``net-next`` (always lower case) in the above for
	bug-fix ``net`` content.

	Dividing work into patches
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Put yourself in the shoes of the reviewer. Each patch is read separately
	and therefore should constitute a comprehensible step towards your stated
	goal.

	Avoid sending series longer than 15 patches. Larger series takes longer
	to review as reviewers will defer looking at it until they find a large
	chunk of time. A small series can be reviewed in a short time, so Maintainers
	just do it. As a result, a sequence of smaller series gets merged quicker and
	with better review coverage. Re-posting large series also increases the mailing
	list traffic.

	Local variable ordering ("reverse xmas tree", "RCS")
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Netdev has a convention for ordering local variables in functions.
	Order the variable declaration lines longest to shortest, e.g.::

	struct scatterlist *sg;
	struct sk_buff *skb;
	int err, i;

	If there are dependencies between the variables preventing the ordering
	move the initialization out of line.

	Format precedence
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	When working in existing code which uses nonstandard formatting make
	your code follow the most recent guidelines, so that eventually all code
	in the domain of netdev is in the preferred format.

	Using device-managed and cleanup.h constructs
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Netdev remains skeptical about promises of all "auto-cleanup" APIs,
	including even ``devm_`` helpers, historically. They are not the preferred
	style of implementation, merely an acceptable one.

	Use of ``guard()`` is discouraged within any function longer than 20 lines,
	``scoped_guard()`` is considered more readable. Using normal lock/unlock is
	still (weakly) preferred.

	Low level cleanup constructs (such as ``__free()``) can be used when building
	APIs and helpers, especially scoped iterators. However, direct use of
	``__free()`` within networking core and drivers is discouraged.
	Similar guidance applies to declaring variables mid-function.

	Resending after review
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Allow at least 24 hours to pass between postings. This will ensure reviewers
	from all geographical locations have a chance to chime in. Do not wait
	too long (weeks) between postings either as it will make it harder for reviewers
	to recall all the context.

	Make sure you address all the feedback in your new posting. Do not post a new
	version of the code if the discussion about the previous version is still
	ongoing, unless directly instructed by a reviewer.

	The new version of patches should be posted as a separate thread,
	not as a reply to the previous posting. Change log should include a link
	to the previous posting (see :ref:`Changes requested`).

	Testing
	-------

	Expected level of testing
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	At the very minimum your changes must survive an ``allyesconfig`` and an
	``allmodconfig`` build with ``W=1`` set without new warnings or failures.

	Ideally you will have done run-time testing specific to your change,
	and the patch series contains a set of kernel selftest for
	``tools/testing/selftests/net`` or using the KUnit framework.

	You are expected to test your changes on top of the relevant networking
	tree (``net`` or ``net-next``) and not e.g. a stable tree or ``linux-next``.

	patchwork checks
	~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

	Checks in patchwork are mostly simple wrappers around existing kernel
	scripts, the sources are available at:

	https://github.com/linux-netdev/nipa/tree/master/tests

	Do not post your patches just to run them through the checks.
	You must ensure that your patches are ready by testing them locally
	before posting to the mailing list. The patchwork build bot instance
	gets overloaded very easily and netdev@vger really doesn't need more
	traffic if we can help it.

	netdevsim
	~~~~~~~~~

	``netdevsim`` is a test driver which can be used to exercise driver
	configuration APIs without requiring capable hardware.
	Mock-ups and tests based on ``netdevsim`` are strongly encouraged when
	adding new APIs, but ``netdevsim`` in itself is not considered
	a use case/user. You must also implement the new APIs in a real driver.

	We give no guarantees that ``netdevsim`` won't change in the future
	in a way which would break what would normally be considered uAPI.

	``netdevsim`` is reserved for use by upstream tests only, so any
	new ``netdevsim`` features must be accompanied by selftests under
	``tools/testing/selftests/``.

	Reviewer guidance
	-----------------

	Reviewing other people's patches on the list is highly encouraged,
	regardless of the level of expertise. For general guidance and
	helpful tips please see :ref:`development_advancedtopics_reviews`.

	It's safe to assume that netdev maintainers know the community and the level
	of expertise of the reviewers. The reviewers should not be concerned about
	their comments impeding or derailing the patch flow.

	Less experienced reviewers are highly encouraged to do more in-depth
	review of submissions and not focus exclusively on trivial or subjective
	matters like code formatting, tags etc.

	Testimonials / feedback
	-----------------------

	Some companies use peer feedback in employee performance reviews.
	Please feel free to request feedback from netdev maintainers,
	especially if you spend significant amount of time reviewing code
	and go out of your way to improve shared infrastructure.

	The feedback must be requested by you, the contributor, and will always
	be shared with you (even if you request for it to be submitted to your
	manager).