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| <a name="Machine-Code"></a> |
| <p> |
| Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Source-Path.html#Source-Path">Source Path</a>, |
| Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Source.html#Source">Source</a> |
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| |
| <h3 class="section">9.6 Source and Machine Code</h3> |
| |
| <p><a name="index-source-line-and-its-code-address-595"></a> |
| You can use the command <code>info line</code> to map source lines to program |
| addresses (and vice versa), and the command <code>disassemble</code> to display |
| a range of addresses as machine instructions. You can use the command |
| <code>set disassemble-next-line</code> to set whether to disassemble next |
| source line when execution stops. When run under <span class="sc">gnu</span> Emacs |
| mode, the <code>info line</code> command causes the arrow to point to the |
| line specified. Also, <code>info line</code> prints addresses in symbolic form as |
| well as hex. |
| |
| |
| <a name="index-info-line-596"></a> |
| <dl><dt><code>info line</code><dt><code>info line </code><var>location</var><dd>Print the starting and ending addresses of the compiled code for |
| source line <var>location</var>. You can specify source lines in any of |
| the ways documented in <a href="Specify-Location.html#Specify-Location">Specify Location</a>. With no <var>location</var> |
| information about the current source line is printed. |
| </dl> |
| |
| <p>For example, we can use <code>info line</code> to discover the location of |
| the object code for the first line of function |
| <code>m4_changequote</code>: |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) info line m4_changequote |
| Line 895 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x634c <m4_changequote> and \ |
| ends at 0x6350 <m4_changequote+4>. |
| </pre> |
| <p class="noindent"><a name="index-code-address-and-its-source-line-597"></a>We can also inquire (using <code>*</code><var>addr</var> as the form for |
| <var>location</var>) what source line covers a particular address: |
| <pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) info line *0x63ff |
| Line 926 of "builtin.c" starts at pc 0x63e4 <m4_changequote+152> and \ |
| ends at 0x6404 <m4_changequote+184>. |
| </pre> |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007b_0024_005f_007d-and-_0040code_007binfo-line_007d-598"></a><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bx_007d-command_002c-default-address-599"></a><a name="index-x_0040r_007b_0028examine_0029_002c-and_007d-info-line-600"></a>After <code>info line</code>, the default address for the <code>x</code> command |
| is changed to the starting address of the line, so that ‘<samp><span class="samp">x/i</span></samp>’ is |
| sufficient to begin examining the machine code (see <a href="Memory.html#Memory">Examining Memory</a>). Also, this address is saved as the value of the |
| convenience variable <code>$_</code> (see <a href="Convenience-Vars.html#Convenience-Vars">Convenience Variables</a>). |
| |
| <p><a name="index-info-line_002c-repeated-calls-601"></a>After <code>info line</code>, using <code>info line</code> again without |
| specifying a location will display information about the next source |
| line. |
| |
| |
| <a name="index-disassemble-602"></a> |
| <a name="index-assembly-instructions-603"></a> |
| <a name="index-instructions_002c-assembly-604"></a> |
| <a name="index-machine-instructions-605"></a> |
| <a name="index-listing-machine-instructions-606"></a> |
| <dl><dt><code>disassemble</code><dt><code>disassemble /m</code><dt><code>disassemble /s</code><dt><code>disassemble /r</code><dd>This specialized command dumps a range of memory as machine |
| instructions. It can also print mixed source+disassembly by specifying |
| the <code>/m</code> or <code>/s</code> modifier and print the raw instructions in hex |
| as well as in symbolic form by specifying the <code>/r</code> modifier. |
| The default memory range is the function surrounding the |
| program counter of the selected frame. A single argument to this |
| command is a program counter value; <span class="sc">gdb</span> dumps the function |
| surrounding this value. When two arguments are given, they should |
| be separated by a comma, possibly surrounded by whitespace. The |
| arguments specify a range of addresses to dump, in one of two forms: |
| |
| <dl> |
| <dt><var>start</var><code>,</code><var>end</var><dd>the addresses from <var>start</var> (inclusive) to <var>end</var> (exclusive) |
| <br><dt><var>start</var><code>,+</code><var>length</var><dd>the addresses from <var>start</var> (inclusive) to |
| <var>start</var><code>+</code><var>length</var> (exclusive). |
| </dl> |
| |
| <p class="noindent">When 2 arguments are specified, the name of the function is also |
| printed (since there could be several functions in the given range). |
| |
| <p>The argument(s) can be any expression yielding a numeric value, such as |
| ‘<samp><span class="samp">0x32c4</span></samp>’, ‘<samp><span class="samp">&main+10</span></samp>’ or ‘<samp><span class="samp">$pc - 8</span></samp>’. |
| |
| <p>If the range of memory being disassembled contains current program counter, |
| the instruction at that location is shown with a <code>=></code> marker. |
| </dl> |
| |
| <p>The following example shows the disassembly of a range of addresses of |
| HP PA-RISC 2.0 code: |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) disas 0x32c4, 0x32e4 |
| Dump of assembler code from 0x32c4 to 0x32e4: |
| 0x32c4 <main+204>: addil 0,dp |
| 0x32c8 <main+208>: ldw 0x22c(sr0,r1),r26 |
| 0x32cc <main+212>: ldil 0x3000,r31 |
| 0x32d0 <main+216>: ble 0x3f8(sr4,r31) |
| 0x32d4 <main+220>: ldo 0(r31),rp |
| 0x32d8 <main+224>: addil -0x800,dp |
| 0x32dc <main+228>: ldo 0x588(r1),r26 |
| 0x32e0 <main+232>: ldil 0x3000,r31 |
| End of assembler dump. |
| </pre> |
| <p>Here is an example showing mixed source+assembly for Intel x86 |
| with <code>/m</code> or <code>/s</code>, when the program is stopped just after |
| function prologue in a non-optimized function with no inline code. |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) disas /m main |
| Dump of assembler code for function main: |
| 5 { |
| 0x08048330 <+0>: push %ebp |
| 0x08048331 <+1>: mov %esp,%ebp |
| 0x08048333 <+3>: sub $0x8,%esp |
| 0x08048336 <+6>: and $0xfffffff0,%esp |
| 0x08048339 <+9>: sub $0x10,%esp |
| |
| 6 printf ("Hello.\n"); |
| => 0x0804833c <+12>: movl $0x8048440,(%esp) |
| 0x08048343 <+19>: call 0x8048284 <puts@plt> |
| |
| 7 return 0; |
| 8 } |
| 0x08048348 <+24>: mov $0x0,%eax |
| 0x0804834d <+29>: leave |
| 0x0804834e <+30>: ret |
| |
| End of assembler dump. |
| </pre> |
| <p>The <code>/m</code> option is deprecated as its output is not useful when |
| there is either inlined code or re-ordered code. |
| The <code>/s</code> option is the preferred choice. |
| Here is an example for AMD x86-64 showing the difference between |
| <code>/m</code> output and <code>/s</code> output. |
| This example has one inline function defined in a header file, |
| and the code is compiled with ‘<samp><span class="samp">-O2</span></samp>’ optimization. |
| Note how the <code>/m</code> output is missing the disassembly of |
| several instructions that are present in the <code>/s</code> output. |
| |
| <p><samp><span class="file">foo.h</span></samp>: |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> int |
| foo (int a) |
| { |
| if (a < 0) |
| return a * 2; |
| if (a == 0) |
| return 1; |
| return a + 10; |
| } |
| </pre> |
| <p><samp><span class="file">foo.c</span></samp>: |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> #include "foo.h" |
| volatile int x, y; |
| int |
| main () |
| { |
| x = foo (y); |
| return 0; |
| } |
| </pre> |
| <pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) disas /m main |
| Dump of assembler code for function main: |
| 5 { |
| |
| 6 x = foo (y); |
| 0x0000000000400400 <+0>: mov 0x200c2e(%rip),%eax # 0x601034 <y> |
| 0x0000000000400417 <+23>: mov %eax,0x200c13(%rip) # 0x601030 <x> |
| |
| 7 return 0; |
| 8 } |
| 0x000000000040041d <+29>: xor %eax,%eax |
| 0x000000000040041f <+31>: retq |
| 0x0000000000400420 <+32>: add %eax,%eax |
| 0x0000000000400422 <+34>: jmp 0x400417 <main+23> |
| |
| End of assembler dump. |
| (gdb) disas /s main |
| Dump of assembler code for function main: |
| foo.c: |
| 5 { |
| 6 x = foo (y); |
| 0x0000000000400400 <+0>: mov 0x200c2e(%rip),%eax # 0x601034 <y> |
| |
| foo.h: |
| 4 if (a < 0) |
| 0x0000000000400406 <+6>: test %eax,%eax |
| 0x0000000000400408 <+8>: js 0x400420 <main+32> |
| |
| 6 if (a == 0) |
| 7 return 1; |
| 8 return a + 10; |
| 0x000000000040040a <+10>: lea 0xa(%rax),%edx |
| 0x000000000040040d <+13>: test %eax,%eax |
| 0x000000000040040f <+15>: mov $0x1,%eax |
| 0x0000000000400414 <+20>: cmovne %edx,%eax |
| |
| foo.c: |
| 6 x = foo (y); |
| 0x0000000000400417 <+23>: mov %eax,0x200c13(%rip) # 0x601030 <x> |
| |
| 7 return 0; |
| 8 } |
| 0x000000000040041d <+29>: xor %eax,%eax |
| 0x000000000040041f <+31>: retq |
| |
| foo.h: |
| 5 return a * 2; |
| 0x0000000000400420 <+32>: add %eax,%eax |
| 0x0000000000400422 <+34>: jmp 0x400417 <main+23> |
| End of assembler dump. |
| </pre> |
| <p>Here is another example showing raw instructions in hex for AMD x86-64, |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) disas /r 0x400281,+10 |
| Dump of assembler code from 0x400281 to 0x40028b: |
| 0x0000000000400281: 38 36 cmp %dh,(%rsi) |
| 0x0000000000400283: 2d 36 34 2e 73 sub $0x732e3436,%eax |
| 0x0000000000400288: 6f outsl %ds:(%rsi),(%dx) |
| 0x0000000000400289: 2e 32 00 xor %cs:(%rax),%al |
| End of assembler dump. |
| </pre> |
| <p>Addresses cannot be specified as a location (see <a href="Specify-Location.html#Specify-Location">Specify Location</a>). |
| So, for example, if you want to disassemble function <code>bar</code> |
| in file <samp><span class="file">foo.c</span></samp>, you must type ‘<samp><span class="samp">disassemble 'foo.c'::bar</span></samp>’ |
| and not ‘<samp><span class="samp">disassemble foo.c:bar</span></samp>’. |
| |
| <p>Some architectures have more than one commonly-used set of instruction |
| mnemonics or other syntax. |
| |
| <p>For programs that were dynamically linked and use shared libraries, |
| instructions that call functions or branch to locations in the shared |
| libraries might show a seemingly bogus location—it's actually a |
| location of the relocation table. On some architectures, <span class="sc">gdb</span> |
| might be able to resolve these to actual function names. |
| |
| |
| <a name="index-set-disassembler_002doptions-607"></a> |
| <a name="index-disassembler-options-608"></a> |
| <dl><dt><code>set disassembler-options </code><var>option1</var><code>[,</code><var>option2</var><code>...]</code><dd>This command controls the passing of target specific information to |
| the disassembler. For a list of valid options, please refer to the |
| <code>-M</code>/<code>--disassembler-options</code> section of the ‘<samp><span class="samp">objdump</span></samp>’ |
| manual and/or the output of <kbd>objdump --help</kbd> |
| (see <a href="../binutils/objdump.html#objdump">objdump</a>). |
| The default value is the empty string. |
| |
| <p>If it is necessary to specify more than one disassembler option, then |
| multiple options can be placed together into a comma separated list. |
| Currently this command is only supported on targets ARM, MIPS, PowerPC |
| and S/390. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-show-disassembler_002doptions-609"></a><br><dt><code>show disassembler-options</code><dd>Show the current setting of the disassembler options. |
| </dl> |
| |
| |
| <a name="index-set-disassembly_002dflavor-610"></a> |
| <a name="index-Intel-disassembly-flavor-611"></a> |
| <a name="index-AT_0026T-disassembly-flavor-612"></a> |
| <dl><dt><code>set disassembly-flavor </code><var>instruction-set</var><dd>Select the instruction set to use when disassembling the |
| program via the <code>disassemble</code> or <code>x/i</code> commands. |
| |
| <p>Currently this command is only defined for the Intel x86 family. You |
| can set <var>instruction-set</var> to either <code>intel</code> or <code>att</code>. |
| The default is <code>att</code>, the AT&T flavor used by default by Unix |
| assemblers for x86-based targets. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-show-disassembly_002dflavor-613"></a><br><dt><code>show disassembly-flavor</code><dd>Show the current setting of the disassembly flavor. |
| </dl> |
| |
| |
| <a name="index-set-disassemble_002dnext_002dline-614"></a> |
| <a name="index-show-disassemble_002dnext_002dline-615"></a> |
| <dl><dt><code>set disassemble-next-line</code><dt><code>show disassemble-next-line</code><dd>Control whether or not <span class="sc">gdb</span> will disassemble the next source |
| line or instruction when execution stops. If ON, <span class="sc">gdb</span> will |
| display disassembly of the next source line when execution of the |
| program being debugged stops. This is <em>in addition</em> to |
| displaying the source line itself, which <span class="sc">gdb</span> always does if |
| possible. If the next source line cannot be displayed for some reason |
| (e.g., if <span class="sc">gdb</span> cannot find the source file, or there's no line |
| info in the debug info), <span class="sc">gdb</span> will display disassembly of the |
| next <em>instruction</em> instead of showing the next source line. If |
| AUTO, <span class="sc">gdb</span> will display disassembly of next instruction only |
| if the source line cannot be displayed. This setting causes |
| <span class="sc">gdb</span> to display some feedback when you step through a function |
| with no line info or whose source file is unavailable. The default is |
| OFF, which means never display the disassembly of the next line or |
| instruction. |
| </dl> |
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