kernel/bpf/verifier.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-only
/* Copyright (c) 2011-2014 PLUMgrid, http://plumgrid.com
 * Copyright (c) 2016 Facebook
 * Copyright (c) 2018 Covalent IO, Inc. http://covalent.io
 */
#include <uapi/linux/btf.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/types.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/bpf.h>
#include <linux/btf.h>
#include <linux/bpf_verifier.h>
#include <linux/filter.h>
#include <net/netlink.h>
#include <linux/file.h>
#include <linux/vmalloc.h>
#include <linux/stringify.h>
#include <linux/bsearch.h>
#include <linux/sort.h>
#include <linux/perf_event.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/error-injection.h>
#include <linux/bpf_lsm.h>
#include <linux/btf_ids.h>

#include "disasm.h"

static const struct bpf_verifier_ops * const bpf_verifier_ops[] = {
#define BPF_PROG_TYPE(_id, _name, prog_ctx_type, kern_ctx_type) \
	[_id] = & _name ## _verifier_ops,
#define BPF_MAP_TYPE(_id, _ops)
#define BPF_LINK_TYPE(_id, _name)
#include <linux/bpf_types.h>
#undef BPF_PROG_TYPE
#undef BPF_MAP_TYPE
#undef BPF_LINK_TYPE
};

/* bpf_check() is a static code analyzer that walks eBPF program
 * instruction by instruction and updates register/stack state.
 * All paths of conditional branches are analyzed until 'bpf_exit' insn.
 *
 * The first pass is depth-first-search to check that the program is a DAG.
 * It rejects the following programs:
 * - larger than BPF_MAXINSNS insns
 * - if loop is present (detected via back-edge)
 * - unreachable insns exist (shouldn't be a forest. program = one function)
 * - out of bounds or malformed jumps
 * The second pass is all possible path descent from the 1st insn.
 * Since it's analyzing all paths through the program, the length of the
 * analysis is limited to 64k insn, which may be hit even if total number of
 * insn is less then 4K, but there are too many branches that change stack/regs.
 * Number of 'branches to be analyzed' is limited to 1k
 *
 * On entry to each instruction, each register has a type, and the instruction
 * changes the types of the registers depending on instruction semantics.
 * If instruction is BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_5), then type of R5 is
 * copied to R1.
 *
 * All registers are 64-bit.
 * R0 - return register
 * R1-R5 argument passing registers
 * R6-R9 callee saved registers
 * R10 - frame pointer read-only
 *
 * At the start of BPF program the register R1 contains a pointer to bpf_context
 * and has type PTR_TO_CTX.
 *
 * Verifier tracks arithmetic operations on pointers in case:
 *    BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_10),
 *    BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_1, -20),
 * 1st insn copies R10 (which has FRAME_PTR) type into R1
 * and 2nd arithmetic instruction is pattern matched to recognize
 * that it wants to construct a pointer to some element within stack.
 * So after 2nd insn, the register R1 has type PTR_TO_STACK
 * (and -20 constant is saved for further stack bounds checking).
 * Meaning that this reg is a pointer to stack plus known immediate constant.
 *
 * Most of the time the registers have SCALAR_VALUE type, which
 * means the register has some value, but it's not a valid pointer.
 * (like pointer plus pointer becomes SCALAR_VALUE type)
 *
 * When verifier sees load or store instructions the type of base register
 * can be: PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE, PTR_TO_CTX, PTR_TO_STACK, PTR_TO_SOCKET. These are
 * four pointer types recognized by check_mem_access() function.
 *
 * PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE means that this register is pointing to 'map element value'
 * and the range of [ptr, ptr + map's value_size) is accessible.
 *
 * registers used to pass values to function calls are checked against
 * function argument constraints.
 *
 * ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY is one of such argument constraints.
 * It means that the register type passed to this function must be
 * PTR_TO_STACK and it will be used inside the function as
 * 'pointer to map element key'
 *
 * For example the argument constraints for bpf_map_lookup_elem():
 *   .ret_type = RET_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL,
 *   .arg1_type = ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR,
 *   .arg2_type = ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY,
 *
 * ret_type says that this function returns 'pointer to map elem value or null'
 * function expects 1st argument to be a const pointer to 'struct bpf_map' and
 * 2nd argument should be a pointer to stack, which will be used inside
 * the helper function as a pointer to map element key.
 *
 * On the kernel side the helper function looks like:
 * u64 bpf_map_lookup_elem(u64 r1, u64 r2, u64 r3, u64 r4, u64 r5)
 * {
 *    struct bpf_map *map = (struct bpf_map *) (unsigned long) r1;
 *    void *key = (void *) (unsigned long) r2;
 *    void *value;
 *
 *    here kernel can access 'key' and 'map' pointers safely, knowing that
 *    [key, key + map->key_size) bytes are valid and were initialized on
 *    the stack of eBPF program.
 * }
 *
 * Corresponding eBPF program may look like:
 *    BPF_MOV64_REG(BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_10),  // after this insn R2 type is FRAME_PTR
 *    BPF_ALU64_IMM(BPF_ADD, BPF_REG_2, -4), // after this insn R2 type is PTR_TO_STACK
 *    BPF_LD_MAP_FD(BPF_REG_1, map_fd),      // after this insn R1 type is CONST_PTR_TO_MAP
 *    BPF_RAW_INSN(BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL, 0, 0, 0, BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem),
 * here verifier looks at prototype of map_lookup_elem() and sees:
 * .arg1_type == ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR and R1->type == CONST_PTR_TO_MAP, which is ok,
 * Now verifier knows that this map has key of R1->map_ptr->key_size bytes
 *
 * Then .arg2_type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_KEY and R2->type == PTR_TO_STACK, ok so far,
 * Now verifier checks that [R2, R2 + map's key_size) are within stack limits
 * and were initialized prior to this call.
 * If it's ok, then verifier allows this BPF_CALL insn and looks at
 * .ret_type which is RET_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL, so it sets
 * R0->type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL which means bpf_map_lookup_elem() function
 * returns either pointer to map value or NULL.
 *
 * When type PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL passes through 'if (reg != 0) goto +off'
 * insn, the register holding that pointer in the true branch changes state to
 * PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE and the same register changes state to CONST_IMM in the false
 * branch. See check_cond_jmp_op().
 *
 * After the call R0 is set to return type of the function and registers R1-R5
 * are set to NOT_INIT to indicate that they are no longer readable.
 *
 * The following reference types represent a potential reference to a kernel
 * resource which, after first being allocated, must be checked and freed by
 * the BPF program:
 * - PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL, PTR_TO_SOCKET
 *
 * When the verifier sees a helper call return a reference type, it allocates a
 * pointer id for the reference and stores it in the current function state.
 * Similar to the way that PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL is converted into
 * PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE, PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL becomes PTR_TO_SOCKET when the type
 * passes through a NULL-check conditional. For the branch wherein the state is
 * changed to CONST_IMM, the verifier releases the reference.
 *
 * For each helper function that allocates a reference, such as
 * bpf_sk_lookup_tcp(), there is a corresponding release function, such as
 * bpf_sk_release(). When a reference type passes into the release function,
 * the verifier also releases the reference. If any unchecked or unreleased
 * reference remains at the end of the program, the verifier rejects it.
 */

/* verifier_state + insn_idx are pushed to stack when branch is encountered */
struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem {
	/* verifer state is 'st'
	 * before processing instruction 'insn_idx'
	 * and after processing instruction 'prev_insn_idx'
	 */
	struct bpf_verifier_state st;
	int insn_idx;
	int prev_insn_idx;
	struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem *next;
	/* length of verifier log at the time this state was pushed on stack */
	u32 log_pos;
};

#define BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_JMP_SEQ	8192
#define BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_STATES	64

#define BPF_MAP_KEY_POISON	(1ULL << 63)
#define BPF_MAP_KEY_SEEN	(1ULL << 62)

#define BPF_MAP_PTR_UNPRIV	1UL
#define BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON	((void *)((0xeB9FUL << 1) +	\
					  POISON_POINTER_DELTA))
#define BPF_MAP_PTR(X)		((struct bpf_map *)((X) & ~BPF_MAP_PTR_UNPRIV))

static bool bpf_map_ptr_poisoned(const struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux)
{
	return BPF_MAP_PTR(aux->map_ptr_state) == BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON;
}

static bool bpf_map_ptr_unpriv(const struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux)
{
	return aux->map_ptr_state & BPF_MAP_PTR_UNPRIV;
}

static void bpf_map_ptr_store(struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux,
			      const struct bpf_map *map, bool unpriv)
{
	BUILD_BUG_ON((unsigned long)BPF_MAP_PTR_POISON & BPF_MAP_PTR_UNPRIV);
	unpriv |= bpf_map_ptr_unpriv(aux);
	aux->map_ptr_state = (unsigned long)map |
			     (unpriv ? BPF_MAP_PTR_UNPRIV : 0UL);
}

static bool bpf_map_key_poisoned(const struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux)
{
	return aux->map_key_state & BPF_MAP_KEY_POISON;
}

static bool bpf_map_key_unseen(const struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux)
{
	return !(aux->map_key_state & BPF_MAP_KEY_SEEN);
}

static u64 bpf_map_key_immediate(const struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux)
{
	return aux->map_key_state & ~(BPF_MAP_KEY_SEEN | BPF_MAP_KEY_POISON);
}

static void bpf_map_key_store(struct bpf_insn_aux_data *aux, u64 state)
{
	bool poisoned = bpf_map_key_poisoned(aux);

	aux->map_key_state = state | BPF_MAP_KEY_SEEN |
			     (poisoned ? BPF_MAP_KEY_POISON : 0ULL);
}

static bool bpf_pseudo_call(const struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	return insn->code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL) &&
	       insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL;
}

static bool bpf_pseudo_kfunc_call(const struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	return insn->code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL) &&
	       insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_KFUNC_CALL;
}

struct bpf_call_arg_meta {
	struct bpf_map *map_ptr;
	bool raw_mode;
	bool pkt_access;
	int regno;
	int access_size;
	int mem_size;
	u64 msize_max_value;
	int ref_obj_id;
	int map_uid;
	int func_id;
	struct btf *btf;
	u32 btf_id;
	struct btf *ret_btf;
	u32 ret_btf_id;
	u32 subprogno;
};

struct btf *btf_vmlinux;

static DEFINE_MUTEX(bpf_verifier_lock);

static const struct bpf_line_info *
find_linfo(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 insn_off)
{
	const struct bpf_line_info *linfo;
	const struct bpf_prog *prog;
	u32 i, nr_linfo;

	prog = env->prog;
	nr_linfo = prog->aux->nr_linfo;

	if (!nr_linfo || insn_off >= prog->len)
		return NULL;

	linfo = prog->aux->linfo;
	for (i = 1; i < nr_linfo; i++)
		if (insn_off < linfo[i].insn_off)
			break;

	return &linfo[i - 1];
}

void bpf_verifier_vlog(struct bpf_verifier_log *log, const char *fmt,
		       va_list args)
{
	unsigned int n;

	n = vscnprintf(log->kbuf, BPF_VERIFIER_TMP_LOG_SIZE, fmt, args);

	WARN_ONCE(n >= BPF_VERIFIER_TMP_LOG_SIZE - 1,
		  "verifier log line truncated - local buffer too short\n");

	n = min(log->len_total - log->len_used - 1, n);
	log->kbuf[n] = '\0';

	if (log->level == BPF_LOG_KERNEL) {
		pr_err("BPF:%s\n", log->kbuf);
		return;
	}
	if (!copy_to_user(log->ubuf + log->len_used, log->kbuf, n + 1))
		log->len_used += n;
	else
		log->ubuf = NULL;
}

static void bpf_vlog_reset(struct bpf_verifier_log *log, u32 new_pos)
{
	char zero = 0;

	if (!bpf_verifier_log_needed(log))
		return;

	log->len_used = new_pos;
	if (put_user(zero, log->ubuf + new_pos))
		log->ubuf = NULL;
}

/* log_level controls verbosity level of eBPF verifier.
 * bpf_verifier_log_write() is used to dump the verification trace to the log,
 * so the user can figure out what's wrong with the program
 */
__printf(2, 3) void bpf_verifier_log_write(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
					   const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list args;

	if (!bpf_verifier_log_needed(&env->log))
		return;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	bpf_verifier_vlog(&env->log, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
}
EXPORT_SYMBOL_GPL(bpf_verifier_log_write);

__printf(2, 3) static void verbose(void *private_data, const char *fmt, ...)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_env *env = private_data;
	va_list args;

	if (!bpf_verifier_log_needed(&env->log))
		return;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	bpf_verifier_vlog(&env->log, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
}

__printf(2, 3) void bpf_log(struct bpf_verifier_log *log,
			    const char *fmt, ...)
{
	va_list args;

	if (!bpf_verifier_log_needed(log))
		return;

	va_start(args, fmt);
	bpf_verifier_vlog(log, fmt, args);
	va_end(args);
}

static const char *ltrim(const char *s)
{
	while (isspace(*s))
		s++;

	return s;
}

__printf(3, 4) static void verbose_linfo(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
					 u32 insn_off,
					 const char *prefix_fmt, ...)
{
	const struct bpf_line_info *linfo;

	if (!bpf_verifier_log_needed(&env->log))
		return;

	linfo = find_linfo(env, insn_off);
	if (!linfo || linfo == env->prev_linfo)
		return;

	if (prefix_fmt) {
		va_list args;

		va_start(args, prefix_fmt);
		bpf_verifier_vlog(&env->log, prefix_fmt, args);
		va_end(args);
	}

	verbose(env, "%s\n",
		ltrim(btf_name_by_offset(env->prog->aux->btf,
					 linfo->line_off)));

	env->prev_linfo = linfo;
}

static void verbose_invalid_scalar(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				   struct bpf_reg_state *reg,
				   struct tnum *range, const char *ctx,
				   const char *reg_name)
{
	char tn_buf[48];

	verbose(env, "At %s the register %s ", ctx, reg_name);
	if (!tnum_is_unknown(reg->var_off)) {
		tnum_strn(tn_buf, sizeof(tn_buf), reg->var_off);
		verbose(env, "has value %s", tn_buf);
	} else {
		verbose(env, "has unknown scalar value");
	}
	tnum_strn(tn_buf, sizeof(tn_buf), *range);
	verbose(env, " should have been in %s\n", tn_buf);
}

static bool type_is_pkt_pointer(enum bpf_reg_type type)
{
	return type == PTR_TO_PACKET ||
	       type == PTR_TO_PACKET_META;
}

static bool type_is_sk_pointer(enum bpf_reg_type type)
{
	return type == PTR_TO_SOCKET ||
		type == PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON ||
		type == PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK ||
		type == PTR_TO_XDP_SOCK;
}

static bool reg_type_not_null(enum bpf_reg_type type)
{
	return type == PTR_TO_SOCKET ||
		type == PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK ||
		type == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE ||
		type == PTR_TO_MAP_KEY ||
		type == PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON;
}

static bool reg_type_may_be_null(enum bpf_reg_type type)
{
	return type == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL ||
	       type == PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL ||
	       type == PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON_OR_NULL ||
	       type == PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK_OR_NULL ||
	       type == PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL ||
	       type == PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL ||
	       type == PTR_TO_RDONLY_BUF_OR_NULL ||
	       type == PTR_TO_RDWR_BUF_OR_NULL;
}

static bool reg_may_point_to_spin_lock(const struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	return reg->type == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE &&
		map_value_has_spin_lock(reg->map_ptr);
}

static bool reg_type_may_be_refcounted_or_null(enum bpf_reg_type type)
{
	return type == PTR_TO_SOCKET ||
		type == PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL ||
		type == PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK ||
		type == PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK_OR_NULL ||
		type == PTR_TO_MEM ||
		type == PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL;
}

static bool arg_type_may_be_refcounted(enum bpf_arg_type type)
{
	return type == ARG_PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON;
}

static bool arg_type_may_be_null(enum bpf_arg_type type)
{
	return type == ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL ||
	       type == ARG_PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL ||
	       type == ARG_PTR_TO_CTX_OR_NULL ||
	       type == ARG_PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL ||
	       type == ARG_PTR_TO_ALLOC_MEM_OR_NULL ||
	       type == ARG_PTR_TO_STACK_OR_NULL;
}

/* Determine whether the function releases some resources allocated by another
 * function call. The first reference type argument will be assumed to be
 * released by release_reference().
 */
static bool is_release_function(enum bpf_func_id func_id)
{
	return func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_release ||
	       func_id == BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_submit ||
	       func_id == BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_discard;
}

static bool may_be_acquire_function(enum bpf_func_id func_id)
{
	return func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_lookup_tcp ||
		func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_lookup_udp ||
		func_id == BPF_FUNC_skc_lookup_tcp ||
		func_id == BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem ||
	        func_id == BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_reserve;
}

static bool is_acquire_function(enum bpf_func_id func_id,
				const struct bpf_map *map)
{
	enum bpf_map_type map_type = map ? map->map_type : BPF_MAP_TYPE_UNSPEC;

	if (func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_lookup_tcp ||
	    func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_lookup_udp ||
	    func_id == BPF_FUNC_skc_lookup_tcp ||
	    func_id == BPF_FUNC_ringbuf_reserve)
		return true;

	if (func_id == BPF_FUNC_map_lookup_elem &&
	    (map_type == BPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKMAP ||
	     map_type == BPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKHASH))
		return true;

	return false;
}

static bool is_ptr_cast_function(enum bpf_func_id func_id)
{
	return func_id == BPF_FUNC_tcp_sock ||
		func_id == BPF_FUNC_sk_fullsock ||
		func_id == BPF_FUNC_skc_to_tcp_sock ||
		func_id == BPF_FUNC_skc_to_tcp6_sock ||
		func_id == BPF_FUNC_skc_to_udp6_sock ||
		func_id == BPF_FUNC_skc_to_tcp_timewait_sock ||
		func_id == BPF_FUNC_skc_to_tcp_request_sock;
}

static bool is_cmpxchg_insn(const struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	return BPF_CLASS(insn->code) == BPF_STX &&
	       BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_ATOMIC &&
	       insn->imm == BPF_CMPXCHG;
}

/* string representation of 'enum bpf_reg_type' */
static const char * const reg_type_str[] = {
	[NOT_INIT]		= "?",
	[SCALAR_VALUE]		= "inv",
	[PTR_TO_CTX]		= "ctx",
	[CONST_PTR_TO_MAP]	= "map_ptr",
	[PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE]	= "map_value",
	[PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL] = "map_value_or_null",
	[PTR_TO_STACK]		= "fp",
	[PTR_TO_PACKET]		= "pkt",
	[PTR_TO_PACKET_META]	= "pkt_meta",
	[PTR_TO_PACKET_END]	= "pkt_end",
	[PTR_TO_FLOW_KEYS]	= "flow_keys",
	[PTR_TO_SOCKET]		= "sock",
	[PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL] = "sock_or_null",
	[PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON]	= "sock_common",
	[PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON_OR_NULL] = "sock_common_or_null",
	[PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK]	= "tcp_sock",
	[PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK_OR_NULL] = "tcp_sock_or_null",
	[PTR_TO_TP_BUFFER]	= "tp_buffer",
	[PTR_TO_XDP_SOCK]	= "xdp_sock",
	[PTR_TO_BTF_ID]		= "ptr_",
	[PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL]	= "ptr_or_null_",
	[PTR_TO_PERCPU_BTF_ID]	= "percpu_ptr_",
	[PTR_TO_MEM]		= "mem",
	[PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL]	= "mem_or_null",
	[PTR_TO_RDONLY_BUF]	= "rdonly_buf",
	[PTR_TO_RDONLY_BUF_OR_NULL] = "rdonly_buf_or_null",
	[PTR_TO_RDWR_BUF]	= "rdwr_buf",
	[PTR_TO_RDWR_BUF_OR_NULL] = "rdwr_buf_or_null",
	[PTR_TO_FUNC]		= "func",
	[PTR_TO_MAP_KEY]	= "map_key",
};

static char slot_type_char[] = {
	[STACK_INVALID]	= '?',
	[STACK_SPILL]	= 'r',
	[STACK_MISC]	= 'm',
	[STACK_ZERO]	= '0',
};

static void print_liveness(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			   enum bpf_reg_liveness live)
{
	if (live & (REG_LIVE_READ | REG_LIVE_WRITTEN | REG_LIVE_DONE))
	    verbose(env, "_");
	if (live & REG_LIVE_READ)
		verbose(env, "r");
	if (live & REG_LIVE_WRITTEN)
		verbose(env, "w");
	if (live & REG_LIVE_DONE)
		verbose(env, "D");
}

static struct bpf_func_state *func(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				   const struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *cur = env->cur_state;

	return cur->frame[reg->frameno];
}

static const char *kernel_type_name(const struct btf* btf, u32 id)
{
	return btf_name_by_offset(btf, btf_type_by_id(btf, id)->name_off);
}

/* The reg state of a pointer or a bounded scalar was saved when
 * it was spilled to the stack.
 */
static bool is_spilled_reg(const struct bpf_stack_state *stack)
{
	return stack->slot_type[BPF_REG_SIZE - 1] == STACK_SPILL;
}

static void scrub_spilled_slot(u8 *stype)
{
	if (*stype != STACK_INVALID)
		*stype = STACK_MISC;
}

static void print_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				 const struct bpf_func_state *state)
{
	const struct bpf_reg_state *reg;
	enum bpf_reg_type t;
	int i;

	if (state->frameno)
		verbose(env, " frame%d:", state->frameno);
	for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++) {
		reg = &state->regs[i];
		t = reg->type;
		if (t == NOT_INIT)
			continue;
		verbose(env, " R%d", i);
		print_liveness(env, reg->live);
		verbose(env, "=%s", reg_type_str[t]);
		if (t == SCALAR_VALUE && reg->precise)
			verbose(env, "P");
		if ((t == SCALAR_VALUE || t == PTR_TO_STACK) &&
		    tnum_is_const(reg->var_off)) {
			/* reg->off should be 0 for SCALAR_VALUE */
			verbose(env, "%lld", reg->var_off.value + reg->off);
		} else {
			if (t == PTR_TO_BTF_ID ||
			    t == PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL ||
			    t == PTR_TO_PERCPU_BTF_ID)
				verbose(env, "%s", kernel_type_name(reg->btf, reg->btf_id));
			verbose(env, "(id=%d", reg->id);
			if (reg_type_may_be_refcounted_or_null(t))
				verbose(env, ",ref_obj_id=%d", reg->ref_obj_id);
			if (t != SCALAR_VALUE)
				verbose(env, ",off=%d", reg->off);
			if (type_is_pkt_pointer(t))
				verbose(env, ",r=%d", reg->range);
			else if (t == CONST_PTR_TO_MAP ||
				 t == PTR_TO_MAP_KEY ||
				 t == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE ||
				 t == PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL)
				verbose(env, ",ks=%d,vs=%d",
					reg->map_ptr->key_size,
					reg->map_ptr->value_size);
			if (tnum_is_const(reg->var_off)) {
				/* Typically an immediate SCALAR_VALUE, but
				 * could be a pointer whose offset is too big
				 * for reg->off
				 */
				verbose(env, ",imm=%llx", reg->var_off.value);
			} else {
				if (reg->smin_value != reg->umin_value &&
				    reg->smin_value != S64_MIN)
					verbose(env, ",smin_value=%lld",
						(long long)reg->smin_value);
				if (reg->smax_value != reg->umax_value &&
				    reg->smax_value != S64_MAX)
					verbose(env, ",smax_value=%lld",
						(long long)reg->smax_value);
				if (reg->umin_value != 0)
					verbose(env, ",umin_value=%llu",
						(unsigned long long)reg->umin_value);
				if (reg->umax_value != U64_MAX)
					verbose(env, ",umax_value=%llu",
						(unsigned long long)reg->umax_value);
				if (!tnum_is_unknown(reg->var_off)) {
					char tn_buf[48];

					tnum_strn(tn_buf, sizeof(tn_buf), reg->var_off);
					verbose(env, ",var_off=%s", tn_buf);
				}
				if (reg->s32_min_value != reg->smin_value &&
				    reg->s32_min_value != S32_MIN)
					verbose(env, ",s32_min_value=%d",
						(int)(reg->s32_min_value));
				if (reg->s32_max_value != reg->smax_value &&
				    reg->s32_max_value != S32_MAX)
					verbose(env, ",s32_max_value=%d",
						(int)(reg->s32_max_value));
				if (reg->u32_min_value != reg->umin_value &&
				    reg->u32_min_value != U32_MIN)
					verbose(env, ",u32_min_value=%d",
						(int)(reg->u32_min_value));
				if (reg->u32_max_value != reg->umax_value &&
				    reg->u32_max_value != U32_MAX)
					verbose(env, ",u32_max_value=%d",
						(int)(reg->u32_max_value));
			}
			verbose(env, ")");
		}
	}
	for (i = 0; i < state->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE; i++) {
		char types_buf[BPF_REG_SIZE + 1];
		bool valid = false;
		int j;

		for (j = 0; j < BPF_REG_SIZE; j++) {
			if (state->stack[i].slot_type[j] != STACK_INVALID)
				valid = true;
			types_buf[j] = slot_type_char[
					state->stack[i].slot_type[j]];
		}
		types_buf[BPF_REG_SIZE] = 0;
		if (!valid)
			continue;
		verbose(env, " fp%d", (-i - 1) * BPF_REG_SIZE);
		print_liveness(env, state->stack[i].spilled_ptr.live);
		if (is_spilled_reg(&state->stack[i])) {
			reg = &state->stack[i].spilled_ptr;
			t = reg->type;
			verbose(env, "=%s", reg_type_str[t]);
			if (t == SCALAR_VALUE && reg->precise)
				verbose(env, "P");
			if (t == SCALAR_VALUE && tnum_is_const(reg->var_off))
				verbose(env, "%lld", reg->var_off.value + reg->off);
		} else {
			verbose(env, "=%s", types_buf);
		}
	}
	if (state->acquired_refs && state->refs[0].id) {
		verbose(env, " refs=%d", state->refs[0].id);
		for (i = 1; i < state->acquired_refs; i++)
			if (state->refs[i].id)
				verbose(env, ",%d", state->refs[i].id);
	}
	if (state->in_callback_fn)
		verbose(env, " cb");
	if (state->in_async_callback_fn)
		verbose(env, " async_cb");
	verbose(env, "\n");
}

/* copy array src of length n * size bytes to dst. dst is reallocated if it's too
 * small to hold src. This is different from krealloc since we don't want to preserve
 * the contents of dst.
 *
 * Leaves dst untouched if src is NULL or length is zero. Returns NULL if memory could
 * not be allocated.
 */
static void *copy_array(void *dst, const void *src, size_t n, size_t size, gfp_t flags)
{
	size_t bytes;

	if (ZERO_OR_NULL_PTR(src))
		goto out;

	if (unlikely(check_mul_overflow(n, size, &bytes)))
		return NULL;

	if (ksize(dst) < bytes) {
		kfree(dst);
		dst = kmalloc_track_caller(bytes, flags);
		if (!dst)
			return NULL;
	}

	memcpy(dst, src, bytes);
out:
	return dst ? dst : ZERO_SIZE_PTR;
}

/* resize an array from old_n items to new_n items. the array is reallocated if it's too
 * small to hold new_n items. new items are zeroed out if the array grows.
 *
 * Contrary to krealloc_array, does not free arr if new_n is zero.
 */
static void *realloc_array(void *arr, size_t old_n, size_t new_n, size_t size)
{
	if (!new_n || old_n == new_n)
		goto out;

	arr = krealloc_array(arr, new_n, size, GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!arr)
		return NULL;

	if (new_n > old_n)
		memset(arr + old_n * size, 0, (new_n - old_n) * size);

out:
	return arr ? arr : ZERO_SIZE_PTR;
}

static int copy_reference_state(struct bpf_func_state *dst, const struct bpf_func_state *src)
{
	dst->refs = copy_array(dst->refs, src->refs, src->acquired_refs,
			       sizeof(struct bpf_reference_state), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!dst->refs)
		return -ENOMEM;

	dst->acquired_refs = src->acquired_refs;
	return 0;
}

static int copy_stack_state(struct bpf_func_state *dst, const struct bpf_func_state *src)
{
	size_t n = src->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE;

	dst->stack = copy_array(dst->stack, src->stack, n, sizeof(struct bpf_stack_state),
				GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!dst->stack)
		return -ENOMEM;

	dst->allocated_stack = src->allocated_stack;
	return 0;
}

static int resize_reference_state(struct bpf_func_state *state, size_t n)
{
	state->refs = realloc_array(state->refs, state->acquired_refs, n,
				    sizeof(struct bpf_reference_state));
	if (!state->refs)
		return -ENOMEM;

	state->acquired_refs = n;
	return 0;
}

static int grow_stack_state(struct bpf_func_state *state, int size)
{
	size_t old_n = state->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE, n = size / BPF_REG_SIZE;

	if (old_n >= n)
		return 0;

	state->stack = realloc_array(state->stack, old_n, n, sizeof(struct bpf_stack_state));
	if (!state->stack)
		return -ENOMEM;

	state->allocated_stack = size;
	return 0;
}

/* Acquire a pointer id from the env and update the state->refs to include
 * this new pointer reference.
 * On success, returns a valid pointer id to associate with the register
 * On failure, returns a negative errno.
 */
static int acquire_reference_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int insn_idx)
{
	struct bpf_func_state *state = cur_func(env);
	int new_ofs = state->acquired_refs;
	int id, err;

	err = resize_reference_state(state, state->acquired_refs + 1);
	if (err)
		return err;
	id = ++env->id_gen;
	state->refs[new_ofs].id = id;
	state->refs[new_ofs].insn_idx = insn_idx;

	return id;
}

/* release function corresponding to acquire_reference_state(). Idempotent. */
static int release_reference_state(struct bpf_func_state *state, int ptr_id)
{
	int i, last_idx;

	last_idx = state->acquired_refs - 1;
	for (i = 0; i < state->acquired_refs; i++) {
		if (state->refs[i].id == ptr_id) {
			if (last_idx && i != last_idx)
				memcpy(&state->refs[i], &state->refs[last_idx],
				       sizeof(*state->refs));
			memset(&state->refs[last_idx], 0, sizeof(*state->refs));
			state->acquired_refs--;
			return 0;
		}
	}
	return -EINVAL;
}

static void free_func_state(struct bpf_func_state *state)
{
	if (!state)
		return;
	kfree(state->refs);
	kfree(state->stack);
	kfree(state);
}

static void clear_jmp_history(struct bpf_verifier_state *state)
{
	kfree(state->jmp_history);
	state->jmp_history = NULL;
	state->jmp_history_cnt = 0;
}

static void free_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_state *state,
				bool free_self)
{
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i <= state->curframe; i++) {
		free_func_state(state->frame[i]);
		state->frame[i] = NULL;
	}
	clear_jmp_history(state);
	if (free_self)
		kfree(state);
}

/* copy verifier state from src to dst growing dst stack space
 * when necessary to accommodate larger src stack
 */
static int copy_func_state(struct bpf_func_state *dst,
			   const struct bpf_func_state *src)
{
	int err;

	memcpy(dst, src, offsetof(struct bpf_func_state, acquired_refs));
	err = copy_reference_state(dst, src);
	if (err)
		return err;
	return copy_stack_state(dst, src);
}

static int copy_verifier_state(struct bpf_verifier_state *dst_state,
			       const struct bpf_verifier_state *src)
{
	struct bpf_func_state *dst;
	int i, err;

	dst_state->jmp_history = copy_array(dst_state->jmp_history, src->jmp_history,
					    src->jmp_history_cnt, sizeof(struct bpf_idx_pair),
					    GFP_USER);
	if (!dst_state->jmp_history)
		return -ENOMEM;
	dst_state->jmp_history_cnt = src->jmp_history_cnt;

	/* if dst has more stack frames then src frame, free them */
	for (i = src->curframe + 1; i <= dst_state->curframe; i++) {
		free_func_state(dst_state->frame[i]);
		dst_state->frame[i] = NULL;
	}
	dst_state->speculative = src->speculative;
	dst_state->curframe = src->curframe;
	dst_state->active_spin_lock = src->active_spin_lock;
	dst_state->branches = src->branches;
	dst_state->parent = src->parent;
	dst_state->first_insn_idx = src->first_insn_idx;
	dst_state->last_insn_idx = src->last_insn_idx;
	for (i = 0; i <= src->curframe; i++) {
		dst = dst_state->frame[i];
		if (!dst) {
			dst = kzalloc(sizeof(*dst), GFP_KERNEL);
			if (!dst)
				return -ENOMEM;
			dst_state->frame[i] = dst;
		}
		err = copy_func_state(dst, src->frame[i]);
		if (err)
			return err;
	}
	return 0;
}

static void update_branch_counts(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_verifier_state *st)
{
	while (st) {
		u32 br = --st->branches;

		/* WARN_ON(br > 1) technically makes sense here,
		 * but see comment in push_stack(), hence:
		 */
		WARN_ONCE((int)br < 0,
			  "BUG update_branch_counts:branches_to_explore=%d\n",
			  br);
		if (br)
			break;
		st = st->parent;
	}
}

static int pop_stack(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int *prev_insn_idx,
		     int *insn_idx, bool pop_log)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *cur = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem *elem, *head = env->head;
	int err;

	if (env->head == NULL)
		return -ENOENT;

	if (cur) {
		err = copy_verifier_state(cur, &head->st);
		if (err)
			return err;
	}
	if (pop_log)
		bpf_vlog_reset(&env->log, head->log_pos);
	if (insn_idx)
		*insn_idx = head->insn_idx;
	if (prev_insn_idx)
		*prev_insn_idx = head->prev_insn_idx;
	elem = head->next;
	free_verifier_state(&head->st, false);
	kfree(head);
	env->head = elem;
	env->stack_size--;
	return 0;
}

static struct bpf_verifier_state *push_stack(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
					     int insn_idx, int prev_insn_idx,
					     bool speculative)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *cur = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem *elem;
	int err;

	elem = kzalloc(sizeof(struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!elem)
		goto err;

	elem->insn_idx = insn_idx;
	elem->prev_insn_idx = prev_insn_idx;
	elem->next = env->head;
	elem->log_pos = env->log.len_used;
	env->head = elem;
	env->stack_size++;
	err = copy_verifier_state(&elem->st, cur);
	if (err)
		goto err;
	elem->st.speculative |= speculative;
	if (env->stack_size > BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_JMP_SEQ) {
		verbose(env, "The sequence of %d jumps is too complex.\n",
			env->stack_size);
		goto err;
	}
	if (elem->st.parent) {
		++elem->st.parent->branches;
		/* WARN_ON(branches > 2) technically makes sense here,
		 * but
		 * 1. speculative states will bump 'branches' for non-branch
		 * instructions
		 * 2. is_state_visited() heuristics may decide not to create
		 * a new state for a sequence of branches and all such current
		 * and cloned states will be pointing to a single parent state
		 * which might have large 'branches' count.
		 */
	}
	return &elem->st;
err:
	free_verifier_state(env->cur_state, true);
	env->cur_state = NULL;
	/* pop all elements and return */
	while (!pop_stack(env, NULL, NULL, false));
	return NULL;
}

#define CALLER_SAVED_REGS 6
static const int caller_saved[CALLER_SAVED_REGS] = {
	BPF_REG_0, BPF_REG_1, BPF_REG_2, BPF_REG_3, BPF_REG_4, BPF_REG_5
};

static void __mark_reg_not_init(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				struct bpf_reg_state *reg);

/* This helper doesn't clear reg->id */
static void ___mark_reg_known(struct bpf_reg_state *reg, u64 imm)
{
	reg->var_off = tnum_const(imm);
	reg->smin_value = (s64)imm;
	reg->smax_value = (s64)imm;
	reg->umin_value = imm;
	reg->umax_value = imm;

	reg->s32_min_value = (s32)imm;
	reg->s32_max_value = (s32)imm;
	reg->u32_min_value = (u32)imm;
	reg->u32_max_value = (u32)imm;
}

/* Mark the unknown part of a register (variable offset or scalar value) as
 * known to have the value @imm.
 */
static void __mark_reg_known(struct bpf_reg_state *reg, u64 imm)
{
	/* Clear id, off, and union(map_ptr, range) */
	memset(((u8 *)reg) + sizeof(reg->type), 0,
	       offsetof(struct bpf_reg_state, var_off) - sizeof(reg->type));
	___mark_reg_known(reg, imm);
}

static void __mark_reg32_known(struct bpf_reg_state *reg, u64 imm)
{
	reg->var_off = tnum_const_subreg(reg->var_off, imm);
	reg->s32_min_value = (s32)imm;
	reg->s32_max_value = (s32)imm;
	reg->u32_min_value = (u32)imm;
	reg->u32_max_value = (u32)imm;
}

/* Mark the 'variable offset' part of a register as zero.  This should be
 * used only on registers holding a pointer type.
 */
static void __mark_reg_known_zero(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	__mark_reg_known(reg, 0);
}

static void __mark_reg_const_zero(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	__mark_reg_known(reg, 0);
	reg->type = SCALAR_VALUE;
}

static void mark_reg_known_zero(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				struct bpf_reg_state *regs, u32 regno)
{
	if (WARN_ON(regno >= MAX_BPF_REG)) {
		verbose(env, "mark_reg_known_zero(regs, %u)\n", regno);
		/* Something bad happened, let's kill all regs */
		for (regno = 0; regno < MAX_BPF_REG; regno++)
			__mark_reg_not_init(env, regs + regno);
		return;
	}
	__mark_reg_known_zero(regs + regno);
}

static void mark_ptr_not_null_reg(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	switch (reg->type) {
	case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL: {
		const struct bpf_map *map = reg->map_ptr;

		if (map->inner_map_meta) {
			reg->type = CONST_PTR_TO_MAP;
			reg->map_ptr = map->inner_map_meta;
			/* transfer reg's id which is unique for every map_lookup_elem
			 * as UID of the inner map.
			 */
			reg->map_uid = reg->id;
		} else if (map->map_type == BPF_MAP_TYPE_XSKMAP) {
			reg->type = PTR_TO_XDP_SOCK;
		} else if (map->map_type == BPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKMAP ||
			   map->map_type == BPF_MAP_TYPE_SOCKHASH) {
			reg->type = PTR_TO_SOCKET;
		} else {
			reg->type = PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE;
		}
		break;
	}
	case PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL:
		reg->type = PTR_TO_SOCKET;
		break;
	case PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON_OR_NULL:
		reg->type = PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON;
		break;
	case PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK_OR_NULL:
		reg->type = PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK;
		break;
	case PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL:
		reg->type = PTR_TO_BTF_ID;
		break;
	case PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL:
		reg->type = PTR_TO_MEM;
		break;
	case PTR_TO_RDONLY_BUF_OR_NULL:
		reg->type = PTR_TO_RDONLY_BUF;
		break;
	case PTR_TO_RDWR_BUF_OR_NULL:
		reg->type = PTR_TO_RDWR_BUF;
		break;
	default:
		WARN_ONCE(1, "unknown nullable register type");
	}
}

static bool reg_is_pkt_pointer(const struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	return type_is_pkt_pointer(reg->type);
}

static bool reg_is_pkt_pointer_any(const struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	return reg_is_pkt_pointer(reg) ||
	       reg->type == PTR_TO_PACKET_END;
}

/* Unmodified PTR_TO_PACKET[_META,_END] register from ctx access. */
static bool reg_is_init_pkt_pointer(const struct bpf_reg_state *reg,
				    enum bpf_reg_type which)
{
	/* The register can already have a range from prior markings.
	 * This is fine as long as it hasn't been advanced from its
	 * origin.
	 */
	return reg->type == which &&
	       reg->id == 0 &&
	       reg->off == 0 &&
	       tnum_equals_const(reg->var_off, 0);
}

/* Reset the min/max bounds of a register */
static void __mark_reg_unbounded(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
	reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
	reg->umin_value = 0;
	reg->umax_value = U64_MAX;

	reg->s32_min_value = S32_MIN;
	reg->s32_max_value = S32_MAX;
	reg->u32_min_value = 0;
	reg->u32_max_value = U32_MAX;
}

static void __mark_reg64_unbounded(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	reg->smin_value = S64_MIN;
	reg->smax_value = S64_MAX;
	reg->umin_value = 0;
	reg->umax_value = U64_MAX;
}

static void __mark_reg32_unbounded(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	reg->s32_min_value = S32_MIN;
	reg->s32_max_value = S32_MAX;
	reg->u32_min_value = 0;
	reg->u32_max_value = U32_MAX;
}

static void __update_reg32_bounds(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	struct tnum var32_off = tnum_subreg(reg->var_off);

	/* min signed is max(sign bit) | min(other bits) */
	reg->s32_min_value = max_t(s32, reg->s32_min_value,
			var32_off.value | (var32_off.mask & S32_MIN));
	/* max signed is min(sign bit) | max(other bits) */
	reg->s32_max_value = min_t(s32, reg->s32_max_value,
			var32_off.value | (var32_off.mask & S32_MAX));
	reg->u32_min_value = max_t(u32, reg->u32_min_value, (u32)var32_off.value);
	reg->u32_max_value = min(reg->u32_max_value,
				 (u32)(var32_off.value | var32_off.mask));
}

static void __update_reg64_bounds(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	/* min signed is max(sign bit) | min(other bits) */
	reg->smin_value = max_t(s64, reg->smin_value,
				reg->var_off.value | (reg->var_off.mask & S64_MIN));
	/* max signed is min(sign bit) | max(other bits) */
	reg->smax_value = min_t(s64, reg->smax_value,
				reg->var_off.value | (reg->var_off.mask & S64_MAX));
	reg->umin_value = max(reg->umin_value, reg->var_off.value);
	reg->umax_value = min(reg->umax_value,
			      reg->var_off.value | reg->var_off.mask);
}

static void __update_reg_bounds(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	__update_reg32_bounds(reg);
	__update_reg64_bounds(reg);
}

/* Uses signed min/max values to inform unsigned, and vice-versa */
static void __reg32_deduce_bounds(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	/* Learn sign from signed bounds.
	 * If we cannot cross the sign boundary, then signed and unsigned bounds
	 * are the same, so combine.  This works even in the negative case, e.g.
	 * -3 s<= x s<= -1 implies 0xf...fd u<= x u<= 0xf...ff.
	 */
	if (reg->s32_min_value >= 0 || reg->s32_max_value < 0) {
		reg->s32_min_value = reg->u32_min_value =
			max_t(u32, reg->s32_min_value, reg->u32_min_value);
		reg->s32_max_value = reg->u32_max_value =
			min_t(u32, reg->s32_max_value, reg->u32_max_value);
		return;
	}
	/* Learn sign from unsigned bounds.  Signed bounds cross the sign
	 * boundary, so we must be careful.
	 */
	if ((s32)reg->u32_max_value >= 0) {
		/* Positive.  We can't learn anything from the smin, but smax
		 * is positive, hence safe.
		 */
		reg->s32_min_value = reg->u32_min_value;
		reg->s32_max_value = reg->u32_max_value =
			min_t(u32, reg->s32_max_value, reg->u32_max_value);
	} else if ((s32)reg->u32_min_value < 0) {
		/* Negative.  We can't learn anything from the smax, but smin
		 * is negative, hence safe.
		 */
		reg->s32_min_value = reg->u32_min_value =
			max_t(u32, reg->s32_min_value, reg->u32_min_value);
		reg->s32_max_value = reg->u32_max_value;
	}
}

static void __reg64_deduce_bounds(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	/* Learn sign from signed bounds.
	 * If we cannot cross the sign boundary, then signed and unsigned bounds
	 * are the same, so combine.  This works even in the negative case, e.g.
	 * -3 s<= x s<= -1 implies 0xf...fd u<= x u<= 0xf...ff.
	 */
	if (reg->smin_value >= 0 || reg->smax_value < 0) {
		reg->smin_value = reg->umin_value = max_t(u64, reg->smin_value,
							  reg->umin_value);
		reg->smax_value = reg->umax_value = min_t(u64, reg->smax_value,
							  reg->umax_value);
		return;
	}
	/* Learn sign from unsigned bounds.  Signed bounds cross the sign
	 * boundary, so we must be careful.
	 */
	if ((s64)reg->umax_value >= 0) {
		/* Positive.  We can't learn anything from the smin, but smax
		 * is positive, hence safe.
		 */
		reg->smin_value = reg->umin_value;
		reg->smax_value = reg->umax_value = min_t(u64, reg->smax_value,
							  reg->umax_value);
	} else if ((s64)reg->umin_value < 0) {
		/* Negative.  We can't learn anything from the smax, but smin
		 * is negative, hence safe.
		 */
		reg->smin_value = reg->umin_value = max_t(u64, reg->smin_value,
							  reg->umin_value);
		reg->smax_value = reg->umax_value;
	}
}

static void __reg_deduce_bounds(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	__reg32_deduce_bounds(reg);
	__reg64_deduce_bounds(reg);
}

/* Attempts to improve var_off based on unsigned min/max information */
static void __reg_bound_offset(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	struct tnum var64_off = tnum_intersect(reg->var_off,
					       tnum_range(reg->umin_value,
							  reg->umax_value));
	struct tnum var32_off = tnum_intersect(tnum_subreg(reg->var_off),
						tnum_range(reg->u32_min_value,
							   reg->u32_max_value));

	reg->var_off = tnum_or(tnum_clear_subreg(var64_off), var32_off);
}

static void __reg_assign_32_into_64(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	reg->umin_value = reg->u32_min_value;
	reg->umax_value = reg->u32_max_value;
	/* Attempt to pull 32-bit signed bounds into 64-bit bounds
	 * but must be positive otherwise set to worse case bounds
	 * and refine later from tnum.
	 */
	if (reg->s32_min_value >= 0 && reg->s32_max_value >= 0)
		reg->smax_value = reg->s32_max_value;
	else
		reg->smax_value = U32_MAX;
	if (reg->s32_min_value >= 0)
		reg->smin_value = reg->s32_min_value;
	else
		reg->smin_value = 0;
}

static void __reg_combine_32_into_64(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	/* special case when 64-bit register has upper 32-bit register
	 * zeroed. Typically happens after zext or <<32, >>32 sequence
	 * allowing us to use 32-bit bounds directly,
	 */
	if (tnum_equals_const(tnum_clear_subreg(reg->var_off), 0)) {
		__reg_assign_32_into_64(reg);
	} else {
		/* Otherwise the best we can do is push lower 32bit known and
		 * unknown bits into register (var_off set from jmp logic)
		 * then learn as much as possible from the 64-bit tnum
		 * known and unknown bits. The previous smin/smax bounds are
		 * invalid here because of jmp32 compare so mark them unknown
		 * so they do not impact tnum bounds calculation.
		 */
		__mark_reg64_unbounded(reg);
		__update_reg_bounds(reg);
	}

	/* Intersecting with the old var_off might have improved our bounds
	 * slightly.  e.g. if umax was 0x7f...f and var_off was (0; 0xf...fc),
	 * then new var_off is (0; 0x7f...fc) which improves our umax.
	 */
	__reg_deduce_bounds(reg);
	__reg_bound_offset(reg);
	__update_reg_bounds(reg);
}

static bool __reg64_bound_s32(s64 a)
{
	return a >= S32_MIN && a <= S32_MAX;
}

static bool __reg64_bound_u32(u64 a)
{
	return a >= U32_MIN && a <= U32_MAX;
}

static void __reg_combine_64_into_32(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	__mark_reg32_unbounded(reg);

	if (__reg64_bound_s32(reg->smin_value) && __reg64_bound_s32(reg->smax_value)) {
		reg->s32_min_value = (s32)reg->smin_value;
		reg->s32_max_value = (s32)reg->smax_value;
	}
	if (__reg64_bound_u32(reg->umin_value) && __reg64_bound_u32(reg->umax_value)) {
		reg->u32_min_value = (u32)reg->umin_value;
		reg->u32_max_value = (u32)reg->umax_value;
	}

	/* Intersecting with the old var_off might have improved our bounds
	 * slightly.  e.g. if umax was 0x7f...f and var_off was (0; 0xf...fc),
	 * then new var_off is (0; 0x7f...fc) which improves our umax.
	 */
	__reg_deduce_bounds(reg);
	__reg_bound_offset(reg);
	__update_reg_bounds(reg);
}

/* Mark a register as having a completely unknown (scalar) value. */
static void __mark_reg_unknown(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			       struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	/*
	 * Clear type, id, off, and union(map_ptr, range) and
	 * padding between 'type' and union
	 */
	memset(reg, 0, offsetof(struct bpf_reg_state, var_off));
	reg->type = SCALAR_VALUE;
	reg->var_off = tnum_unknown;
	reg->frameno = 0;
	reg->precise = env->subprog_cnt > 1 || !env->bpf_capable;
	__mark_reg_unbounded(reg);
}

static void mark_reg_unknown(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			     struct bpf_reg_state *regs, u32 regno)
{
	if (WARN_ON(regno >= MAX_BPF_REG)) {
		verbose(env, "mark_reg_unknown(regs, %u)\n", regno);
		/* Something bad happened, let's kill all regs except FP */
		for (regno = 0; regno < BPF_REG_FP; regno++)
			__mark_reg_not_init(env, regs + regno);
		return;
	}
	__mark_reg_unknown(env, regs + regno);
}

static void __mark_reg_not_init(const struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	__mark_reg_unknown(env, reg);
	reg->type = NOT_INIT;
}

static void mark_reg_not_init(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			      struct bpf_reg_state *regs, u32 regno)
{
	if (WARN_ON(regno >= MAX_BPF_REG)) {
		verbose(env, "mark_reg_not_init(regs, %u)\n", regno);
		/* Something bad happened, let's kill all regs except FP */
		for (regno = 0; regno < BPF_REG_FP; regno++)
			__mark_reg_not_init(env, regs + regno);
		return;
	}
	__mark_reg_not_init(env, regs + regno);
}

static void mark_btf_ld_reg(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			    struct bpf_reg_state *regs, u32 regno,
			    enum bpf_reg_type reg_type,
			    struct btf *btf, u32 btf_id)
{
	if (reg_type == SCALAR_VALUE) {
		mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, regno);
		return;
	}
	mark_reg_known_zero(env, regs, regno);
	regs[regno].type = PTR_TO_BTF_ID;
	regs[regno].btf = btf;
	regs[regno].btf_id = btf_id;
}

#define DEF_NOT_SUBREG	(0)
static void init_reg_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			   struct bpf_func_state *state)
{
	struct bpf_reg_state *regs = state->regs;
	int i;

	for (i = 0; i < MAX_BPF_REG; i++) {
		mark_reg_not_init(env, regs, i);
		regs[i].live = REG_LIVE_NONE;
		regs[i].parent = NULL;
		regs[i].subreg_def = DEF_NOT_SUBREG;
	}

	/* frame pointer */
	regs[BPF_REG_FP].type = PTR_TO_STACK;
	mark_reg_known_zero(env, regs, BPF_REG_FP);
	regs[BPF_REG_FP].frameno = state->frameno;
}

#define BPF_MAIN_FUNC (-1)
static void init_func_state(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			    struct bpf_func_state *state,
			    int callsite, int frameno, int subprogno)
{
	state->callsite = callsite;
	state->frameno = frameno;
	state->subprogno = subprogno;
	init_reg_state(env, state);
}

/* Similar to push_stack(), but for async callbacks */
static struct bpf_verifier_state *push_async_cb(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
						int insn_idx, int prev_insn_idx,
						int subprog)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem *elem;
	struct bpf_func_state *frame;

	elem = kzalloc(sizeof(struct bpf_verifier_stack_elem), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!elem)
		goto err;

	elem->insn_idx = insn_idx;
	elem->prev_insn_idx = prev_insn_idx;
	elem->next = env->head;
	elem->log_pos = env->log.len_used;
	env->head = elem;
	env->stack_size++;
	if (env->stack_size > BPF_COMPLEXITY_LIMIT_JMP_SEQ) {
		verbose(env,
			"The sequence of %d jumps is too complex for async cb.\n",
			env->stack_size);
		goto err;
	}
	/* Unlike push_stack() do not copy_verifier_state().
	 * The caller state doesn't matter.
	 * This is async callback. It starts in a fresh stack.
	 * Initialize it similar to do_check_common().
	 */
	elem->st.branches = 1;
	frame = kzalloc(sizeof(*frame), GFP_KERNEL);
	if (!frame)
		goto err;
	init_func_state(env, frame,
			BPF_MAIN_FUNC /* callsite */,
			0 /* frameno within this callchain */,
			subprog /* subprog number within this prog */);
	elem->st.frame[0] = frame;
	return &elem->st;
err:
	free_verifier_state(env->cur_state, true);
	env->cur_state = NULL;
	/* pop all elements and return */
	while (!pop_stack(env, NULL, NULL, false));
	return NULL;
}


enum reg_arg_type {
	SRC_OP,		/* register is used as source operand */
	DST_OP,		/* register is used as destination operand */
	DST_OP_NO_MARK	/* same as above, check only, don't mark */
};

static int cmp_subprogs(const void *a, const void *b)
{
	return ((struct bpf_subprog_info *)a)->start -
	       ((struct bpf_subprog_info *)b)->start;
}

static int find_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int off)
{
	struct bpf_subprog_info *p;

	p = bsearch(&off, env->subprog_info, env->subprog_cnt,
		    sizeof(env->subprog_info[0]), cmp_subprogs);
	if (!p)
		return -ENOENT;
	return p - env->subprog_info;

}

static int add_subprog(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int off)
{
	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;
	int ret;

	if (off >= insn_cnt || off < 0) {
		verbose(env, "call to invalid destination\n");
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	ret = find_subprog(env, off);
	if (ret >= 0)
		return ret;
	if (env->subprog_cnt >= BPF_MAX_SUBPROGS) {
		verbose(env, "too many subprograms\n");
		return -E2BIG;
	}
	/* determine subprog starts. The end is one before the next starts */
	env->subprog_info[env->subprog_cnt++].start = off;
	sort(env->subprog_info, env->subprog_cnt,
	     sizeof(env->subprog_info[0]), cmp_subprogs, NULL);
	return env->subprog_cnt - 1;
}

#define MAX_KFUNC_DESCS 256
#define MAX_KFUNC_BTFS	256

struct bpf_kfunc_desc {
	struct btf_func_model func_model;
	u32 func_id;
	s32 imm;
	u16 offset;
};

struct bpf_kfunc_btf {
	struct btf *btf;
	struct module *module;
	u16 offset;
};

struct bpf_kfunc_desc_tab {
	struct bpf_kfunc_desc descs[MAX_KFUNC_DESCS];
	u32 nr_descs;
};

struct bpf_kfunc_btf_tab {
	struct bpf_kfunc_btf descs[MAX_KFUNC_BTFS];
	u32 nr_descs;
};

static int kfunc_desc_cmp_by_id_off(const void *a, const void *b)
{
	const struct bpf_kfunc_desc *d0 = a;
	const struct bpf_kfunc_desc *d1 = b;

	/* func_id is not greater than BTF_MAX_TYPE */
	return d0->func_id - d1->func_id ?: d0->offset - d1->offset;
}

static int kfunc_btf_cmp_by_off(const void *a, const void *b)
{
	const struct bpf_kfunc_btf *d0 = a;
	const struct bpf_kfunc_btf *d1 = b;

	return d0->offset - d1->offset;
}

static const struct bpf_kfunc_desc *
find_kfunc_desc(const struct bpf_prog *prog, u32 func_id, u16 offset)
{
	struct bpf_kfunc_desc desc = {
		.func_id = func_id,
		.offset = offset,
	};
	struct bpf_kfunc_desc_tab *tab;

	tab = prog->aux->kfunc_tab;
	return bsearch(&desc, tab->descs, tab->nr_descs,
		       sizeof(tab->descs[0]), kfunc_desc_cmp_by_id_off);
}

static struct btf *__find_kfunc_desc_btf(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
					 s16 offset, struct module **btf_modp)
{
	struct bpf_kfunc_btf kf_btf = { .offset = offset };
	struct bpf_kfunc_btf_tab *tab;
	struct bpf_kfunc_btf *b;
	struct module *mod;
	struct btf *btf;
	int btf_fd;

	tab = env->prog->aux->kfunc_btf_tab;
	b = bsearch(&kf_btf, tab->descs, tab->nr_descs,
		    sizeof(tab->descs[0]), kfunc_btf_cmp_by_off);
	if (!b) {
		if (tab->nr_descs == MAX_KFUNC_BTFS) {
			verbose(env, "too many different module BTFs\n");
			return ERR_PTR(-E2BIG);
		}

		if (bpfptr_is_null(env->fd_array)) {
			verbose(env, "kfunc offset > 0 without fd_array is invalid\n");
			return ERR_PTR(-EPROTO);
		}

		if (copy_from_bpfptr_offset(&btf_fd, env->fd_array,
					    offset * sizeof(btf_fd),
					    sizeof(btf_fd)))
			return ERR_PTR(-EFAULT);

		btf = btf_get_by_fd(btf_fd);
		if (IS_ERR(btf)) {
			verbose(env, "invalid module BTF fd specified\n");
			return btf;
		}

		if (!btf_is_module(btf)) {
			verbose(env, "BTF fd for kfunc is not a module BTF\n");
			btf_put(btf);
			return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
		}

		mod = btf_try_get_module(btf);
		if (!mod) {
			btf_put(btf);
			return ERR_PTR(-ENXIO);
		}

		b = &tab->descs[tab->nr_descs++];
		b->btf = btf;
		b->module = mod;
		b->offset = offset;

		sort(tab->descs, tab->nr_descs, sizeof(tab->descs[0]),
		     kfunc_btf_cmp_by_off, NULL);
	}
	if (btf_modp)
		*btf_modp = b->module;
	return b->btf;
}

void bpf_free_kfunc_btf_tab(struct bpf_kfunc_btf_tab *tab)
{
	if (!tab)
		return;

	while (tab->nr_descs--) {
		module_put(tab->descs[tab->nr_descs].module);
		btf_put(tab->descs[tab->nr_descs].btf);
	}
	kfree(tab);
}

static struct btf *find_kfunc_desc_btf(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				       u32 func_id, s16 offset,
				       struct module **btf_modp)
{
	if (offset) {
		if (offset < 0) {
			/* In the future, this can be allowed to increase limit
			 * of fd index into fd_array, interpreted as u16.
			 */
			verbose(env, "negative offset disallowed for kernel module function call\n");
			return ERR_PTR(-EINVAL);
		}

		return __find_kfunc_desc_btf(env, offset, btf_modp);
	}
	return btf_vmlinux ?: ERR_PTR(-ENOENT);
}

static int add_kfunc_call(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 func_id, s16 offset)
{
	const struct btf_type *func, *func_proto;
	struct bpf_kfunc_btf_tab *btf_tab;
	struct bpf_kfunc_desc_tab *tab;
	struct bpf_prog_aux *prog_aux;
	struct bpf_kfunc_desc *desc;
	const char *func_name;
	struct btf *desc_btf;
	unsigned long addr;
	int err;

	prog_aux = env->prog->aux;
	tab = prog_aux->kfunc_tab;
	btf_tab = prog_aux->kfunc_btf_tab;
	if (!tab) {
		if (!btf_vmlinux) {
			verbose(env, "calling kernel function is not supported without CONFIG_DEBUG_INFO_BTF\n");
			return -ENOTSUPP;
		}

		if (!env->prog->jit_requested) {
			verbose(env, "JIT is required for calling kernel function\n");
			return -ENOTSUPP;
		}

		if (!bpf_jit_supports_kfunc_call()) {
			verbose(env, "JIT does not support calling kernel function\n");
			return -ENOTSUPP;
		}

		if (!env->prog->gpl_compatible) {
			verbose(env, "cannot call kernel function from non-GPL compatible program\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		tab = kzalloc(sizeof(*tab), GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!tab)
			return -ENOMEM;
		prog_aux->kfunc_tab = tab;
	}

	/* func_id == 0 is always invalid, but instead of returning an error, be
	 * conservative and wait until the code elimination pass before returning
	 * error, so that invalid calls that get pruned out can be in BPF programs
	 * loaded from userspace.  It is also required that offset be untouched
	 * for such calls.
	 */
	if (!func_id && !offset)
		return 0;

	if (!btf_tab && offset) {
		btf_tab = kzalloc(sizeof(*btf_tab), GFP_KERNEL);
		if (!btf_tab)
			return -ENOMEM;
		prog_aux->kfunc_btf_tab = btf_tab;
	}

	desc_btf = find_kfunc_desc_btf(env, func_id, offset, NULL);
	if (IS_ERR(desc_btf)) {
		verbose(env, "failed to find BTF for kernel function\n");
		return PTR_ERR(desc_btf);
	}

	if (find_kfunc_desc(env->prog, func_id, offset))
		return 0;

	if (tab->nr_descs == MAX_KFUNC_DESCS) {
		verbose(env, "too many different kernel function calls\n");
		return -E2BIG;
	}

	func = btf_type_by_id(desc_btf, func_id);
	if (!func || !btf_type_is_func(func)) {
		verbose(env, "kernel btf_id %u is not a function\n",
			func_id);
		return -EINVAL;
	}
	func_proto = btf_type_by_id(desc_btf, func->type);
	if (!func_proto || !btf_type_is_func_proto(func_proto)) {
		verbose(env, "kernel function btf_id %u does not have a valid func_proto\n",
			func_id);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	func_name = btf_name_by_offset(desc_btf, func->name_off);
	addr = kallsyms_lookup_name(func_name);
	if (!addr) {
		verbose(env, "cannot find address for kernel function %s\n",
			func_name);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	desc = &tab->descs[tab->nr_descs++];
	desc->func_id = func_id;
	desc->imm = BPF_CALL_IMM(addr);
	desc->offset = offset;
	err = btf_distill_func_proto(&env->log, desc_btf,
				     func_proto, func_name,
				     &desc->func_model);
	if (!err)
		sort(tab->descs, tab->nr_descs, sizeof(tab->descs[0]),
		     kfunc_desc_cmp_by_id_off, NULL);
	return err;
}

static int kfunc_desc_cmp_by_imm(const void *a, const void *b)
{
	const struct bpf_kfunc_desc *d0 = a;
	const struct bpf_kfunc_desc *d1 = b;

	if (d0->imm > d1->imm)
		return 1;
	else if (d0->imm < d1->imm)
		return -1;
	return 0;
}

static void sort_kfunc_descs_by_imm(struct bpf_prog *prog)
{
	struct bpf_kfunc_desc_tab *tab;

	tab = prog->aux->kfunc_tab;
	if (!tab)
		return;

	sort(tab->descs, tab->nr_descs, sizeof(tab->descs[0]),
	     kfunc_desc_cmp_by_imm, NULL);
}

bool bpf_prog_has_kfunc_call(const struct bpf_prog *prog)
{
	return !!prog->aux->kfunc_tab;
}

const struct btf_func_model *
bpf_jit_find_kfunc_model(const struct bpf_prog *prog,
			 const struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	const struct bpf_kfunc_desc desc = {
		.imm = insn->imm,
	};
	const struct bpf_kfunc_desc *res;
	struct bpf_kfunc_desc_tab *tab;

	tab = prog->aux->kfunc_tab;
	res = bsearch(&desc, tab->descs, tab->nr_descs,
		      sizeof(tab->descs[0]), kfunc_desc_cmp_by_imm);

	return res ? &res->func_model : NULL;
}

static int add_subprog_and_kfunc(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	struct bpf_subprog_info *subprog = env->subprog_info;
	struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi;
	int i, ret, insn_cnt = env->prog->len;

	/* Add entry function. */
	ret = add_subprog(env, 0);
	if (ret)
		return ret;

	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++, insn++) {
		if (!bpf_pseudo_func(insn) && !bpf_pseudo_call(insn) &&
		    !bpf_pseudo_kfunc_call(insn))
			continue;

		if (!env->bpf_capable) {
			verbose(env, "loading/calling other bpf or kernel functions are allowed for CAP_BPF and CAP_SYS_ADMIN\n");
			return -EPERM;
		}

		if (bpf_pseudo_func(insn) || bpf_pseudo_call(insn))
			ret = add_subprog(env, i + insn->imm + 1);
		else
			ret = add_kfunc_call(env, insn->imm, insn->off);

		if (ret < 0)
			return ret;
	}

	/* Add a fake 'exit' subprog which could simplify subprog iteration
	 * logic. 'subprog_cnt' should not be increased.
	 */
	subprog[env->subprog_cnt].start = insn_cnt;

	if (env->log.level & BPF_LOG_LEVEL2)
		for (i = 0; i < env->subprog_cnt; i++)
			verbose(env, "func#%d @%d\n", i, subprog[i].start);

	return 0;
}

static int check_subprogs(struct bpf_verifier_env *env)
{
	int i, subprog_start, subprog_end, off, cur_subprog = 0;
	struct bpf_subprog_info *subprog = env->subprog_info;
	struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi;
	int insn_cnt = env->prog->len;

	/* now check that all jumps are within the same subprog */
	subprog_start = subprog[cur_subprog].start;
	subprog_end = subprog[cur_subprog + 1].start;
	for (i = 0; i < insn_cnt; i++) {
		u8 code = insn[i].code;

		if (code == (BPF_JMP | BPF_CALL) &&
		    insn[i].imm == BPF_FUNC_tail_call &&
		    insn[i].src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
			subprog[cur_subprog].has_tail_call = true;
		if (BPF_CLASS(code) == BPF_LD &&
		    (BPF_MODE(code) == BPF_ABS || BPF_MODE(code) == BPF_IND))
			subprog[cur_subprog].has_ld_abs = true;
		if (BPF_CLASS(code) != BPF_JMP && BPF_CLASS(code) != BPF_JMP32)
			goto next;
		if (BPF_OP(code) == BPF_EXIT || BPF_OP(code) == BPF_CALL)
			goto next;
		off = i + insn[i].off + 1;
		if (off < subprog_start || off >= subprog_end) {
			verbose(env, "jump out of range from insn %d to %d\n", i, off);
			return -EINVAL;
		}
next:
		if (i == subprog_end - 1) {
			/* to avoid fall-through from one subprog into another
			 * the last insn of the subprog should be either exit
			 * or unconditional jump back
			 */
			if (code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_EXIT) &&
			    code != (BPF_JMP | BPF_JA)) {
				verbose(env, "last insn is not an exit or jmp\n");
				return -EINVAL;
			}
			subprog_start = subprog_end;
			cur_subprog++;
			if (cur_subprog < env->subprog_cnt)
				subprog_end = subprog[cur_subprog + 1].start;
		}
	}
	return 0;
}

/* Parentage chain of this register (or stack slot) should take care of all
 * issues like callee-saved registers, stack slot allocation time, etc.
 */
static int mark_reg_read(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			 const struct bpf_reg_state *state,
			 struct bpf_reg_state *parent, u8 flag)
{
	bool writes = parent == state->parent; /* Observe write marks */
	int cnt = 0;

	while (parent) {
		/* if read wasn't screened by an earlier write ... */
		if (writes && state->live & REG_LIVE_WRITTEN)
			break;
		if (parent->live & REG_LIVE_DONE) {
			verbose(env, "verifier BUG type %s var_off %lld off %d\n",
				reg_type_str[parent->type],
				parent->var_off.value, parent->off);
			return -EFAULT;
		}
		/* The first condition is more likely to be true than the
		 * second, checked it first.
		 */
		if ((parent->live & REG_LIVE_READ) == flag ||
		    parent->live & REG_LIVE_READ64)
			/* The parentage chain never changes and
			 * this parent was already marked as LIVE_READ.
			 * There is no need to keep walking the chain again and
			 * keep re-marking all parents as LIVE_READ.
			 * This case happens when the same register is read
			 * multiple times without writes into it in-between.
			 * Also, if parent has the stronger REG_LIVE_READ64 set,
			 * then no need to set the weak REG_LIVE_READ32.
			 */
			break;
		/* ... then we depend on parent's value */
		parent->live |= flag;
		/* REG_LIVE_READ64 overrides REG_LIVE_READ32. */
		if (flag == REG_LIVE_READ64)
			parent->live &= ~REG_LIVE_READ32;
		state = parent;
		parent = state->parent;
		writes = true;
		cnt++;
	}

	if (env->longest_mark_read_walk < cnt)
		env->longest_mark_read_walk = cnt;
	return 0;
}

/* This function is supposed to be used by the following 32-bit optimization
 * code only. It returns TRUE if the source or destination register operates
 * on 64-bit, otherwise return FALSE.
 */
static bool is_reg64(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn,
		     u32 regno, struct bpf_reg_state *reg, enum reg_arg_type t)
{
	u8 code, class, op;

	code = insn->code;
	class = BPF_CLASS(code);
	op = BPF_OP(code);
	if (class == BPF_JMP) {
		/* BPF_EXIT for "main" will reach here. Return TRUE
		 * conservatively.
		 */
		if (op == BPF_EXIT)
			return true;
		if (op == BPF_CALL) {
			/* BPF to BPF call will reach here because of marking
			 * caller saved clobber with DST_OP_NO_MARK for which we
			 * don't care the register def because they are anyway
			 * marked as NOT_INIT already.
			 */
			if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
				return false;
			/* Helper call will reach here because of arg type
			 * check, conservatively return TRUE.
			 */
			if (t == SRC_OP)
				return true;

			return false;
		}
	}

	if (class == BPF_ALU64 || class == BPF_JMP ||
	    /* BPF_END always use BPF_ALU class. */
	    (class == BPF_ALU && op == BPF_END && insn->imm == 64))
		return true;

	if (class == BPF_ALU || class == BPF_JMP32)
		return false;

	if (class == BPF_LDX) {
		if (t != SRC_OP)
			return BPF_SIZE(code) == BPF_DW;
		/* LDX source must be ptr. */
		return true;
	}

	if (class == BPF_STX) {
		/* BPF_STX (including atomic variants) has multiple source
		 * operands, one of which is a ptr. Check whether the caller is
		 * asking about it.
		 */
		if (t == SRC_OP && reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE)
			return true;
		return BPF_SIZE(code) == BPF_DW;
	}

	if (class == BPF_LD) {
		u8 mode = BPF_MODE(code);

		/* LD_IMM64 */
		if (mode == BPF_IMM)
			return true;

		/* Both LD_IND and LD_ABS return 32-bit data. */
		if (t != SRC_OP)
			return  false;

		/* Implicit ctx ptr. */
		if (regno == BPF_REG_6)
			return true;

		/* Explicit source could be any width. */
		return true;
	}

	if (class == BPF_ST)
		/* The only source register for BPF_ST is a ptr. */
		return true;

	/* Conservatively return true at default. */
	return true;
}

/* Return the regno defined by the insn, or -1. */
static int insn_def_regno(const struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	switch (BPF_CLASS(insn->code)) {
	case BPF_JMP:
	case BPF_JMP32:
	case BPF_ST:
		return -1;
	case BPF_STX:
		if (BPF_MODE(insn->code) == BPF_ATOMIC &&
		    (insn->imm & BPF_FETCH)) {
			if (insn->imm == BPF_CMPXCHG)
				return BPF_REG_0;
			else
				return insn->src_reg;
		} else {
			return -1;
		}
	default:
		return insn->dst_reg;
	}
}

/* Return TRUE if INSN has defined any 32-bit value explicitly. */
static bool insn_has_def32(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	int dst_reg = insn_def_regno(insn);

	if (dst_reg == -1)
		return false;

	return !is_reg64(env, insn, dst_reg, NULL, DST_OP);
}

static void mark_insn_zext(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			   struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	s32 def_idx = reg->subreg_def;

	if (def_idx == DEF_NOT_SUBREG)
		return;

	env->insn_aux_data[def_idx - 1].zext_dst = true;
	/* The dst will be zero extended, so won't be sub-register anymore. */
	reg->subreg_def = DEF_NOT_SUBREG;
}

static int check_reg_arg(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, u32 regno,
			 enum reg_arg_type t)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *vstate = env->cur_state;
	struct bpf_func_state *state = vstate->frame[vstate->curframe];
	struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi + env->insn_idx;
	struct bpf_reg_state *reg, *regs = state->regs;
	bool rw64;

	if (regno >= MAX_BPF_REG) {
		verbose(env, "R%d is invalid\n", regno);
		return -EINVAL;
	}

	reg = &regs[regno];
	rw64 = is_reg64(env, insn, regno, reg, t);
	if (t == SRC_OP) {
		/* check whether register used as source operand can be read */
		if (reg->type == NOT_INIT) {
			verbose(env, "R%d !read_ok\n", regno);
			return -EACCES;
		}
		/* We don't need to worry about FP liveness because it's read-only */
		if (regno == BPF_REG_FP)
			return 0;

		if (rw64)
			mark_insn_zext(env, reg);

		return mark_reg_read(env, reg, reg->parent,
				     rw64 ? REG_LIVE_READ64 : REG_LIVE_READ32);
	} else {
		/* check whether register used as dest operand can be written to */
		if (regno == BPF_REG_FP) {
			verbose(env, "frame pointer is read only\n");
			return -EACCES;
		}
		reg->live |= REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;
		reg->subreg_def = rw64 ? DEF_NOT_SUBREG : env->insn_idx + 1;
		if (t == DST_OP)
			mark_reg_unknown(env, regs, regno);
	}
	return 0;
}

/* for any branch, call, exit record the history of jmps in the given state */
static int push_jmp_history(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
			    struct bpf_verifier_state *cur)
{
	u32 cnt = cur->jmp_history_cnt;
	struct bpf_idx_pair *p;

	cnt++;
	p = krealloc(cur->jmp_history, cnt * sizeof(*p), GFP_USER);
	if (!p)
		return -ENOMEM;
	p[cnt - 1].idx = env->insn_idx;
	p[cnt - 1].prev_idx = env->prev_insn_idx;
	cur->jmp_history = p;
	cur->jmp_history_cnt = cnt;
	return 0;
}

/* Backtrack one insn at a time. If idx is not at the top of recorded
 * history then previous instruction came from straight line execution.
 */
static int get_prev_insn_idx(struct bpf_verifier_state *st, int i,
			     u32 *history)
{
	u32 cnt = *history;

	if (cnt && st->jmp_history[cnt - 1].idx == i) {
		i = st->jmp_history[cnt - 1].prev_idx;
		(*history)--;
	} else {
		i--;
	}
	return i;
}

static const char *disasm_kfunc_name(void *data, const struct bpf_insn *insn)
{
	const struct btf_type *func;
	struct btf *desc_btf;

	if (insn->src_reg != BPF_PSEUDO_KFUNC_CALL)
		return NULL;

	desc_btf = find_kfunc_desc_btf(data, insn->imm, insn->off, NULL);
	if (IS_ERR(desc_btf))
		return "<error>";

	func = btf_type_by_id(desc_btf, insn->imm);
	return btf_name_by_offset(desc_btf, func->name_off);
}

/* For given verifier state backtrack_insn() is called from the last insn to
 * the first insn. Its purpose is to compute a bitmask of registers and
 * stack slots that needs precision in the parent verifier state.
 */
static int backtrack_insn(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int idx,
			  u32 *reg_mask, u64 *stack_mask)
{
	const struct bpf_insn_cbs cbs = {
		.cb_call	= disasm_kfunc_name,
		.cb_print	= verbose,
		.private_data	= env,
	};
	struct bpf_insn *insn = env->prog->insnsi + idx;
	u8 class = BPF_CLASS(insn->code);
	u8 opcode = BPF_OP(insn->code);
	u8 mode = BPF_MODE(insn->code);
	u32 dreg = 1u << insn->dst_reg;
	u32 sreg = 1u << insn->src_reg;
	u32 spi;

	if (insn->code == 0)
		return 0;
	if (env->log.level & BPF_LOG_LEVEL) {
		verbose(env, "regs=%x stack=%llx before ", *reg_mask, *stack_mask);
		verbose(env, "%d: ", idx);
		print_bpf_insn(&cbs, insn, env->allow_ptr_leaks);
	}

	if (class == BPF_ALU || class == BPF_ALU64) {
		if (!(*reg_mask & dreg))
			return 0;
		if (opcode == BPF_MOV) {
			if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
				/* dreg = sreg
				 * dreg needs precision after this insn
				 * sreg needs precision before this insn
				 */
				*reg_mask &= ~dreg;
				*reg_mask |= sreg;
			} else {
				/* dreg = K
				 * dreg needs precision after this insn.
				 * Corresponding register is already marked
				 * as precise=true in this verifier state.
				 * No further markings in parent are necessary
				 */
				*reg_mask &= ~dreg;
			}
		} else {
			if (BPF_SRC(insn->code) == BPF_X) {
				/* dreg += sreg
				 * both dreg and sreg need precision
				 * before this insn
				 */
				*reg_mask |= sreg;
			} /* else dreg += K
			   * dreg still needs precision before this insn
			   */
		}
	} else if (class == BPF_LDX) {
		if (!(*reg_mask & dreg))
			return 0;
		*reg_mask &= ~dreg;

		/* scalars can only be spilled into stack w/o losing precision.
		 * Load from any other memory can be zero extended.
		 * The desire to keep that precision is already indicated
		 * by 'precise' mark in corresponding register of this state.
		 * No further tracking necessary.
		 */
		if (insn->src_reg != BPF_REG_FP)
			return 0;
		if (BPF_SIZE(insn->code) != BPF_DW)
			return 0;

		/* dreg = *(u64 *)[fp - off] was a fill from the stack.
		 * that [fp - off] slot contains scalar that needs to be
		 * tracked with precision
		 */
		spi = (-insn->off - 1) / BPF_REG_SIZE;
		if (spi >= 64) {
			verbose(env, "BUG spi %d\n", spi);
			WARN_ONCE(1, "verifier backtracking bug");
			return -EFAULT;
		}
		*stack_mask |= 1ull << spi;
	} else if (class == BPF_STX || class == BPF_ST) {
		if (*reg_mask & dreg)
			/* stx & st shouldn't be using _scalar_ dst_reg
			 * to access memory. It means backtracking
			 * encountered a case of pointer subtraction.
			 */
			return -ENOTSUPP;
		/* scalars can only be spilled into stack */
		if (insn->dst_reg != BPF_REG_FP)
			return 0;
		if (BPF_SIZE(insn->code) != BPF_DW)
			return 0;
		spi = (-insn->off - 1) / BPF_REG_SIZE;
		if (spi >= 64) {
			verbose(env, "BUG spi %d\n", spi);
			WARN_ONCE(1, "verifier backtracking bug");
			return -EFAULT;
		}
		if (!(*stack_mask & (1ull << spi)))
			return 0;
		*stack_mask &= ~(1ull << spi);
		if (class == BPF_STX)
			*reg_mask |= sreg;
	} else if (class == BPF_JMP || class == BPF_JMP32) {
		if (opcode == BPF_CALL) {
			if (insn->src_reg == BPF_PSEUDO_CALL)
				return -ENOTSUPP;
			/* regular helper call sets R0 */
			*reg_mask &= ~1;
			if (*reg_mask & 0x3f) {
				/* if backtracing was looking for registers R1-R5
				 * they should have been found already.
				 */
				verbose(env, "BUG regs %x\n", *reg_mask);
				WARN_ONCE(1, "verifier backtracking bug");
				return -EFAULT;
			}
		} else if (opcode == BPF_EXIT) {
			return -ENOTSUPP;
		}
	} else if (class == BPF_LD) {
		if (!(*reg_mask & dreg))
			return 0;
		*reg_mask &= ~dreg;
		/* It's ld_imm64 or ld_abs or ld_ind.
		 * For ld_imm64 no further tracking of precision
		 * into parent is necessary
		 */
		if (mode == BPF_IND || mode == BPF_ABS)
			/* to be analyzed */
			return -ENOTSUPP;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* the scalar precision tracking algorithm:
 * . at the start all registers have precise=false.
 * . scalar ranges are tracked as normal through alu and jmp insns.
 * . once precise value of the scalar register is used in:
 *   .  ptr + scalar alu
 *   . if (scalar cond K|scalar)
 *   .  helper_call(.., scalar, ...) where ARG_CONST is expected
 *   backtrack through the verifier states and mark all registers and
 *   stack slots with spilled constants that these scalar regisers
 *   should be precise.
 * . during state pruning two registers (or spilled stack slots)
 *   are equivalent if both are not precise.
 *
 * Note the verifier cannot simply walk register parentage chain,
 * since many different registers and stack slots could have been
 * used to compute single precise scalar.
 *
 * The approach of starting with precise=true for all registers and then
 * backtrack to mark a register as not precise when the verifier detects
 * that program doesn't care about specific value (e.g., when helper
 * takes register as ARG_ANYTHING parameter) is not safe.
 *
 * It's ok to walk single parentage chain of the verifier states.
 * It's possible that this backtracking will go all the way till 1st insn.
 * All other branches will be explored for needing precision later.
 *
 * The backtracking needs to deal with cases like:
 *   R8=map_value(id=0,off=0,ks=4,vs=1952,imm=0) R9_w=map_value(id=0,off=40,ks=4,vs=1952,imm=0)
 * r9 -= r8
 * r5 = r9
 * if r5 > 0x79f goto pc+7
 *    R5_w=inv(id=0,umax_value=1951,var_off=(0x0; 0x7ff))
 * r5 += 1
 * ...
 * call bpf_perf_event_output#25
 *   where .arg5_type = ARG_CONST_SIZE_OR_ZERO
 *
 * and this case:
 * r6 = 1
 * call foo // uses callee's r6 inside to compute r0
 * r0 += r6
 * if r0 == 0 goto
 *
 * to track above reg_mask/stack_mask needs to be independent for each frame.
 *
 * Also if parent's curframe > frame where backtracking started,
 * the verifier need to mark registers in both frames, otherwise callees
 * may incorrectly prune callers. This is similar to
 * commit 7640ead93924 ("bpf: verifier: make sure callees don't prune with caller differences")
 *
 * For now backtracking falls back into conservative marking.
 */
static void mark_all_scalars_precise(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				     struct bpf_verifier_state *st)
{
	struct bpf_func_state *func;
	struct bpf_reg_state *reg;
	int i, j;

	/* big hammer: mark all scalars precise in this path.
	 * pop_stack may still get !precise scalars.
	 */
	for (; st; st = st->parent)
		for (i = 0; i <= st->curframe; i++) {
			func = st->frame[i];
			for (j = 0; j < BPF_REG_FP; j++) {
				reg = &func->regs[j];
				if (reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE)
					continue;
				reg->precise = true;
			}
			for (j = 0; j < func->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE; j++) {
				if (!is_spilled_reg(&func->stack[j]))
					continue;
				reg = &func->stack[j].spilled_ptr;
				if (reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE)
					continue;
				reg->precise = true;
			}
		}
}

static int __mark_chain_precision(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int regno,
				  int spi)
{
	struct bpf_verifier_state *st = env->cur_state;
	int first_idx = st->first_insn_idx;
	int last_idx = env->insn_idx;
	struct bpf_func_state *func;
	struct bpf_reg_state *reg;
	u32 reg_mask = regno >= 0 ? 1u << regno : 0;
	u64 stack_mask = spi >= 0 ? 1ull << spi : 0;
	bool skip_first = true;
	bool new_marks = false;
	int i, err;

	if (!env->bpf_capable)
		return 0;

	func = st->frame[st->curframe];
	if (regno >= 0) {
		reg = &func->regs[regno];
		if (reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE) {
			WARN_ONCE(1, "backtracing misuse");
			return -EFAULT;
		}
		if (!reg->precise)
			new_marks = true;
		else
			reg_mask = 0;
		reg->precise = true;
	}

	while (spi >= 0) {
		if (!is_spilled_reg(&func->stack[spi])) {
			stack_mask = 0;
			break;
		}
		reg = &func->stack[spi].spilled_ptr;
		if (reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE) {
			stack_mask = 0;
			break;
		}
		if (!reg->precise)
			new_marks = true;
		else
			stack_mask = 0;
		reg->precise = true;
		break;
	}

	if (!new_marks)
		return 0;
	if (!reg_mask && !stack_mask)
		return 0;
	for (;;) {
		DECLARE_BITMAP(mask, 64);
		u32 history = st->jmp_history_cnt;

		if (env->log.level & BPF_LOG_LEVEL)
			verbose(env, "last_idx %d first_idx %d\n", last_idx, first_idx);
		for (i = last_idx;;) {
			if (skip_first) {
				err = 0;
				skip_first = false;
			} else {
				err = backtrack_insn(env, i, &reg_mask, &stack_mask);
			}
			if (err == -ENOTSUPP) {
				mark_all_scalars_precise(env, st);
				return 0;
			} else if (err) {
				return err;
			}
			if (!reg_mask && !stack_mask)
				/* Found assignment(s) into tracked register in this state.
				 * Since this state is already marked, just return.
				 * Nothing to be tracked further in the parent state.
				 */
				return 0;
			if (i == first_idx)
				break;
			i = get_prev_insn_idx(st, i, &history);
			if (i >= env->prog->len) {
				/* This can happen if backtracking reached insn 0
				 * and there are still reg_mask or stack_mask
				 * to backtrack.
				 * It means the backtracking missed the spot where
				 * particular register was initialized with a constant.
				 */
				verbose(env, "BUG backtracking idx %d\n", i);
				WARN_ONCE(1, "verifier backtracking bug");
				return -EFAULT;
			}
		}
		st = st->parent;
		if (!st)
			break;

		new_marks = false;
		func = st->frame[st->curframe];
		bitmap_from_u64(mask, reg_mask);
		for_each_set_bit(i, mask, 32) {
			reg = &func->regs[i];
			if (reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE) {
				reg_mask &= ~(1u << i);
				continue;
			}
			if (!reg->precise)
				new_marks = true;
			reg->precise = true;
		}

		bitmap_from_u64(mask, stack_mask);
		for_each_set_bit(i, mask, 64) {
			if (i >= func->allocated_stack / BPF_REG_SIZE) {
				/* the sequence of instructions:
				 * 2: (bf) r3 = r10
				 * 3: (7b) *(u64 *)(r3 -8) = r0
				 * 4: (79) r4 = *(u64 *)(r10 -8)
				 * doesn't contain jmps. It's backtracked
				 * as a single block.
				 * During backtracking insn 3 is not recognized as
				 * stack access, so at the end of backtracking
				 * stack slot fp-8 is still marked in stack_mask.
				 * However the parent state may not have accessed
				 * fp-8 and it's "unallocated" stack space.
				 * In such case fallback to conservative.
				 */
				mark_all_scalars_precise(env, st);
				return 0;
			}

			if (!is_spilled_reg(&func->stack[i])) {
				stack_mask &= ~(1ull << i);
				continue;
			}
			reg = &func->stack[i].spilled_ptr;
			if (reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE) {
				stack_mask &= ~(1ull << i);
				continue;
			}
			if (!reg->precise)
				new_marks = true;
			reg->precise = true;
		}
		if (env->log.level & BPF_LOG_LEVEL) {
			print_verifier_state(env, func);
			verbose(env, "parent %s regs=%x stack=%llx marks\n",
				new_marks ? "didn't have" : "already had",
				reg_mask, stack_mask);
		}

		if (!reg_mask && !stack_mask)
			break;
		if (!new_marks)
			break;

		last_idx = st->last_insn_idx;
		first_idx = st->first_insn_idx;
	}
	return 0;
}

static int mark_chain_precision(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int regno)
{
	return __mark_chain_precision(env, regno, -1);
}

static int mark_chain_precision_stack(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, int spi)
{
	return __mark_chain_precision(env, -1, spi);
}

static bool is_spillable_regtype(enum bpf_reg_type type)
{
	switch (type) {
	case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE:
	case PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL:
	case PTR_TO_STACK:
	case PTR_TO_CTX:
	case PTR_TO_PACKET:
	case PTR_TO_PACKET_META:
	case PTR_TO_PACKET_END:
	case PTR_TO_FLOW_KEYS:
	case CONST_PTR_TO_MAP:
	case PTR_TO_SOCKET:
	case PTR_TO_SOCKET_OR_NULL:
	case PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON:
	case PTR_TO_SOCK_COMMON_OR_NULL:
	case PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK:
	case PTR_TO_TCP_SOCK_OR_NULL:
	case PTR_TO_XDP_SOCK:
	case PTR_TO_BTF_ID:
	case PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL:
	case PTR_TO_RDONLY_BUF:
	case PTR_TO_RDONLY_BUF_OR_NULL:
	case PTR_TO_RDWR_BUF:
	case PTR_TO_RDWR_BUF_OR_NULL:
	case PTR_TO_PERCPU_BTF_ID:
	case PTR_TO_MEM:
	case PTR_TO_MEM_OR_NULL:
	case PTR_TO_FUNC:
	case PTR_TO_MAP_KEY:
		return true;
	default:
		return false;
	}
}

/* Does this register contain a constant zero? */
static bool register_is_null(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	return reg->type == SCALAR_VALUE && tnum_equals_const(reg->var_off, 0);
}

static bool register_is_const(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	return reg->type == SCALAR_VALUE && tnum_is_const(reg->var_off);
}

static bool __is_scalar_unbounded(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	return tnum_is_unknown(reg->var_off) &&
	       reg->smin_value == S64_MIN && reg->smax_value == S64_MAX &&
	       reg->umin_value == 0 && reg->umax_value == U64_MAX &&
	       reg->s32_min_value == S32_MIN && reg->s32_max_value == S32_MAX &&
	       reg->u32_min_value == 0 && reg->u32_max_value == U32_MAX;
}

static bool register_is_bounded(struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	return reg->type == SCALAR_VALUE && !__is_scalar_unbounded(reg);
}

static bool __is_pointer_value(bool allow_ptr_leaks,
			       const struct bpf_reg_state *reg)
{
	if (allow_ptr_leaks)
		return false;

	return reg->type != SCALAR_VALUE;
}

static void save_register_state(struct bpf_func_state *state,
				int spi, struct bpf_reg_state *reg,
				int size)
{
	int i;

	state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr = *reg;
	if (size == BPF_REG_SIZE)
		state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.live |= REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;

	for (i = BPF_REG_SIZE; i > BPF_REG_SIZE - size; i--)
		state->stack[spi].slot_type[i - 1] = STACK_SPILL;

	/* size < 8 bytes spill */
	for (; i; i--)
		scrub_spilled_slot(&state->stack[spi].slot_type[i - 1]);
}

/* check_stack_{read,write}_fixed_off functions track spill/fill of registers,
 * stack boundary and alignment are checked in check_mem_access()
 */
static int check_stack_write_fixed_off(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				       /* stack frame we're writing to */
				       struct bpf_func_state *state,
				       int off, int size, int value_regno,
				       int insn_idx)
{
	struct bpf_func_state *cur; /* state of the current function */
	int i, slot = -off - 1, spi = slot / BPF_REG_SIZE, err;
	u32 dst_reg = env->prog->insnsi[insn_idx].dst_reg;
	struct bpf_reg_state *reg = NULL;

	err = grow_stack_state(state, round_up(slot + 1, BPF_REG_SIZE));
	if (err)
		return err;
	/* caller checked that off % size == 0 and -MAX_BPF_STACK <= off < 0,
	 * so it's aligned access and [off, off + size) are within stack limits
	 */
	if (!env->allow_ptr_leaks &&
	    state->stack[spi].slot_type[0] == STACK_SPILL &&
	    size != BPF_REG_SIZE) {
		verbose(env, "attempt to corrupt spilled pointer on stack\n");
		return -EACCES;
	}

	cur = env->cur_state->frame[env->cur_state->curframe];
	if (value_regno >= 0)
		reg = &cur->regs[value_regno];
	if (!env->bypass_spec_v4) {
		bool sanitize = reg && is_spillable_regtype(reg->type);

		for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
			if (state->stack[spi].slot_type[i] == STACK_INVALID) {
				sanitize = true;
				break;
			}
		}

		if (sanitize)
			env->insn_aux_data[insn_idx].sanitize_stack_spill = true;
	}

	if (reg && !(off % BPF_REG_SIZE) && register_is_bounded(reg) &&
	    !register_is_null(reg) && env->bpf_capable) {
		if (dst_reg != BPF_REG_FP) {
			/* The backtracking logic can only recognize explicit
			 * stack slot address like [fp - 8]. Other spill of
			 * scalar via different register has to be conservative.
			 * Backtrack from here and mark all registers as precise
			 * that contributed into 'reg' being a constant.
			 */
			err = mark_chain_precision(env, value_regno);
			if (err)
				return err;
		}
		save_register_state(state, spi, reg, size);
	} else if (reg && is_spillable_regtype(reg->type)) {
		/* register containing pointer is being spilled into stack */
		if (size != BPF_REG_SIZE) {
			verbose_linfo(env, insn_idx, "; ");
			verbose(env, "invalid size of register spill\n");
			return -EACCES;
		}
		if (state != cur && reg->type == PTR_TO_STACK) {
			verbose(env, "cannot spill pointers to stack into stack frame of the caller\n");
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		save_register_state(state, spi, reg, size);
	} else {
		u8 type = STACK_MISC;

		/* regular write of data into stack destroys any spilled ptr */
		state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.type = NOT_INIT;
		/* Mark slots as STACK_MISC if they belonged to spilled ptr. */
		if (is_spilled_reg(&state->stack[spi]))
			for (i = 0; i < BPF_REG_SIZE; i++)
				scrub_spilled_slot(&state->stack[spi].slot_type[i]);

		/* only mark the slot as written if all 8 bytes were written
		 * otherwise read propagation may incorrectly stop too soon
		 * when stack slots are partially written.
		 * This heuristic means that read propagation will be
		 * conservative, since it will add reg_live_read marks
		 * to stack slots all the way to first state when programs
		 * writes+reads less than 8 bytes
		 */
		if (size == BPF_REG_SIZE)
			state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.live |= REG_LIVE_WRITTEN;

		/* when we zero initialize stack slots mark them as such */
		if (reg && register_is_null(reg)) {
			/* backtracking doesn't work for STACK_ZERO yet. */
			err = mark_chain_precision(env, value_regno);
			if (err)
				return err;
			type = STACK_ZERO;
		}

		/* Mark slots affected by this stack write. */
		for (i = 0; i < size; i++)
			state->stack[spi].slot_type[(slot - i) % BPF_REG_SIZE] =
				type;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* Write the stack: 'stack[ptr_regno + off] = value_regno'. 'ptr_regno' is
 * known to contain a variable offset.
 * This function checks whether the write is permitted and conservatively
 * tracks the effects of the write, considering that each stack slot in the
 * dynamic range is potentially written to.
 *
 * 'off' includes 'regno->off'.
 * 'value_regno' can be -1, meaning that an unknown value is being written to
 * the stack.
 *
 * Spilled pointers in range are not marked as written because we don't know
 * what's going to be actually written. This means that read propagation for
 * future reads cannot be terminated by this write.
 *
 * For privileged programs, uninitialized stack slots are considered
 * initialized by this write (even though we don't know exactly what offsets
 * are going to be written to). The idea is that we don't want the verifier to
 * reject future reads that access slots written to through variable offsets.
 */
static int check_stack_write_var_off(struct bpf_verifier_env *env,
				     /* func where register points to */
				     struct bpf_func_state *state,
				     int ptr_regno, int off, int size,
				     int value_regno, int insn_idx)
{
	struct bpf_func_state *cur; /* state of the current function */
	int min_off, max_off;
	int i, err;
	struct bpf_reg_state *ptr_reg = NULL, *value_reg = NULL;
	bool writing_zero = false;
	/* set if the fact that we're writing a zero is used to let any
	 * stack slots remain STACK_ZERO
	 */
	bool zero_used = false;

	cur = env->cur_state->frame[env->cur_state->curframe];
	ptr_reg = &cur->regs[ptr_regno];
	min_off = ptr_reg->smin_value + off;
	max_off = ptr_reg->smax_value + off + size;
	if (value_regno >= 0)
		value_reg = &cur->regs[value_regno];
	if (value_reg && register_is_null(value_reg))
		writing_zero = true;

	err = grow_stack_state(state, round_up(-min_off, BPF_REG_SIZE));
	if (err)
		return err;


	/* Variable offset writes destroy any spilled pointers in range. */
	for (i = min_off; i < max_off; i++) {
		u8 new_type, *stype;
		int slot, spi;

		slot = -i - 1;
		spi = slot / BPF_REG_SIZE;
		stype = &state->stack[spi].slot_type[slot % BPF_REG_SIZE];

		if (!env->allow_ptr_leaks
				&& *stype != NOT_INIT
				&& *stype != SCALAR_VALUE) {
			/* Reject the write if there's are spilled pointers in
			 * range. If we didn't reject here, the ptr status
			 * would be erased below (even though not all slots are
			 * actually overwritten), possibly opening the door to
			 * leaks.
			 */
			verbose(env, "spilled ptr in range of var-offset stack write; insn %d, ptr off: %d",
				insn_idx, i);
			return -EINVAL;
		}

		/* Erase all spilled pointers. */
		state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.type = NOT_INIT;

		/* Update the slot type. */
		new_type = STACK_MISC;
		if (writing_zero && *stype == STACK_ZERO) {
			new_type = STACK_ZERO;
			zero_used = true;
		}
		/* If the slot is STACK_INVALID, we check whether it's OK to
		 * pretend that it will be initialized by this write. The slot
		 * might not actually be written to, and so if we mark it as
		 * initialized future reads might leak uninitialized memory.
		 * For privileged programs, we will accept such reads to slots
		 * that may or may not be written because, if we're reject
		 * them, the error would be too confusing.
		 */
		if (*stype == STACK_INVALID && !env->allow_uninit_stack) {
			verbose(env, "uninit stack in range of var-offset write prohibited for !root; insn %d, off: %d",
					insn_idx, i);
			return -EINVAL;
		}
		*stype = new_type;
	}
	if (zero_used) {
		/* backtracking doesn't work for STACK_ZERO yet. */
		err = mark_chain_precision(env, value_regno);
		if (err)
			return err;
	}
	return 0;
}

/* When register 'dst_regno' is assigned some values from stack[min_off,
 * max_off), we set the register's type according to the types of the
 * respective stack slots. If all the stack values are known to be zeros, then
 * so is the destination reg. Otherwise, the register is considered to be
 * SCALAR. This function does not deal with register filling; the caller must
 * ensure that all spilled registers in the stack range have been marked as
 * read.
 */