Documentation/admin-guide/device-mapper/dm-crypt.rst

========
dm-crypt
========

Device-Mapper's "crypt" target provides transparent encryption of block devices
using the kernel crypto API.

For a more detailed description of supported parameters see:
https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup/wikis/DMCrypt

Parameters::

	      <cipher> <key> <iv_offset> <device path> \
	      <offset> [<#opt_params> <opt_params>]

<cipher>
    Encryption cipher, encryption mode and Initial Vector (IV) generator.

    The cipher specifications format is::

       cipher[:keycount]-chainmode-ivmode[:ivopts]

    Examples::

       aes-cbc-essiv:sha256
       aes-xts-plain64
       serpent-xts-plain64

    Cipher format also supports direct specification with kernel crypt API
    format (selected by capi: prefix). The IV specification is the same
    as for the first format type.
    This format is mainly used for specification of authenticated modes.

    The crypto API cipher specifications format is::

        capi:cipher_api_spec-ivmode[:ivopts]

    Examples::

        capi:cbc(aes)-essiv:sha256
        capi:xts(aes)-plain64

    Examples of authenticated modes::

        capi:gcm(aes)-random
        capi:authenc(hmac(sha256),xts(aes))-random
        capi:rfc7539(chacha20,poly1305)-random

    The /proc/crypto contains a list of currently loaded crypto modes.

<key>
    Key used for encryption. It is encoded either as a hexadecimal number
    or it can be passed as <key_string> prefixed with single colon
    character (':') for keys residing in kernel keyring service.
    You can only use key sizes that are valid for the selected cipher
    in combination with the selected iv mode.
    Note that for some iv modes the key string can contain additional
    keys (for example IV seed) so the key contains more parts concatenated
    into a single string.

<key_string>
    The kernel keyring key is identified by string in following format:
    <key_size>:<key_type>:<key_description>.

<key_size>
    The encryption key size in bytes. The kernel key payload size must match
    the value passed in <key_size>.

<key_type>
    Either 'logon', 'user', 'encrypted' or 'trusted' kernel key type.

<key_description>
    The kernel keyring key description crypt target should look for
    when loading key of <key_type>.

<keycount>
    Multi-key compatibility mode. You can define <keycount> keys and
    then sectors are encrypted according to their offsets (sector 0 uses key0;
    sector 1 uses key1 etc.).  <keycount> must be a power of two.

<iv_offset>
    The IV offset is a sector count that is added to the sector number
    before creating the IV.

<device path>
    This is the device that is going to be used as backend and contains the
    encrypted data.  You can specify it as a path like /dev/xxx or a device
    number <major>:<minor>.

<offset>
    Starting sector within the device where the encrypted data begins.

<#opt_params>
    Number of optional parameters. If there are no optional parameters,
    the optional parameters section can be skipped or #opt_params can be zero.
    Otherwise #opt_params is the number of following arguments.

    Example of optional parameters section:
        3 allow_discards same_cpu_crypt submit_from_crypt_cpus

allow_discards
    Block discard requests (a.k.a. TRIM) are passed through the crypt device.
    The default is to ignore discard requests.

    WARNING: Assess the specific security risks carefully before enabling this
    option.  For example, allowing discards on encrypted devices may lead to
    the leak of information about the ciphertext device (filesystem type,
    used space etc.) if the discarded blocks can be located easily on the
    device later.

same_cpu_crypt
    Perform encryption using the same cpu that IO was submitted on.
    The default is to use an unbound workqueue so that encryption work
    is automatically balanced between available CPUs.

high_priority
    Set dm-crypt workqueues and the writer thread to high priority. This
    improves throughput and latency of dm-crypt while degrading general
    responsiveness of the system.

submit_from_crypt_cpus
    Disable offloading writes to a separate thread after encryption.
    There are some situations where offloading write bios from the
    encryption threads to a single thread degrades performance
    significantly.  The default is to offload write bios to the same
    thread because it benefits CFQ to have writes submitted using the
    same context.

no_read_workqueue
    Bypass dm-crypt internal workqueue and process read requests synchronously.

no_write_workqueue
    Bypass dm-crypt internal workqueue and process write requests synchronously.
    This option is automatically enabled for host-managed zoned block devices
    (e.g. host-managed SMR hard-disks).

integrity:<bytes>:<type>
    The device requires additional <bytes> metadata per-sector stored
    in per-bio integrity structure. This metadata must by provided
    by underlying dm-integrity target.

    The <type> can be "none" if metadata is used only for persistent IV.

    For Authenticated Encryption with Additional Data (AEAD)
    the <type> is "aead". An AEAD mode additionally calculates and verifies
    integrity for the encrypted device. The additional space is then
    used for storing authentication tag (and persistent IV if needed).

sector_size:<bytes>
    Use <bytes> as the encryption unit instead of 512 bytes sectors.
    This option can be in range 512 - 4096 bytes and must be power of two.
    Virtual device will announce this size as a minimal IO and logical sector.

iv_large_sectors
   IV generators will use sector number counted in <sector_size> units
   instead of default 512 bytes sectors.

   For example, if <sector_size> is 4096 bytes, plain64 IV for the second
   sector will be 8 (without flag) and 1 if iv_large_sectors is present.
   The <iv_offset> must be multiple of <sector_size> (in 512 bytes units)
   if this flag is specified.


Module parameters::

   max_read_size
   max_write_size
      Maximum size of read or write requests. When a request larger than this size
      is received, dm-crypt will split the request. The splitting improves
      concurrency (the split requests could be encrypted in parallel by multiple
      cores), but it also causes overhead. The user should tune these parameters to
      fit the actual workload.


Example scripts
===============
LUKS (Linux Unified Key Setup) is now the preferred way to set up disk
encryption with dm-crypt using the 'cryptsetup' utility, see
https://gitlab.com/cryptsetup/cryptsetup

::

	#!/bin/sh
	# Create a crypt device using dmsetup
	dmsetup create crypt1 --table "0 `blockdev --getsz $1` crypt aes-cbc-essiv:sha256 babebabebabebabebabebabebabebabe 0 $1 0"

::

	#!/bin/sh
	# Create a crypt device using dmsetup when encryption key is stored in keyring service
	dmsetup create crypt2 --table "0 `blockdev --getsize $1` crypt aes-cbc-essiv:sha256 :32:logon:my_prefix:my_key 0 $1 0"

::

	#!/bin/sh
	# Create a crypt device using cryptsetup and LUKS header with default cipher
	cryptsetup luksFormat $1
	cryptsetup luksOpen $1 crypt1