| =========================================== |
| Sound Blaster Live mixer / default DSP code |
| =========================================== |
| |
| |
| The EMU10K1 chips have a DSP part which can be programmed to support |
| various ways of sample processing, which is described here. |
| (This article does not deal with the overall functionality of the |
| EMU10K1 chips. See the manuals section for further details.) |
| |
| The ALSA driver programs this portion of chip by default code |
| (can be altered later) which offers the following functionality: |
| |
| |
| IEC958 (S/PDIF) raw PCM |
| ======================= |
| |
| This PCM device (it's the 4th PCM device (index 3!) and first subdevice |
| (index 0) for a given card) allows to forward 48kHz, stereo, 16-bit |
| little endian streams without any modifications to the digital output |
| (coaxial or optical). The universal interface allows the creation of up |
| to 8 raw PCM devices operating at 48kHz, 16-bit little endian. It would |
| be easy to add support for multichannel devices to the current code, |
| but the conversion routines exist only for stereo (2-channel streams) |
| at the time. |
| |
| Look to tram_poke routines in lowlevel/emu10k1/emufx.c for more details. |
| |
| |
| Digital mixer controls |
| ====================== |
| |
| These controls are built using the DSP instructions. They offer extended |
| functionality. Only the default build-in code in the ALSA driver is described |
| here. Note that the controls work as attenuators: the maximum value is the |
| neutral position leaving the signal unchanged. Note that if the same destination |
| is mentioned in multiple controls, the signal is accumulated and can be wrapped |
| (set to maximal or minimal value without checking of overflow). |
| |
| |
| Explanation of used abbreviations: |
| |
| DAC |
| digital to analog converter |
| ADC |
| analog to digital converter |
| I2S |
| one-way three wire serial bus for digital sound by Philips Semiconductors |
| (this standard is used for connecting standalone DAC and ADC converters) |
| LFE |
| low frequency effects (subwoofer signal) |
| AC97 |
| a chip containing an analog mixer, DAC and ADC converters |
| IEC958 |
| S/PDIF |
| FX-bus |
| the EMU10K1 chip has an effect bus containing 16 accumulators. |
| Each of the synthesizer voices can feed its output to these accumulators |
| and the DSP microcontroller can operate with the resulting sum. |
| |
| |
| ``name='Wave Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| --------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus |
| accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM samples. |
| The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| ``name='Wave Surround Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| ------------------------------------------------ |
| This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus |
| accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM samples. |
| The result samples are forwarded to the rear I2S DACs. These DACs operates |
| separately (they are not inside the AC97 codec). |
| |
| ``name='Wave Center Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| ---------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus |
| accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM samples. |
| The result is mixed to mono signal (single channel) and forwarded to |
| the ??rear?? right DAC PCM slot of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| ``name='Wave LFE Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| ------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus |
| accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM. |
| The result is mixed to mono signal (single channel) and forwarded to |
| the ??rear?? left DAC PCM slot of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| ``name='Wave Capture Volume',index=0``, ``name='Wave Capture Switch',index=0`` |
| ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| These controls are used to attenuate samples for left and right PCM FX-bus |
| accumulator. ALSA uses accumulators 0 and 1 for left and right PCM. |
| The result is forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture |
| PCM device). |
| |
| ``name='Synth Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| ---------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right MIDI FX-bus |
| accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 4 and 5 for left and right MIDI samples. |
| The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| ``name='Synth Capture Volume',index=0``, ``name='Synth Capture Switch',index=0`` |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| These controls are used to attenuate samples for left and right MIDI FX-bus |
| accumulator. ALSA uses accumulators 4 and 5 for left and right PCM. |
| The result is forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture |
| PCM device). |
| |
| ``name='Surround Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| ------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right rear PCM FX-bus |
| accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 2 and 3 for left and right rear PCM samples. |
| The result samples are forwarded to the rear I2S DACs. These DACs operate |
| separately (they are not inside the AC97 codec). |
| |
| ``name='Surround Capture Volume',index=0``, ``name='Surround Capture Switch',index=0`` |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| These controls are used to attenuate samples for left and right rear PCM FX-bus |
| accumulators. ALSA uses accumulators 2 and 3 for left and right rear PCM samples. |
| The result is forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture |
| PCM device). |
| |
| ``name='Center Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| ----------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate sample for center PCM FX-bus accumulator. |
| ALSA uses accumulator 6 for center PCM sample. The result sample is forwarded |
| to the ??rear?? right DAC PCM slot of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| ``name='LFE Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| -------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate sample for center PCM FX-bus accumulator. |
| ALSA uses accumulator 6 for center PCM sample. The result sample is forwarded |
| to the ??rear?? left DAC PCM slot of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| ``name='AC97 Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| --------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right front ADC PCM slots |
| of the AC97 codec. The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM |
| slots of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| .. note:: |
| This control should be zero for the standard operations, otherwise |
| a digital loopback is activated. |
| |
| |
| ``name='AC97 Capture Volume',index=0`` |
| -------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples for left and right front ADC PCM slots |
| of the AC97 codec. The result is forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to |
| the standard capture PCM device). |
| |
| .. note:: |
| This control should be 100 (maximal value), otherwise no analog |
| inputs of the AC97 codec can be captured (recorded). |
| |
| ``name='IEC958 TTL Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| --------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 TTL |
| digital inputs (usually used by a CDROM drive). The result samples are |
| forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| ``name='IEC958 TTL Capture Volume',index=0`` |
| -------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 TTL |
| digital inputs (usually used by a CDROM drive). The result samples are |
| forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture PCM device). |
| |
| ``name='Zoom Video Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| --------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right zoom video |
| digital inputs (usually used by a CDROM drive). The result samples are |
| forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| ``name='Zoom Video Capture Volume',index=0`` |
| -------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right zoom video |
| digital inputs (usually used by a CDROM drive). The result samples are |
| forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture PCM device). |
| |
| ``name='IEC958 LiveDrive Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| --------------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 optical |
| digital input. The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots |
| of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| ``name='IEC958 LiveDrive Capture Volume',index=0`` |
| -------------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 optical |
| digital inputs. The result samples are forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO |
| (thus to the standard capture PCM device). |
| |
| ``name='IEC958 Coaxial Playback Volume',index=0`` |
| ------------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 coaxial |
| digital inputs. The result samples are forwarded to the front DAC PCM slots |
| of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| ``name='IEC958 Coaxial Capture Volume',index=0`` |
| ------------------------------------------------ |
| This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right IEC958 coaxial |
| digital inputs. The result samples are forwarded to the ADC capture FIFO |
| (thus to the standard capture PCM device). |
| |
| ``name='Line LiveDrive Playback Volume',index=0``, ``name='Line LiveDrive Playback Volume',index=1`` |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right I2S ADC |
| inputs (on the LiveDrive). The result samples are forwarded to the front |
| DAC PCM slots of the AC97 codec. |
| |
| ``name='Line LiveDrive Capture Volume',index=1``, ``name='Line LiveDrive Capture Volume',index=1`` |
| -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| This control is used to attenuate samples from left and right I2S ADC |
| inputs (on the LiveDrive). The result samples are forwarded to the ADC |
| capture FIFO (thus to the standard capture PCM device). |
| |
| ``name='Tone Control - Switch',index=0`` |
| ---------------------------------------- |
| This control turns the tone control on or off. The samples for front, rear |
| and center / LFE outputs are affected. |
| |
| ``name='Tone Control - Bass',index=0`` |
| -------------------------------------- |
| This control sets the bass intensity. There is no neutral value!! |
| When the tone control code is activated, the samples are always modified. |
| The closest value to pure signal is 20. |
| |
| ``name='Tone Control - Treble',index=0`` |
| ---------------------------------------- |
| This control sets the treble intensity. There is no neutral value!! |
| When the tone control code is activated, the samples are always modified. |
| The closest value to pure signal is 20. |
| |
| ``name='IEC958 Optical Raw Playback Switch',index=0`` |
| ----------------------------------------------------- |
| If this switch is on, then the samples for the IEC958 (S/PDIF) digital |
| output are taken only from the raw FX8010 PCM, otherwise standard front |
| PCM samples are taken. |
| |
| ``name='Headphone Playback Volume',index=1`` |
| -------------------------------------------- |
| This control attenuates the samples for the headphone output. |
| |
| ``name='Headphone Center Playback Switch',index=1`` |
| --------------------------------------------------- |
| If this switch is on, then the sample for the center PCM is put to the |
| left headphone output (useful for SB Live cards without separate center/LFE |
| output). |
| |
| ``name='Headphone LFE Playback Switch',index=1`` |
| ------------------------------------------------ |
| If this switch is on, then the sample for the center PCM is put to the |
| right headphone output (useful for SB Live cards without separate center/LFE |
| output). |
| |
| |
| PCM stream related controls |
| =========================== |
| |
| ``name='EMU10K1 PCM Volume',index 0-31`` |
| ---------------------------------------- |
| Channel volume attenuation in range 0-0xffff. The maximum value (no |
| attenuation) is default. The channel mapping for three values is |
| as follows: |
| |
| * 0 - mono, default 0xffff (no attenuation) |
| * 1 - left, default 0xffff (no attenuation) |
| * 2 - right, default 0xffff (no attenuation) |
| |
| ``name='EMU10K1 PCM Send Routing',index 0-31`` |
| ---------------------------------------------- |
| This control specifies the destination - FX-bus accumulators. There are |
| twelve values with this mapping: |
| |
| * 0 - mono, A destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 0 |
| * 1 - mono, B destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 1 |
| * 2 - mono, C destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 2 |
| * 3 - mono, D destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 3 |
| * 4 - left, A destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 0 |
| * 5 - left, B destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 1 |
| * 6 - left, C destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 2 |
| * 7 - left, D destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 3 |
| * 8 - right, A destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 0 |
| * 9 - right, B destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 1 |
| * 10 - right, C destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 2 |
| * 11 - right, D destination (FX-bus 0-15), default 3 |
| |
| Don't forget that it's illegal to assign a channel to the same FX-bus accumulator |
| more than once (it means 0=0 && 1=0 is an invalid combination). |
| |
| ``name='EMU10K1 PCM Send Volume',index 0-31`` |
| --------------------------------------------- |
| It specifies the attenuation (amount) for given destination in range 0-255. |
| The channel mapping is following: |
| |
| * 0 - mono, A destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation) |
| * 1 - mono, B destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation) |
| * 2 - mono, C destination attn, default 0 (mute) |
| * 3 - mono, D destination attn, default 0 (mute) |
| * 4 - left, A destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation) |
| * 5 - left, B destination attn, default 0 (mute) |
| * 6 - left, C destination attn, default 0 (mute) |
| * 7 - left, D destination attn, default 0 (mute) |
| * 8 - right, A destination attn, default 0 (mute) |
| * 9 - right, B destination attn, default 255 (no attenuation) |
| * 10 - right, C destination attn, default 0 (mute) |
| * 11 - right, D destination attn, default 0 (mute) |
| |
| |
| |
| MANUALS/PATENTS |
| =============== |
| |
| ftp://opensource.creative.com/pub/doc |
| ------------------------------------- |
| |
| LM4545.pdf |
| AC97 Codec |
| m2049.pdf |
| The EMU10K1 Digital Audio Processor |
| hog63.ps |
| FX8010 - A DSP Chip Architecture for Audio Effects |
| |
| |
| WIPO Patents |
| ------------ |
| |
| WO 9901813 (A1) |
| Audio Effects Processor with multiple asynchronous streams |
| (Jan. 14, 1999) |
| |
| WO 9901814 (A1) |
| Processor with Instruction Set for Audio Effects (Jan. 14, 1999) |
| |
| WO 9901953 (A1) |
| Audio Effects Processor having Decoupled Instruction |
| Execution and Audio Data Sequencing (Jan. 14, 1999) |
| |
| |
| US Patents (https://www.uspto.gov/) |
| ---------------------------------- |
| |
| US 5925841 |
| Digital Sampling Instrument employing cache memory (Jul. 20, 1999) |
| |
| US 5928342 |
| Audio Effects Processor integrated on a single chip |
| with a multiport memory onto which multiple asynchronous |
| digital sound samples can be concurrently loaded |
| (Jul. 27, 1999) |
| |
| US 5930158 |
| Processor with Instruction Set for Audio Effects (Jul. 27, 1999) |
| |
| US 6032235 |
| Memory initialization circuit (Tram) (Feb. 29, 2000) |
| |
| US 6138207 |
| Interpolation looping of audio samples in cache connected to |
| system bus with prioritization and modification of bus transfers |
| in accordance with loop ends and minimum block sizes |
| (Oct. 24, 2000) |
| |
| US 6151670 |
| Method for conserving memory storage using a |
| pool of short term memory registers |
| (Nov. 21, 2000) |
| |
| US 6195715 |
| Interrupt control for multiple programs communicating with |
| a common interrupt by associating programs to GP registers, |
| defining interrupt register, polling GP registers, and invoking |
| callback routine associated with defined interrupt register |
| (Feb. 27, 2001) |
