sound/pci/au88x0/au88x0.c - linux - Git at Google

 /*
  * ALSA driver for the Aureal Vortex family of soundprocessors.
  * Author: Manuel Jander (mjander@embedded.cl)
  *
  *   This driver is the result of the OpenVortex Project from Savannah
  * (savannah.nongnu.org/projects/openvortex). I would like to thank
  * the developers of OpenVortex, Jeff Muizelaar and Kester Maddock, from
  * whom i got plenty of help, and their codebase was invaluable.
  *   Thanks to the ALSA developers, they helped a lot working out
  * the ALSA part.
  *   Thanks also to Sourceforge for maintaining the old binary drivers,
  * and the forum, where developers could comunicate.
  *
  * Now at least i can play Legacy DOOM with MIDI music :-)
  */

 #include "au88x0.h"
 #include <linux/init.h>
 #include <linux/pci.h>
 #include <linux/slab.h>
 #include <linux/interrupt.h>
 #include <linux/module.h>
 #include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
 #include <sound/initval.h>

 // module parameters (see "Module Parameters")
 static int index[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX;
 static char *id[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR;
 static bool enable[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_ENABLE_PNP;
 static int pcifix[SNDRV_CARDS] = {[0 ... (SNDRV_CARDS - 1)] = 255 };

 module_param_array(index, int, NULL, 0444);
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(index, "Index value for " CARD_NAME " soundcard.");
 module_param_array(id, charp, NULL, 0444);
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(id, "ID string for " CARD_NAME " soundcard.");
 module_param_array(enable, bool, NULL, 0444);
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(enable, "Enable " CARD_NAME " soundcard.");
 module_param_array(pcifix, int, NULL, 0444);
 MODULE_PARM_DESC(pcifix, "Enable VIA-workaround for " CARD_NAME " soundcard.");

 MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Aureal vortex");
 MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
 MODULE_SUPPORTED_DEVICE("{{Aureal Semiconductor Inc., Aureal Vortex Sound Processor}}");

 MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci, snd_vortex_ids);

 static void vortex_fix_latency(struct pci_dev *vortex)
 {
 	int rc;
 	if (!(rc = pci_write_config_byte(vortex, 0x40, 0xff))) {
 			printk(KERN_INFO CARD_NAME
 			       ": vortex latency is 0xff\n");
 	} else {
 		printk(KERN_WARNING CARD_NAME
 				": could not set vortex latency: pci error 0x%x\n", rc);
 	}
 }

 static void vortex_fix_agp_bridge(struct pci_dev *via)
 {
 	int rc;
 	u8 value;

 	/*
 	 * only set the bit (Extend PCI#2 Internal Master for
 	 * Efficient Handling of Dummy Requests) if the can
 	 * read the config and it is not already set
 	 */

 	if (!(rc = pci_read_config_byte(via, 0x42, &value))
 			&& ((value & 0x10)
 				|| !(rc = pci_write_config_byte(via, 0x42, value | 0x10)))) {
 		printk(KERN_INFO CARD_NAME
 				": bridge config is 0x%x\n", value | 0x10);
 	} else {
 		printk(KERN_WARNING CARD_NAME
 				": could not set vortex latency: pci error 0x%x\n", rc);
 	}
 }

 static void __devinit snd_vortex_workaround(struct pci_dev *vortex, int fix)
 {
 	struct pci_dev *via = NULL;

 	/* autodetect if workarounds are required */
 	if (fix == 255) {
 		/* VIA KT133 */
 		via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_VIA,
 			PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIA_8365_1, NULL);
 		/* VIA Apollo */
 		if (via == NULL) {
 			via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_VIA,
 				PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIA_82C598_1, NULL);
 			/* AMD Irongate */
 			if (via == NULL)
 				via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_AMD,
 					PCI_DEVICE_ID_AMD_FE_GATE_7007, NULL);
 		}
 		if (via) {
 			printk(KERN_INFO CARD_NAME ": Activating latency workaround...\n");
 			vortex_fix_latency(vortex);
 			vortex_fix_agp_bridge(via);
 		}
 	} else {
 		if (fix & 0x1)
 			vortex_fix_latency(vortex);
 		if ((fix & 0x2) && (via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_VIA,
 				PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIA_8365_1, NULL)))
 			vortex_fix_agp_bridge(via);
 		if ((fix & 0x4) && (via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_VIA,
 				PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIA_82C598_1, NULL)))
 			vortex_fix_agp_bridge(via);
 		if ((fix & 0x8) && (via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_AMD,
 				PCI_DEVICE_ID_AMD_FE_GATE_7007, NULL)))
 			vortex_fix_agp_bridge(via);
 	}
 	pci_dev_put(via);
 }

 // component-destructor
 // (see "Management of Cards and Components")
 static int snd_vortex_dev_free(struct snd_device *device)
 {
 	vortex_t *vortex = device->device_data;

 	vortex_gameport_unregister(vortex);
 	vortex_core_shutdown(vortex);
 	// Take down PCI interface.
 	free_irq(vortex->irq, vortex);
 	iounmap(vortex->mmio);
 	pci_release_regions(vortex->pci_dev);
 	pci_disable_device(vortex->pci_dev);
 	kfree(vortex);

 	return 0;
 }

 // chip-specific constructor
 // (see "Management of Cards and Components")
 static int __devinit
 snd_vortex_create(struct snd_card *card, struct pci_dev *pci, vortex_t ** rchip)
 {
 	vortex_t *chip;
 	int err;
 	static struct snd_device_ops ops = {
 		.dev_free = snd_vortex_dev_free,
 	};

 	*rchip = NULL;

 	// check PCI availability (DMA).
 	if ((err = pci_enable_device(pci)) < 0)
 		return err;
 	if (pci_set_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(32)) < 0 ||
 	    pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(32)) < 0) {
 		printk(KERN_ERR "error to set DMA mask\n");
 		pci_disable_device(pci);
 		return -ENXIO;
 	}

 	chip = kzalloc(sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL);
 	if (chip == NULL) {
 		pci_disable_device(pci);
 		return -ENOMEM;
 	}

 	chip->card = card;

 	// initialize the stuff
 	chip->pci_dev = pci;
 	chip->io = pci_resource_start(pci, 0);
 	chip->vendor = pci->vendor;
 	chip->device = pci->device;
 	chip->card = card;
 	chip->irq = -1;

 	// (1) PCI resource allocation
 	// Get MMIO area
 	//
 	if ((err = pci_request_regions(pci, CARD_NAME_SHORT)) != 0)
 		goto regions_out;

 	chip->mmio = pci_ioremap_bar(pci, 0);
 	if (!chip->mmio) {
 		printk(KERN_ERR "MMIO area remap failed.\n");
 		err = -ENOMEM;
 		goto ioremap_out;
 	}

 	/* Init audio core.
 	 * This must be done before we do request_irq otherwise we can get spurious
 	 * interrupts that we do not handle properly and make a mess of things */
 	if ((err = vortex_core_init(chip)) != 0) {
 		printk(KERN_ERR "hw core init failed\n");
 		goto core_out;
 	}

 	if ((err = request_irq(pci->irq, vortex_interrupt,
 			       IRQF_SHARED, KBUILD_MODNAME,
 	                       chip)) != 0) {
 		printk(KERN_ERR "cannot grab irq\n");
 		goto irq_out;
 	}
 	chip->irq = pci->irq;

 	pci_set_master(pci);
 	// End of PCI setup.

 	// Register alsa root device.
 	if ((err = snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL, chip, &ops)) < 0) {
 		goto alloc_out;
 	}

 	snd_card_set_dev(card, &pci->dev);

 	*rchip = chip;

 	return 0;

       alloc_out:
 	free_irq(chip->irq, chip);
       irq_out:
 	vortex_core_shutdown(chip);
       core_out:
 	iounmap(chip->mmio);
       ioremap_out:
 	pci_release_regions(chip->pci_dev);
       regions_out:
 	pci_disable_device(chip->pci_dev);
 	//FIXME: this not the right place to unregister the gameport
 	vortex_gameport_unregister(chip);
 	kfree(chip);
 	return err;
 }

 // constructor -- see "Constructor" sub-section
 static int __devinit
 snd_vortex_probe(struct pci_dev *pci, const struct pci_device_id *pci_id)
 {
 	static int dev;
 	struct snd_card *card;
 	vortex_t *chip;
 	int err;

 	// (1)
 	if (dev >= SNDRV_CARDS)
 		return -ENODEV;
 	if (!enable[dev]) {
 		dev++;
 		return -ENOENT;
 	}
 	// (2)
 	err = snd_card_create(index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, 0, &card);
 	if (err < 0)
 		return err;

 	// (3)
 	if ((err = snd_vortex_create(card, pci, &chip)) < 0) {
 		snd_card_free(card);
 		return err;
 	}
 	snd_vortex_workaround(pci, pcifix[dev]);

 	// Card details needed in snd_vortex_midi
 	strcpy(card->driver, CARD_NAME_SHORT);
 	sprintf(card->shortname, "Aureal Vortex %s", CARD_NAME_SHORT);
 	sprintf(card->longname, "%s at 0x%lx irq %i",
 		card->shortname, chip->io, chip->irq);

 	// (4) Alloc components.
 	err = snd_vortex_mixer(chip);
 	if (err < 0) {
 		snd_card_free(card);
 		return err;
 	}
 	// ADB pcm.
 	err = snd_vortex_new_pcm(chip, VORTEX_PCM_ADB, NR_PCM);
 	if (err < 0) {
 		snd_card_free(card);
 		return err;
 	}
 #ifndef CHIP_AU8820
 	// ADB SPDIF
 	if ((err = snd_vortex_new_pcm(chip, VORTEX_PCM_SPDIF, 1)) < 0) {
 		snd_card_free(card);
 		return err;
 	}
 	// A3D
 	if ((err = snd_vortex_new_pcm(chip, VORTEX_PCM_A3D, NR_A3D)) < 0) {
 		snd_card_free(card);
 		return err;
 	}
 #endif
 	/*
 	   // ADB I2S
 	   if ((err = snd_vortex_new_pcm(chip, VORTEX_PCM_I2S, 1)) < 0) {
 	   snd_card_free(card);
 	   return err;
 	   }
 	 */
 #ifndef CHIP_AU8810
 	// WT pcm.
 	if ((err = snd_vortex_new_pcm(chip, VORTEX_PCM_WT, NR_WT)) < 0) {
 		snd_card_free(card);
 		return err;
 	}
 #endif
 	if ((err = snd_vortex_midi(chip)) < 0) {
 		snd_card_free(card);
 		return err;
 	}

 	vortex_gameport_register(chip);

 #if 0
 	if (snd_seq_device_new(card, 1, SNDRV_SEQ_DEV_ID_VORTEX_SYNTH,
 			       sizeof(snd_vortex_synth_arg_t), &wave) < 0
 	    || wave == NULL) {
 		snd_printk(KERN_ERR "Can't initialize Aureal wavetable synth\n");
 	} else {
 		snd_vortex_synth_arg_t *arg;

 		arg = SNDRV_SEQ_DEVICE_ARGPTR(wave);
 		strcpy(wave->name, "Aureal Synth");
 		arg->hwptr = vortex;
 		arg->index = 1;
 		arg->seq_ports = seq_ports[dev];
 		arg->max_voices = max_synth_voices[dev];
 	}
 #endif

 	// (5)
 	if ((err = pci_read_config_word(pci, PCI_DEVICE_ID,
 				  &(chip->device))) < 0) {
 		snd_card_free(card);
 		return err;
 	}
 	if ((err = pci_read_config_word(pci, PCI_VENDOR_ID,
 				  &(chip->vendor))) < 0) {
 		snd_card_free(card);
 		return err;
 	}
 	chip->rev = pci->revision;
 #ifdef CHIP_AU8830
 	if ((chip->rev) != 0xfe && (chip->rev) != 0xfa) {
 		printk(KERN_ALERT
 		       "vortex: The revision (%x) of your card has not been seen before.\n",
 		       chip->rev);
 		printk(KERN_ALERT
 		       "vortex: Please email the results of 'lspci -vv' to openvortex-dev@nongnu.org.\n");
 		snd_card_free(card);
 		err = -ENODEV;
 		return err;
 	}
 #endif

 	// (6)
 	if ((err = snd_card_register(card)) < 0) {
 		snd_card_free(card);
 		return err;
 	}
 	// (7)
 	pci_set_drvdata(pci, card);
 	dev++;
 	vortex_connect_default(chip, 1);
 	vortex_enable_int(chip);
 	return 0;
 }

 // destructor -- see "Destructor" sub-section
 static void __devexit snd_vortex_remove(struct pci_dev *pci)
 {
 	snd_card_free(pci_get_drvdata(pci));
 	pci_set_drvdata(pci, NULL);
 }

 // pci_driver definition
 static struct pci_driver vortex_driver = {
 	.name = KBUILD_MODNAME,
 	.id_table = snd_vortex_ids,
 	.probe = snd_vortex_probe,
 	.remove = __devexit_p(snd_vortex_remove),
 };

 module_pci_driver(vortex_driver);
	/*
	* ALSA driver for the Aureal Vortex family of soundprocessors.
	* Author: Manuel Jander (mjander@embedded.cl)
	*
	* This driver is the result of the OpenVortex Project from Savannah
	* (savannah.nongnu.org/projects/openvortex). I would like to thank
	* the developers of OpenVortex, Jeff Muizelaar and Kester Maddock, from
	* whom i got plenty of help, and their codebase was invaluable.
	* Thanks to the ALSA developers, they helped a lot working out
	* the ALSA part.
	* Thanks also to Sourceforge for maintaining the old binary drivers,
	* and the forum, where developers could comunicate.
	*
	* Now at least i can play Legacy DOOM with MIDI music :-)
	*/

	#include "au88x0.h"
	#include <linux/init.h>
	#include <linux/pci.h>
	#include <linux/slab.h>
	#include <linux/interrupt.h>
	#include <linux/module.h>
	#include <linux/dma-mapping.h>
	#include <sound/initval.h>

	// module parameters (see "Module Parameters")
	static int index[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_IDX;
	static char *id[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_STR;
	static bool enable[SNDRV_CARDS] = SNDRV_DEFAULT_ENABLE_PNP;
	static int pcifix[SNDRV_CARDS] = {[0 ... (SNDRV_CARDS - 1)] = 255 };

	module_param_array(index, int, NULL, 0444);
	MODULE_PARM_DESC(index, "Index value for " CARD_NAME " soundcard.");
	module_param_array(id, charp, NULL, 0444);
	MODULE_PARM_DESC(id, "ID string for " CARD_NAME " soundcard.");
	module_param_array(enable, bool, NULL, 0444);
	MODULE_PARM_DESC(enable, "Enable " CARD_NAME " soundcard.");
	module_param_array(pcifix, int, NULL, 0444);
	MODULE_PARM_DESC(pcifix, "Enable VIA-workaround for " CARD_NAME " soundcard.");

	MODULE_DESCRIPTION("Aureal vortex");
	MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
	MODULE_SUPPORTED_DEVICE("{{Aureal Semiconductor Inc., Aureal Vortex Sound Processor}}");

	MODULE_DEVICE_TABLE(pci, snd_vortex_ids);

	static void vortex_fix_latency(struct pci_dev *vortex)
	{
	int rc;
	if (!(rc = pci_write_config_byte(vortex, 0x40, 0xff))) {
	printk(KERN_INFO CARD_NAME
	": vortex latency is 0xff\n");
	} else {
	printk(KERN_WARNING CARD_NAME
	": could not set vortex latency: pci error 0x%x\n", rc);
	}
	}

	static void vortex_fix_agp_bridge(struct pci_dev *via)
	{
	int rc;
	u8 value;

	/*
	* only set the bit (Extend PCI#2 Internal Master for
	* Efficient Handling of Dummy Requests) if the can
	* read the config and it is not already set
	*/

	if (!(rc = pci_read_config_byte(via, 0x42, &value))
	&& ((value & 0x10)
	\|\| !(rc = pci_write_config_byte(via, 0x42, value \| 0x10)))) {
	printk(KERN_INFO CARD_NAME
	": bridge config is 0x%x\n", value \| 0x10);
	} else {
	printk(KERN_WARNING CARD_NAME
	": could not set vortex latency: pci error 0x%x\n", rc);
	}
	}

	static void __devinit snd_vortex_workaround(struct pci_dev *vortex, int fix)
	{
	struct pci_dev *via = NULL;

	/* autodetect if workarounds are required */
	if (fix == 255) {
	/* VIA KT133 */
	via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_VIA,
	PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIA_8365_1, NULL);
	/* VIA Apollo */
	if (via == NULL) {
	via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_VIA,
	PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIA_82C598_1, NULL);
	/* AMD Irongate */
	if (via == NULL)
	via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_AMD,
	PCI_DEVICE_ID_AMD_FE_GATE_7007, NULL);
	}
	if (via) {
	printk(KERN_INFO CARD_NAME ": Activating latency workaround...\n");
	vortex_fix_latency(vortex);
	vortex_fix_agp_bridge(via);
	}
	} else {
	if (fix & 0x1)
	vortex_fix_latency(vortex);
	if ((fix & 0x2) && (via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_VIA,
	PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIA_8365_1, NULL)))
	vortex_fix_agp_bridge(via);
	if ((fix & 0x4) && (via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_VIA,
	PCI_DEVICE_ID_VIA_82C598_1, NULL)))
	vortex_fix_agp_bridge(via);
	if ((fix & 0x8) && (via = pci_get_device(PCI_VENDOR_ID_AMD,
	PCI_DEVICE_ID_AMD_FE_GATE_7007, NULL)))
	vortex_fix_agp_bridge(via);
	}
	pci_dev_put(via);
	}

	// component-destructor
	// (see "Management of Cards and Components")
	static int snd_vortex_dev_free(struct snd_device *device)
	{
	vortex_t *vortex = device->device_data;

	vortex_gameport_unregister(vortex);
	vortex_core_shutdown(vortex);
	// Take down PCI interface.
	free_irq(vortex->irq, vortex);
	iounmap(vortex->mmio);
	pci_release_regions(vortex->pci_dev);
	pci_disable_device(vortex->pci_dev);
	kfree(vortex);

	return 0;
	}

	// chip-specific constructor
	// (see "Management of Cards and Components")
	static int __devinit
	snd_vortex_create(struct snd_card card, struct pci_dev pci, vortex_t ** rchip)
	{
	vortex_t *chip;
	int err;
	static struct snd_device_ops ops = {
	.dev_free = snd_vortex_dev_free,
	};

	*rchip = NULL;

	// check PCI availability (DMA).
	if ((err = pci_enable_device(pci)) < 0)
	return err;
	if (pci_set_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(32)) < 0 \|\|
	pci_set_consistent_dma_mask(pci, DMA_BIT_MASK(32)) < 0) {
	printk(KERN_ERR "error to set DMA mask\n");
	pci_disable_device(pci);
	return -ENXIO;
	}

	chip = kzalloc(sizeof(*chip), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (chip == NULL) {
	pci_disable_device(pci);
	return -ENOMEM;
	}

	chip->card = card;

	// initialize the stuff
	chip->pci_dev = pci;
	chip->io = pci_resource_start(pci, 0);
	chip->vendor = pci->vendor;
	chip->device = pci->device;
	chip->card = card;
	chip->irq = -1;

	// (1) PCI resource allocation
	// Get MMIO area
	//
	if ((err = pci_request_regions(pci, CARD_NAME_SHORT)) != 0)
	goto regions_out;

	chip->mmio = pci_ioremap_bar(pci, 0);
	if (!chip->mmio) {
	printk(KERN_ERR "MMIO area remap failed.\n");
	err = -ENOMEM;
	goto ioremap_out;
	}

	/* Init audio core.
	* This must be done before we do request_irq otherwise we can get spurious
	* interrupts that we do not handle properly and make a mess of things */
	if ((err = vortex_core_init(chip)) != 0) {
	printk(KERN_ERR "hw core init failed\n");
	goto core_out;
	}

	if ((err = request_irq(pci->irq, vortex_interrupt,
	IRQF_SHARED, KBUILD_MODNAME,
	chip)) != 0) {
	printk(KERN_ERR "cannot grab irq\n");
	goto irq_out;
	}
	chip->irq = pci->irq;

	pci_set_master(pci);
	// End of PCI setup.

	// Register alsa root device.
	if ((err = snd_device_new(card, SNDRV_DEV_LOWLEVEL, chip, &ops)) < 0) {
	goto alloc_out;
	}

	snd_card_set_dev(card, &pci->dev);

	*rchip = chip;

	return 0;

	alloc_out:
	free_irq(chip->irq, chip);
	irq_out:
	vortex_core_shutdown(chip);
	core_out:
	iounmap(chip->mmio);
	ioremap_out:
	pci_release_regions(chip->pci_dev);
	regions_out:
	pci_disable_device(chip->pci_dev);
	//FIXME: this not the right place to unregister the gameport
	vortex_gameport_unregister(chip);
	kfree(chip);
	return err;
	}

	// constructor -- see "Constructor" sub-section
	static int __devinit
	snd_vortex_probe(struct pci_dev pci, const struct pci_device_id pci_id)
	{
	static int dev;
	struct snd_card *card;
	vortex_t *chip;
	int err;

	// (1)
	if (dev >= SNDRV_CARDS)
	return -ENODEV;
	if (!enable[dev]) {
	dev++;
	return -ENOENT;
	}
	// (2)
	err = snd_card_create(index[dev], id[dev], THIS_MODULE, 0, &card);
	if (err < 0)
	return err;

	// (3)
	if ((err = snd_vortex_create(card, pci, &chip)) < 0) {
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
	}
	snd_vortex_workaround(pci, pcifix[dev]);

	// Card details needed in snd_vortex_midi
	strcpy(card->driver, CARD_NAME_SHORT);
	sprintf(card->shortname, "Aureal Vortex %s", CARD_NAME_SHORT);
	sprintf(card->longname, "%s at 0x%lx irq %i",
	card->shortname, chip->io, chip->irq);

	// (4) Alloc components.
	err = snd_vortex_mixer(chip);
	if (err < 0) {
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
	}
	// ADB pcm.
	err = snd_vortex_new_pcm(chip, VORTEX_PCM_ADB, NR_PCM);
	if (err < 0) {
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
	}
	#ifndef CHIP_AU8820
	// ADB SPDIF
	if ((err = snd_vortex_new_pcm(chip, VORTEX_PCM_SPDIF, 1)) < 0) {
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
	}
	// A3D
	if ((err = snd_vortex_new_pcm(chip, VORTEX_PCM_A3D, NR_A3D)) < 0) {
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
	}
	#endif
	/*
	// ADB I2S
	if ((err = snd_vortex_new_pcm(chip, VORTEX_PCM_I2S, 1)) < 0) {
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
	}
	*/
	#ifndef CHIP_AU8810
	// WT pcm.
	if ((err = snd_vortex_new_pcm(chip, VORTEX_PCM_WT, NR_WT)) < 0) {
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
	}
	#endif
	if ((err = snd_vortex_midi(chip)) < 0) {
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
	}

	vortex_gameport_register(chip);

	#if 0
	if (snd_seq_device_new(card, 1, SNDRV_SEQ_DEV_ID_VORTEX_SYNTH,
	sizeof(snd_vortex_synth_arg_t), &wave) < 0
	\|\| wave == NULL) {
	snd_printk(KERN_ERR "Can't initialize Aureal wavetable synth\n");
	} else {
	snd_vortex_synth_arg_t *arg;

	arg = SNDRV_SEQ_DEVICE_ARGPTR(wave);
	strcpy(wave->name, "Aureal Synth");
	arg->hwptr = vortex;
	arg->index = 1;
	arg->seq_ports = seq_ports[dev];
	arg->max_voices = max_synth_voices[dev];
	}
	#endif

	// (5)
	if ((err = pci_read_config_word(pci, PCI_DEVICE_ID,
	&(chip->device))) < 0) {
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
	}
	if ((err = pci_read_config_word(pci, PCI_VENDOR_ID,
	&(chip->vendor))) < 0) {
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
	}
	chip->rev = pci->revision;
	#ifdef CHIP_AU8830
	if ((chip->rev) != 0xfe && (chip->rev) != 0xfa) {
	printk(KERN_ALERT
	"vortex: The revision (%x) of your card has not been seen before.\n",
	chip->rev);
	printk(KERN_ALERT
	"vortex: Please email the results of 'lspci -vv' to openvortex-dev@nongnu.org.\n");
	snd_card_free(card);
	err = -ENODEV;
	return err;
	}
	#endif

	// (6)
	if ((err = snd_card_register(card)) < 0) {
	snd_card_free(card);
	return err;
	}
	// (7)
	pci_set_drvdata(pci, card);
	dev++;
	vortex_connect_default(chip, 1);
	vortex_enable_int(chip);
	return 0;
	}

	// destructor -- see "Destructor" sub-section
	static void __devexit snd_vortex_remove(struct pci_dev *pci)
	{
	snd_card_free(pci_get_drvdata(pci));
	pci_set_drvdata(pci, NULL);
	}

	// pci_driver definition
	static struct pci_driver vortex_driver = {
	.name = KBUILD_MODNAME,
	.id_table = snd_vortex_ids,
	.probe = snd_vortex_probe,
	.remove = __devexit_p(snd_vortex_remove),
	};

	module_pci_driver(vortex_driver);