Documentation/trace/kprobetrace.rst - linux - Git at Google

 ==========================
 Kprobe-based Event Tracing
 ==========================

 :Author: Masami Hiramatsu

 Overview
 --------
 These events are similar to tracepoint-based events. Instead of tracepoints,
 this is based on kprobes (kprobe and kretprobe). So it can probe wherever
 kprobes can probe (this means, all functions except those with
 __kprobes/nokprobe_inline annotation and those marked NOKPROBE_SYMBOL).
 Unlike the tracepoint-based event, this can be added and removed
 dynamically, on the fly.

 To enable this feature, build your kernel with CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS=y.

 Similar to the event tracer, this doesn't need to be activated via
 current_tracer. Instead of that, add probe points via
 /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events, and enable it via
 /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/enable.

 You can also use /sys/kernel/tracing/dynamic_events instead of
 kprobe_events. That interface will provide unified access to other
 dynamic events too.

 Synopsis of kprobe_events
 -------------------------
 ::

   p[:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+offs]|MEMADDR [FETCHARGS]	: Set a probe
   r[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+0] [FETCHARGS]	: Set a return probe
   p[:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+0]%return [FETCHARGS]	: Set a return probe
   -:[GRP/][EVENT]						: Clear a probe

  GRP		: Group name. If omitted, use "kprobes" for it.
  EVENT		: Event name. If omitted, the event name is generated
 		  based on SYM+offs or MEMADDR.
  MOD		: Module name which has given SYM.
  SYM[+offs]	: Symbol+offset where the probe is inserted.
  SYM%return	: Return address of the symbol
  MEMADDR	: Address where the probe is inserted.
  MAXACTIVE	: Maximum number of instances of the specified function that
 		  can be probed simultaneously, or 0 for the default value
 		  as defined in Documentation/trace/kprobes.rst section 1.3.1.

  FETCHARGS	: Arguments. Each probe can have up to 128 args.
   %REG		: Fetch register REG
   @ADDR		: Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR should be in kernel)
   @SYM[+|-offs]	: Fetch memory at SYM +|- offs (SYM should be a data symbol)
   $stackN	: Fetch Nth entry of stack (N >= 0)
   $stack	: Fetch stack address.
   $argN		: Fetch the Nth function argument. (N >= 1) (\*1)
   $retval	: Fetch return value.(\*2)
   $comm		: Fetch current task comm.
   +|-[u]OFFS(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCHARG +|- OFFS address.(\*3)(\*4)
   \IMM		: Store an immediate value to the argument.
   NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument name of FETCHARG.
   FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETCHARG. Currently, basic types
 		  (u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), hexadecimal types
 		  (x8/x16/x32/x64), "char", "string", "ustring", "symbol", "symstr"
                   and bitfield are supported.

   (\*1) only for the probe on function entry (offs == 0). Note, this argument access
         is best effort, because depending on the argument type, it may be passed on
         the stack. But this only support the arguments via registers.
   (\*2) only for return probe. Note that this is also best effort. Depending on the
         return value type, it might be passed via a pair of registers. But this only
         accesses one register.
   (\*3) this is useful for fetching a field of data structures.
   (\*4) "u" means user-space dereference. See :ref:`user_mem_access`.

 Function arguments at kretprobe
 -------------------------------
 Function arguments can be accessed at kretprobe using $arg<N> fetcharg. This
 is useful to record the function parameter and return value at once, and
 trace the difference of structure fields (for debuging a function whether it
 correctly updates the given data structure or not).
 See the :ref:`sample<fprobetrace_exit_args_sample>` in fprobe event for how
 it works.

 .. _kprobetrace_types:

 Types
 -----
 Several types are supported for fetchargs. Kprobe tracer will access memory
 by given type. Prefix 's' and 'u' means those types are signed and unsigned
 respectively. 'x' prefix implies it is unsigned. Traced arguments are shown
 in decimal ('s' and 'u') or hexadecimal ('x'). Without type casting, 'x32'
 or 'x64' is used depends on the architecture (e.g. x86-32 uses x32, and
 x86-64 uses x64).

 These value types can be an array. To record array data, you can add '[N]'
 (where N is a fixed number, less than 64) to the base type.
 E.g. 'x16[4]' means an array of x16 (2-byte hex) with 4 elements.
 Note that the array can be applied to memory type fetchargs, you can not
 apply it to registers/stack-entries etc. (for example, '$stack1:x8[8]' is
 wrong, but '+8($stack):x8[8]' is OK.)

 Char type can be used to show the character value of traced arguments.

 String type is a special type, which fetches a "null-terminated" string from
 kernel space. This means it will fail and store NULL if the string container
 has been paged out. "ustring" type is an alternative of string for user-space.
 See :ref:`user_mem_access` for more info.

 The string array type is a bit different from other types. For other base
 types, <base-type>[1] is equal to <base-type> (e.g. +0(%di):x32[1] is same
 as +0(%di):x32.) But string[1] is not equal to string. The string type itself
 represents "char array", but string array type represents "char * array".
 So, for example, +0(%di):string[1] is equal to +0(+0(%di)):string.
 Bitfield is another special type, which takes 3 parameters, bit-width, bit-
 offset, and container-size (usually 32). The syntax is::

  b<bit-width>@<bit-offset>/<container-size>

 Symbol type('symbol') is an alias of u32 or u64 type (depends on BITS_PER_LONG)
 which shows given pointer in "symbol+offset" style.
 On the other hand, symbol-string type ('symstr') converts the given address to
 "symbol+offset/symbolsize" style and stores it as a null-terminated string.
 With 'symstr' type, you can filter the event with wildcard pattern of the
 symbols, and you don't need to solve symbol name by yourself.
 For $comm, the default type is "string"; any other type is invalid.

 .. _user_mem_access:

 User Memory Access
 ------------------
 Kprobe events supports user-space memory access. For that purpose, you can use
 either user-space dereference syntax or 'ustring' type.

 The user-space dereference syntax allows you to access a field of a data
 structure in user-space. This is done by adding the "u" prefix to the
 dereference syntax. For example, +u4(%si) means it will read memory from the
 address in the register %si offset by 4, and the memory is expected to be in
 user-space. You can use this for strings too, e.g. +u0(%si):string will read
 a string from the address in the register %si that is expected to be in user-
 space. 'ustring' is a shortcut way of performing the same task. That is,
 +0(%si):ustring is equivalent to +u0(%si):string.

 Note that kprobe-event provides the user-memory access syntax but it doesn't
 use it transparently. This means if you use normal dereference or string type
 for user memory, it might fail, and may always fail on some architectures. The
 user has to carefully check if the target data is in kernel or user space.

 Per-Probe Event Filtering
 -------------------------
 Per-probe event filtering feature allows you to set different filter on each
 probe and gives you what arguments will be shown in trace buffer. If an event
 name is specified right after 'p:' or 'r:' in kprobe_events, it adds an event
 under tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>, at the directory you can see 'id',
 'enable', 'format', 'filter' and 'trigger'.

 enable:
   You can enable/disable the probe by writing 1 or 0 on it.

 format:
   This shows the format of this probe event.

 filter:
   You can write filtering rules of this event.

 id:
   This shows the id of this probe event.

 trigger:
   This allows to install trigger commands which are executed when the event is
   hit (for details, see Documentation/trace/events.rst, section 6).

 Event Profiling
 ---------------
 You can check the total number of probe hits and probe miss-hits via
 /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_profile.
 The first column is event name, the second is the number of probe hits,
 the third is the number of probe miss-hits.

 Kernel Boot Parameter
 ---------------------
 You can add and enable new kprobe events when booting up the kernel by
 "kprobe_event=" parameter. The parameter accepts a semicolon-delimited
 kprobe events, which format is similar to the kprobe_events.
 The difference is that the probe definition parameters are comma-delimited
 instead of space. For example, adding myprobe event on do_sys_open like below::

   p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)

 should be below for kernel boot parameter (just replace spaces with comma)::

   p:myprobe,do_sys_open,dfd=%ax,filename=%dx,flags=%cx,mode=+4($stack)


 Usage examples
 --------------
 To add a probe as a new event, write a new definition to kprobe_events
 as below::

   echo 'p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)' > /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events

 This sets a kprobe on the top of do_sys_open() function with recording
 1st to 4th arguments as "myprobe" event. Note, which register/stack entry is
 assigned to each function argument depends on arch-specific ABI. If you unsure
 the ABI, please try to use probe subcommand of perf-tools (you can find it
 under tools/perf/).
 As this example shows, users can choose more familiar names for each arguments.
 ::

   echo 'r:myretprobe do_sys_open $retval' >> /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events

 This sets a kretprobe on the return point of do_sys_open() function with
 recording return value as "myretprobe" event.
 You can see the format of these events via
 /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/format.
 ::

   cat /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/format
   name: myprobe
   ID: 780
   format:
           field:unsigned short common_type;       offset:0;       size:2; signed:0;
           field:unsigned char common_flags;       offset:2;       size:1; signed:0;
           field:unsigned char common_preempt_count;       offset:3; size:1;signed:0;
           field:int common_pid;   offset:4;       size:4; signed:1;

           field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:12;      size:4; signed:0;
           field:int __probe_nargs;        offset:16;      size:4; signed:1;
           field:unsigned long dfd;        offset:20;      size:4; signed:0;
           field:unsigned long filename;   offset:24;      size:4; signed:0;
           field:unsigned long flags;      offset:28;      size:4; signed:0;
           field:unsigned long mode;       offset:32;      size:4; signed:0;


   print fmt: "(%lx) dfd=%lx filename=%lx flags=%lx mode=%lx", REC->__probe_ip,
   REC->dfd, REC->filename, REC->flags, REC->mode

 You can see that the event has 4 arguments as in the expressions you specified.
 ::

   echo > /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events

 This clears all probe points.

 Or,
 ::

   echo -:myprobe >> kprobe_events

 This clears probe points selectively.

 Right after definition, each event is disabled by default. For tracing these
 events, you need to enable it.
 ::

   echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/enable
   echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/myretprobe/enable

 Use the following command to start tracing in an interval.
 ::

     # echo 1 > tracing_on
     Open something...
     # echo 0 > tracing_on

 And you can see the traced information via /sys/kernel/tracing/trace.
 ::

   cat /sys/kernel/tracing/trace
   # tracer: nop
   #
   #           TASK-PID    CPU#    TIMESTAMP  FUNCTION
   #              | |       |          |         |
              <...>-1447  [001] 1038282.286875: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=3 filename=7fffd1ec4440 flags=8000 mode=0
              <...>-1447  [001] 1038282.286878: myretprobe: (sys_openat+0xc/0xe <- do_sys_open) $retval=fffffffffffffffe
              <...>-1447  [001] 1038282.286885: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=40413c flags=8000 mode=1b6
              <...>-1447  [001] 1038282.286915: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
              <...>-1447  [001] 1038282.286969: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=4041c6 flags=98800 mode=10
              <...>-1447  [001] 1038282.286976: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3


 Each line shows when the kernel hits an event, and <- SYMBOL means kernel
 returns from SYMBOL(e.g. "sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open" means kernel
 returns from do_sys_open to sys_open+0x1b).
	==========================
	Kprobe-based Event Tracing
	==========================

	:Author: Masami Hiramatsu

	Overview
	--------
	These events are similar to tracepoint-based events. Instead of tracepoints,
	this is based on kprobes (kprobe and kretprobe). So it can probe wherever
	kprobes can probe (this means, all functions except those with
	__kprobes/nokprobe_inline annotation and those marked NOKPROBE_SYMBOL).
	Unlike the tracepoint-based event, this can be added and removed
	dynamically, on the fly.

	To enable this feature, build your kernel with CONFIG_KPROBE_EVENTS=y.

	Similar to the event tracer, this doesn't need to be activated via
	current_tracer. Instead of that, add probe points via
	/sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events, and enable it via
	/sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/enable.

	You can also use /sys/kernel/tracing/dynamic_events instead of
	kprobe_events. That interface will provide unified access to other
	dynamic events too.

	Synopsis of kprobe_events
	-------------------------
	::

	p[:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+offs]\|MEMADDR [FETCHARGS] : Set a probe
	r[MAXACTIVE][:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+0] [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
	p[:[GRP/][EVENT]] [MOD:]SYM[+0]%return [FETCHARGS] : Set a return probe
	-:[GRP/][EVENT] : Clear a probe

	GRP : Group name. If omitted, use "kprobes" for it.
	EVENT : Event name. If omitted, the event name is generated
	based on SYM+offs or MEMADDR.
	MOD : Module name which has given SYM.
	SYM[+offs] : Symbol+offset where the probe is inserted.
	SYM%return : Return address of the symbol
	MEMADDR : Address where the probe is inserted.
	MAXACTIVE : Maximum number of instances of the specified function that
	can be probed simultaneously, or 0 for the default value
	as defined in Documentation/trace/kprobes.rst section 1.3.1.

	FETCHARGS : Arguments. Each probe can have up to 128 args.
	%REG : Fetch register REG
	@ADDR : Fetch memory at ADDR (ADDR should be in kernel)
	@SYM[+\|-offs] : Fetch memory at SYM +\|- offs (SYM should be a data symbol)
	$stackN : Fetch Nth entry of stack (N >= 0)
	$stack : Fetch stack address.
	$argN : Fetch the Nth function argument. (N >= 1) (\*1)
	$retval : Fetch return value.(\*2)
	$comm : Fetch current task comm.
	+\|-[u]OFFS(FETCHARG) : Fetch memory at FETCHARG +\|- OFFS address.(\3)(\4)
	\IMM : Store an immediate value to the argument.
	NAME=FETCHARG : Set NAME as the argument name of FETCHARG.
	FETCHARG:TYPE : Set TYPE as the type of FETCHARG. Currently, basic types
	(u8/u16/u32/u64/s8/s16/s32/s64), hexadecimal types
	(x8/x16/x32/x64), "char", "string", "ustring", "symbol", "symstr"
	and bitfield are supported.

	(\*1) only for the probe on function entry (offs == 0). Note, this argument access
	is best effort, because depending on the argument type, it may be passed on
	the stack. But this only support the arguments via registers.
	(\*2) only for return probe. Note that this is also best effort. Depending on the
	return value type, it might be passed via a pair of registers. But this only
	accesses one register.
	(\*3) this is useful for fetching a field of data structures.
	(\*4) "u" means user-space dereference. See :ref:`user_mem_access`.

	Function arguments at kretprobe
	-------------------------------
	Function arguments can be accessed at kretprobe using $arg<N> fetcharg. This
	is useful to record the function parameter and return value at once, and
	trace the difference of structure fields (for debuging a function whether it
	correctly updates the given data structure or not).
	See the :ref:`sample<fprobetrace_exit_args_sample>` in fprobe event for how
	it works.

	.. _kprobetrace_types:

	Types
	-----
	Several types are supported for fetchargs. Kprobe tracer will access memory
	by given type. Prefix 's' and 'u' means those types are signed and unsigned
	respectively. 'x' prefix implies it is unsigned. Traced arguments are shown
	in decimal ('s' and 'u') or hexadecimal ('x'). Without type casting, 'x32'
	or 'x64' is used depends on the architecture (e.g. x86-32 uses x32, and
	x86-64 uses x64).

	These value types can be an array. To record array data, you can add '[N]'
	(where N is a fixed number, less than 64) to the base type.
	E.g. 'x16[4]' means an array of x16 (2-byte hex) with 4 elements.
	Note that the array can be applied to memory type fetchargs, you can not
	apply it to registers/stack-entries etc. (for example, '$stack1:x8[8]' is
	wrong, but '+8($stack):x8[8]' is OK.)

	Char type can be used to show the character value of traced arguments.

	String type is a special type, which fetches a "null-terminated" string from
	kernel space. This means it will fail and store NULL if the string container
	has been paged out. "ustring" type is an alternative of string for user-space.
	See :ref:`user_mem_access` for more info.

	The string array type is a bit different from other types. For other base
	types, <base-type>[1] is equal to <base-type> (e.g. +0(%di):x32[1] is same
	as +0(%di):x32.) But string[1] is not equal to string. The string type itself
	represents "char array", but string array type represents "char * array".
	So, for example, +0(%di):string[1] is equal to +0(+0(%di)):string.
	Bitfield is another special type, which takes 3 parameters, bit-width, bit-
	offset, and container-size (usually 32). The syntax is::

	b<bit-width>@<bit-offset>/<container-size>

	Symbol type('symbol') is an alias of u32 or u64 type (depends on BITS_PER_LONG)
	which shows given pointer in "symbol+offset" style.
	On the other hand, symbol-string type ('symstr') converts the given address to
	"symbol+offset/symbolsize" style and stores it as a null-terminated string.
	With 'symstr' type, you can filter the event with wildcard pattern of the
	symbols, and you don't need to solve symbol name by yourself.
	For $comm, the default type is "string"; any other type is invalid.

	.. _user_mem_access:

	User Memory Access
	------------------
	Kprobe events supports user-space memory access. For that purpose, you can use
	either user-space dereference syntax or 'ustring' type.

	The user-space dereference syntax allows you to access a field of a data
	structure in user-space. This is done by adding the "u" prefix to the
	dereference syntax. For example, +u4(%si) means it will read memory from the
	address in the register %si offset by 4, and the memory is expected to be in
	user-space. You can use this for strings too, e.g. +u0(%si):string will read
	a string from the address in the register %si that is expected to be in user-
	space. 'ustring' is a shortcut way of performing the same task. That is,
	+0(%si):ustring is equivalent to +u0(%si):string.

	Note that kprobe-event provides the user-memory access syntax but it doesn't
	use it transparently. This means if you use normal dereference or string type
	for user memory, it might fail, and may always fail on some architectures. The
	user has to carefully check if the target data is in kernel or user space.

	Per-Probe Event Filtering
	-------------------------
	Per-probe event filtering feature allows you to set different filter on each
	probe and gives you what arguments will be shown in trace buffer. If an event
	name is specified right after 'p:' or 'r:' in kprobe_events, it adds an event
	under tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>, at the directory you can see 'id',
	'enable', 'format', 'filter' and 'trigger'.

	enable:
	You can enable/disable the probe by writing 1 or 0 on it.

	format:
	This shows the format of this probe event.

	filter:
	You can write filtering rules of this event.

	id:
	This shows the id of this probe event.

	trigger:
	This allows to install trigger commands which are executed when the event is
	hit (for details, see Documentation/trace/events.rst, section 6).

	Event Profiling
	---------------
	You can check the total number of probe hits and probe miss-hits via
	/sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_profile.
	The first column is event name, the second is the number of probe hits,
	the third is the number of probe miss-hits.

	Kernel Boot Parameter
	---------------------
	You can add and enable new kprobe events when booting up the kernel by
	"kprobe_event=" parameter. The parameter accepts a semicolon-delimited
	kprobe events, which format is similar to the kprobe_events.
	The difference is that the probe definition parameters are comma-delimited
	instead of space. For example, adding myprobe event on do_sys_open like below::

	p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)

	should be below for kernel boot parameter (just replace spaces with comma)::

	p:myprobe,do_sys_open,dfd=%ax,filename=%dx,flags=%cx,mode=+4($stack)


	Usage examples
	--------------
	To add a probe as a new event, write a new definition to kprobe_events
	as below::

	echo 'p:myprobe do_sys_open dfd=%ax filename=%dx flags=%cx mode=+4($stack)' > /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events

	This sets a kprobe on the top of do_sys_open() function with recording
	1st to 4th arguments as "myprobe" event. Note, which register/stack entry is
	assigned to each function argument depends on arch-specific ABI. If you unsure
	the ABI, please try to use probe subcommand of perf-tools (you can find it
	under tools/perf/).
	As this example shows, users can choose more familiar names for each arguments.
	::

	echo 'r:myretprobe do_sys_open $retval' >> /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events

	This sets a kretprobe on the return point of do_sys_open() function with
	recording return value as "myretprobe" event.
	You can see the format of these events via
	/sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/<EVENT>/format.
	::

	cat /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/format
	name: myprobe
	ID: 780
	format:
	field:unsigned short common_type; offset:0; size:2; signed:0;
	field:unsigned char common_flags; offset:2; size:1; signed:0;
	field:unsigned char common_preempt_count; offset:3; size:1;signed:0;
	field:int common_pid; offset:4; size:4; signed:1;

	field:unsigned long __probe_ip; offset:12; size:4; signed:0;
	field:int __probe_nargs; offset:16; size:4; signed:1;
	field:unsigned long dfd; offset:20; size:4; signed:0;
	field:unsigned long filename; offset:24; size:4; signed:0;
	field:unsigned long flags; offset:28; size:4; signed:0;
	field:unsigned long mode; offset:32; size:4; signed:0;


	print fmt: "(%lx) dfd=%lx filename=%lx flags=%lx mode=%lx", REC->__probe_ip,
	REC->dfd, REC->filename, REC->flags, REC->mode

	You can see that the event has 4 arguments as in the expressions you specified.
	::

	echo > /sys/kernel/tracing/kprobe_events

	This clears all probe points.

	Or,
	::

	echo -:myprobe >> kprobe_events

	This clears probe points selectively.

	Right after definition, each event is disabled by default. For tracing these
	events, you need to enable it.
	::

	echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/myprobe/enable
	echo 1 > /sys/kernel/tracing/events/kprobes/myretprobe/enable

	Use the following command to start tracing in an interval.
	::

	# echo 1 > tracing_on
	Open something...
	# echo 0 > tracing_on

	And you can see the traced information via /sys/kernel/tracing/trace.
	::

	cat /sys/kernel/tracing/trace
	# tracer: nop
	#
	# TASK-PID CPU# TIMESTAMP FUNCTION
	# \| \| \| \| \|
	<...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286875: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=3 filename=7fffd1ec4440 flags=8000 mode=0
	<...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286878: myretprobe: (sys_openat+0xc/0xe <- do_sys_open) $retval=fffffffffffffffe
	<...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286885: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=40413c flags=8000 mode=1b6
	<...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286915: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3
	<...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286969: myprobe: (do_sys_open+0x0/0xd6) dfd=ffffff9c filename=4041c6 flags=98800 mode=10
	<...>-1447 [001] 1038282.286976: myretprobe: (sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open) $retval=3


	Each line shows when the kernel hits an event, and <- SYMBOL means kernel
	returns from SYMBOL(e.g. "sys_open+0x1b/0x1d <- do_sys_open" means kernel
	returns from do_sys_open to sys_open+0x1b).