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| <h3 class="section">4.10 Debugging Programs with Multiple Threads</h3> |
| |
| <p><a name="index-threads-of-execution-170"></a><a name="index-multiple-threads-171"></a><a name="index-switching-threads-172"></a>In some operating systems, such as GNU/Linux and Solaris, a single program |
| may have more than one <dfn>thread</dfn> of execution. The precise semantics |
| of threads differ from one operating system to another, but in general |
| the threads of a single program are akin to multiple processes—except |
| that they share one address space (that is, they can all examine and |
| modify the same variables). On the other hand, each thread has its own |
| registers and execution stack, and perhaps private memory. |
| |
| <p><span class="sc">gdb</span> provides these facilities for debugging multi-thread |
| programs: |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>automatic notification of new threads |
| <li>‘<samp><span class="samp">thread </span><var>thread-id</var></samp>’, a command to switch among threads |
| <li>‘<samp><span class="samp">info threads</span></samp>’, a command to inquire about existing threads |
| <li>‘<samp><span class="samp">thread apply [</span><var>thread-id-list</var><span class="samp"> | all] </span><var>args</var></samp>’, |
| a command to apply a command to a list of threads |
| <li>thread-specific breakpoints |
| <li>‘<samp><span class="samp">set print thread-events</span></samp>’, which controls printing of |
| messages on thread start and exit. |
| <li>‘<samp><span class="samp">set libthread-db-search-path </span><var>path</var></samp>’, which lets |
| the user specify which <code>libthread_db</code> to use if the default choice |
| isn't compatible with the program. |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p><a name="index-focus-of-debugging-173"></a><a name="index-current-thread-174"></a>The <span class="sc">gdb</span> thread debugging facility allows you to observe all |
| threads while your program runs—but whenever <span class="sc">gdb</span> takes |
| control, one thread in particular is always the focus of debugging. |
| This thread is called the <dfn>current thread</dfn>. Debugging commands show |
| program information from the perspective of the current thread. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0040code_007bNew_007d-_0040var_007bsystag_007d-message-175"></a><a name="index-thread-identifier-_0028system_0029-176"></a><!-- FIXME-implementors!! It would be more helpful if the [New...] message --> |
| <!-- included GDB's numeric thread handle, so you could just go to that --> |
| <!-- thread without first checking `info threads'. --> |
| Whenever <span class="sc">gdb</span> detects a new thread in your program, it displays |
| the target system's identification for the thread with a message in the |
| form ‘<samp><span class="samp">[New </span><var>systag</var><span class="samp">]</span></samp>’, where <var>systag</var> is a thread identifier |
| whose form varies depending on the particular system. For example, on |
| <span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux, you might see |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> [New Thread 0x41e02940 (LWP 25582)] |
| </pre> |
| <p class="noindent">when <span class="sc">gdb</span> notices a new thread. In contrast, on other systems, |
| the <var>systag</var> is simply something like ‘<samp><span class="samp">process 368</span></samp>’, with no |
| further qualifier. |
| |
| <!-- FIXME!! (1) Does the [New...] message appear even for the very first --> |
| <!-- thread of a program, or does it only appear for the --> |
| <!-- second-i.e.@: when it becomes obvious we have a multithread --> |
| <!-- program? --> |
| <!-- (2) *Is* there necessarily a first thread always? Or do some --> |
| <!-- multithread systems permit starting a program with multiple --> |
| <!-- threads ab initio? --> |
| <p><a name="thread-numbers"></a><a name="index-thread-number_002c-per-inferior-177"></a><a name="index-thread-identifier-_0028GDB_0029-178"></a>For debugging purposes, <span class="sc">gdb</span> associates its own thread number |
| —always a single integer—with each thread of an inferior. This |
| number is unique between all threads of an inferior, but not unique |
| between threads of different inferiors. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-qualified-thread-ID-179"></a>You can refer to a given thread in an inferior using the qualified |
| <var>inferior-num</var>.<var>thread-num</var> syntax, also known as |
| <dfn>qualified thread ID</dfn>, with <var>inferior-num</var> being the inferior |
| number and <var>thread-num</var> being the thread number of the given |
| inferior. For example, thread <code>2.3</code> refers to thread number 3 of |
| inferior 2. If you omit <var>inferior-num</var> (e.g., <code>thread 3</code>), |
| then <span class="sc">gdb</span> infers you're referring to a thread of the current |
| inferior. |
| |
| <p>Until you create a second inferior, <span class="sc">gdb</span> does not show the |
| <var>inferior-num</var> part of thread IDs, even though you can always use |
| the full <var>inferior-num</var>.<var>thread-num</var> form to refer to threads |
| of inferior 1, the initial inferior. |
| |
| <p><a name="thread-ID-lists"></a><a name="index-thread-ID-lists-180"></a>Some commands accept a space-separated <dfn>thread ID list</dfn> as |
| argument. A list element can be: |
| |
| <ol type=1 start=1> |
| <li>A thread ID as shown in the first field of the ‘<samp><span class="samp">info threads</span></samp>’ |
| display, with or without an inferior qualifier. E.g., ‘<samp><span class="samp">2.1</span></samp>’ or |
| ‘<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>’. |
| |
| <li>A range of thread numbers, again with or without an inferior |
| qualifier, as in <var>inf</var>.<var>thr1</var>-<var>thr2</var> or |
| <var>thr1</var>-<var>thr2</var>. E.g., ‘<samp><span class="samp">1.2-4</span></samp>’ or ‘<samp><span class="samp">2-4</span></samp>’. |
| |
| <li>All threads of an inferior, specified with a star wildcard, with or |
| without an inferior qualifier, as in <var>inf</var>.<code>*</code> (e.g., |
| ‘<samp><span class="samp">1.*</span></samp>’) or <code>*</code>. The former refers to all threads of the |
| given inferior, and the latter form without an inferior qualifier |
| refers to all threads of the current inferior. |
| |
| </ol> |
| |
| <p>For example, if the current inferior is 1, and inferior 7 has one |
| thread with ID 7.1, the thread list ‘<samp><span class="samp">1 2-3 4.5 6.7-9 7.*</span></samp>’ |
| includes threads 1 to 3 of inferior 1, thread 5 of inferior 4, threads |
| 7 to 9 of inferior 6 and all threads of inferior 7. That is, in |
| expanded qualified form, the same as ‘<samp><span class="samp">1.1 1.2 1.3 4.5 6.7 6.8 6.9 |
| 7.1</span></samp>’. |
| |
| <p><a name="global-thread-numbers"></a><a name="index-global-thread-number-181"></a><a name="index-global-thread-identifier-_0028GDB_0029-182"></a>In addition to a <em>per-inferior</em> number, each thread is also |
| assigned a unique <em>global</em> number, also known as <dfn>global |
| thread ID</dfn>, a single integer. Unlike the thread number component of |
| the thread ID, no two threads have the same global ID, even when |
| you're debugging multiple inferiors. |
| |
| <p>From <span class="sc">gdb</span>'s perspective, a process always has at least one |
| thread. In other words, <span class="sc">gdb</span> assigns a thread number to the |
| program's “main thread” even if the program is not multi-threaded. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-g_t_0024_005fthread_0040r_007b_002c-convenience-variable_007d-183"></a><a name="index-g_t_0024_005fgthread_0040r_007b_002c-convenience-variable_007d-184"></a>The debugger convenience variables ‘<samp><span class="samp">$_thread</span></samp>’ and |
| ‘<samp><span class="samp">$_gthread</span></samp>’ contain, respectively, the per-inferior thread number |
| and the global thread number of the current thread. You may find this |
| useful in writing breakpoint conditional expressions, command scripts, |
| and so forth. See <a href="Convenience-Vars.html#Convenience-Vars">Convenience Variables</a>, for |
| general information on convenience variables. |
| |
| <p>If <span class="sc">gdb</span> detects the program is multi-threaded, it augments the |
| usual message about stopping at a breakpoint with the ID and name of |
| the thread that hit the breakpoint. |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> Thread 2 "client" hit Breakpoint 1, send_message () at client.c:68 |
| </pre> |
| <p>Likewise when the program receives a signal: |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> Thread 1 "main" received signal SIGINT, Interrupt. |
| </pre> |
| |
| <a name="index-info-threads-185"></a> |
| <dl><dt><code>info threads </code><span class="roman">[</span><var>thread-id-list</var><span class="roman">]</span><dd> |
| Display information about one or more threads. With no arguments |
| displays information about all threads. You can specify the list of |
| threads that you want to display using the thread ID list syntax |
| (see <a href="thread-ID-lists.html#thread-ID-lists">thread ID lists</a>). |
| |
| <p><span class="sc">gdb</span> displays for each thread (in this order): |
| |
| <ol type=1 start=1> |
| <li>the per-inferior thread number assigned by <span class="sc">gdb</span> |
| |
| <li>the global thread number assigned by <span class="sc">gdb</span>, if the ‘<samp><span class="samp">-gid</span></samp>’ |
| option was specified |
| |
| <li>the target system's thread identifier (<var>systag</var>) |
| |
| <li>the thread's name, if one is known. A thread can either be named by |
| the user (see <code>thread name</code>, below), or, in some cases, by the |
| program itself. |
| |
| <li>the current stack frame summary for that thread |
| </ol> |
| |
| <p class="noindent">An asterisk ‘<samp><span class="samp">*</span></samp>’ to the left of the <span class="sc">gdb</span> thread number |
| indicates the current thread. |
| |
| <p>For example, |
| </dl> |
| <!-- end table here to get a little more width for example --> |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) info threads |
| Id Target Id Frame |
| * 1 process 35 thread 13 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8) |
| 2 process 35 thread 23 0x34e5 in sigpause () |
| 3 process 35 thread 27 0x34e5 in sigpause () |
| at threadtest.c:68 |
| </pre> |
| <p>If you're debugging multiple inferiors, <span class="sc">gdb</span> displays thread |
| IDs using the qualified <var>inferior-num</var>.<var>thread-num</var> format. |
| Otherwise, only <var>thread-num</var> is shown. |
| |
| <p>If you specify the ‘<samp><span class="samp">-gid</span></samp>’ option, <span class="sc">gdb</span> displays a column |
| indicating each thread's global thread ID: |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) info threads |
| Id GId Target Id Frame |
| 1.1 1 process 35 thread 13 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8) |
| 1.2 3 process 35 thread 23 0x34e5 in sigpause () |
| 1.3 4 process 35 thread 27 0x34e5 in sigpause () |
| * 2.1 2 process 65 thread 1 main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffffff8) |
| </pre> |
| <p>On Solaris, you can display more information about user threads with a |
| Solaris-specific command: |
| |
| <dl> |
| <dt><code>maint info sol-threads</code><dd><a name="index-maint-info-sol_002dthreads-186"></a><a name="index-thread-info-_0028Solaris_0029-187"></a>Display info on Solaris user threads. |
| </dl> |
| |
| |
| <a name="index-thread-_0040var_007bthread_002did_007d-188"></a> |
| <dl><dt><code>thread </code><var>thread-id</var><dd>Make thread ID <var>thread-id</var> the current thread. The command |
| argument <var>thread-id</var> is the <span class="sc">gdb</span> thread ID, as shown in |
| the first field of the ‘<samp><span class="samp">info threads</span></samp>’ display, with or without an |
| inferior qualifier (e.g., ‘<samp><span class="samp">2.1</span></samp>’ or ‘<samp><span class="samp">1</span></samp>’). |
| |
| <p><span class="sc">gdb</span> responds by displaying the system identifier of the |
| thread you selected, and its current stack frame summary: |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) thread 2 |
| [Switching to thread 2 (Thread 0xb7fdab70 (LWP 12747))] |
| #0 some_function (ignore=0x0) at example.c:8 |
| 8 printf ("hello\n"); |
| </pre> |
| <p class="noindent">As with the ‘<samp><span class="samp">[New ...]</span></samp>’ message, the form of the text after |
| ‘<samp><span class="samp">Switching to</span></samp>’ depends on your system's conventions for identifying |
| threads. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-thread-apply-189"></a><a name="index-apply-command-to-several-threads-190"></a><br><dt><code>thread apply [</code><var>thread-id-list</var><code> | all [-ascending]] [</code><var>flag</var><code>]... </code><var>command</var><dd>The <code>thread apply</code> command allows you to apply the named |
| <var>command</var> to one or more threads. Specify the threads that you |
| want affected using the thread ID list syntax (see <a href="thread-ID-lists.html#thread-ID-lists">thread ID lists</a>), or specify <code>all</code> to apply to all threads. To apply a |
| command to all threads in descending order, type <kbd>thread apply all |
| </kbd><var>command</var>. To apply a command to all threads in ascending order, |
| type <kbd>thread apply all -ascending </kbd><var>command</var>. |
| |
| <p>The <var>flag</var> arguments control what output to produce and how to handle |
| errors raised when applying <var>command</var> to a thread. <var>flag</var> |
| must start with a <code>-</code> directly followed by one letter in |
| <code>qcs</code>. If several flags are provided, they must be given |
| individually, such as <code>-c -q</code>. |
| |
| <p>By default, <span class="sc">gdb</span> displays some thread information before the |
| output produced by <var>command</var>, and an error raised during the |
| execution of a <var>command</var> will abort <code>thread apply</code>. The |
| following flags can be used to fine-tune this behavior: |
| |
| <dl> |
| <dt><code>-c</code><dd>The flag <code>-c</code>, which stands for ‘<samp><span class="samp">continue</span></samp>’, causes any |
| errors in <var>command</var> to be displayed, and the execution of |
| <code>thread apply</code> then continues. |
| <br><dt><code>-s</code><dd>The flag <code>-s</code>, which stands for ‘<samp><span class="samp">silent</span></samp>’, causes any errors |
| or empty output produced by a <var>command</var> to be silently ignored. |
| That is, the execution continues, but the thread information and errors |
| are not printed. |
| <br><dt><code>-q</code><dd>The flag <code>-q</code> (‘<samp><span class="samp">quiet</span></samp>’) disables printing the thread |
| information. |
| </dl> |
| |
| <p>Flags <code>-c</code> and <code>-s</code> cannot be used together. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-taas-191"></a><a name="index-apply-command-to-all-threads-_0028ignoring-errors-and-empty-output_0029-192"></a><br><dt><code>taas </code><var>command</var><dd>Shortcut for <code>thread apply all -s </code><var>command</var>. |
| Applies <var>command</var> on all threads, ignoring errors and empty output. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-tfaas-193"></a><a name="index-apply-a-command-to-all-frames-of-all-threads-_0028ignoring-errors-and-empty-output_0029-194"></a><br><dt><code>tfaas </code><var>command</var><dd>Shortcut for <code>thread apply all -s frame apply all -s </code><var>command</var>. |
| Applies <var>command</var> on all frames of all threads, ignoring errors |
| and empty output. Note that the flag <code>-s</code> is specified twice: |
| The first <code>-s</code> ensures that <code>thread apply</code> only shows the thread |
| information of the threads for which <code>frame apply</code> produces |
| some output. The second <code>-s</code> is needed to ensure that <code>frame |
| apply</code> shows the frame information of a frame only if the |
| <var>command</var> successfully produced some output. |
| |
| <p>It can for example be used to print a local variable or a function |
| argument without knowing the thread or frame where this variable or argument |
| is, using: |
| <pre class="smallexample"> (gdb) tfaas p some_local_var_i_do_not_remember_where_it_is |
| </pre> |
| <p><a name="index-thread-name-195"></a><a name="index-name-a-thread-196"></a><br><dt><code>thread name [</code><var>name</var><code>]</code><dd>This command assigns a name to the current thread. If no argument is |
| given, any existing user-specified name is removed. The thread name |
| appears in the ‘<samp><span class="samp">info threads</span></samp>’ display. |
| |
| <p>On some systems, such as <span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux, <span class="sc">gdb</span> is able to |
| determine the name of the thread as given by the OS. On these |
| systems, a name specified with ‘<samp><span class="samp">thread name</span></samp>’ will override the |
| system-give name, and removing the user-specified name will cause |
| <span class="sc">gdb</span> to once again display the system-specified name. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-thread-find-197"></a><a name="index-search-for-a-thread-198"></a><br><dt><code>thread find [</code><var>regexp</var><code>]</code><dd>Search for and display thread ids whose name or <var>systag</var> |
| matches the supplied regular expression. |
| |
| <p>As well as being the complement to the ‘<samp><span class="samp">thread name</span></samp>’ command, |
| this command also allows you to identify a thread by its target |
| <var>systag</var>. For instance, on <span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux, the target <var>systag</var> |
| is the LWP id. |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> (<span class="sc">gdb</span>) thread find 26688 |
| Thread 4 has target id 'Thread 0x41e02940 (LWP 26688)' |
| (<span class="sc">gdb</span>) info thread 4 |
| Id Target Id Frame |
| 4 Thread 0x41e02940 (LWP 26688) 0x00000031ca6cd372 in select () |
| </pre> |
| <p><a name="index-set-print-thread_002devents-199"></a><a name="index-print-messages-on-thread-start-and-exit-200"></a><br><dt><code>set print thread-events</code><dt><code>set print thread-events on</code><dt><code>set print thread-events off</code><dd>The <code>set print thread-events</code> command allows you to enable or |
| disable printing of messages when <span class="sc">gdb</span> notices that new threads have |
| started or that threads have exited. By default, these messages will |
| be printed if detection of these events is supported by the target. |
| Note that these messages cannot be disabled on all targets. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-show-print-thread_002devents-201"></a><br><dt><code>show print thread-events</code><dd>Show whether messages will be printed when <span class="sc">gdb</span> detects that threads |
| have started and exited. |
| </dl> |
| |
| <p>See <a href="Thread-Stops.html#Thread-Stops">Stopping and Starting Multi-thread Programs</a>, for |
| more information about how <span class="sc">gdb</span> behaves when you stop and start |
| programs with multiple threads. |
| |
| <p>See <a href="Set-Watchpoints.html#Set-Watchpoints">Setting Watchpoints</a>, for information about |
| watchpoints in programs with multiple threads. |
| |
| <p><a name="set-libthread_002ddb_002dsearch_002dpath"></a> |
| |
| <a name="index-set-libthread_002ddb_002dsearch_002dpath-202"></a> |
| <a name="index-search-path-for-_0040code_007blibthread_005fdb_007d-203"></a> |
| <dl><dt><code>set libthread-db-search-path </code><span class="roman">[</span><var>path</var><span class="roman">]</span><dd>If this variable is set, <var>path</var> is a colon-separated list of |
| directories <span class="sc">gdb</span> will use to search for <code>libthread_db</code>. |
| If you omit <var>path</var>, ‘<samp><span class="samp">libthread-db-search-path</span></samp>’ will be reset to |
| its default value (<code>$sdir:$pdir</code> on <span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux and Solaris systems). |
| Internally, the default value comes from the <code>LIBTHREAD_DB_SEARCH_PATH</code> |
| macro. |
| |
| <p>On <span class="sc">gnu</span>/Linux and Solaris systems, <span class="sc">gdb</span> uses a “helper” |
| <code>libthread_db</code> library to obtain information about threads in the |
| inferior process. <span class="sc">gdb</span> will use ‘<samp><span class="samp">libthread-db-search-path</span></samp>’ |
| to find <code>libthread_db</code>. <span class="sc">gdb</span> also consults first if inferior |
| specific thread debugging library loading is enabled |
| by ‘<samp><span class="samp">set auto-load libthread-db</span></samp>’ (see <a href="libthread_005fdb_002eso_002e1-file.html#libthread_005fdb_002eso_002e1-file">libthread_db.so.1 file</a>). |
| |
| <p>A special entry ‘<samp><span class="samp">$sdir</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">libthread-db-search-path</span></samp>’ |
| refers to the default system directories that are |
| normally searched for loading shared libraries. The ‘<samp><span class="samp">$sdir</span></samp>’ entry |
| is the only kind not needing to be enabled by ‘<samp><span class="samp">set auto-load libthread-db</span></samp>’ |
| (see <a href="libthread_005fdb_002eso_002e1-file.html#libthread_005fdb_002eso_002e1-file">libthread_db.so.1 file</a>). |
| |
| <p>A special entry ‘<samp><span class="samp">$pdir</span></samp>’ for ‘<samp><span class="samp">libthread-db-search-path</span></samp>’ |
| refers to the directory from which <code>libpthread</code> |
| was loaded in the inferior process. |
| |
| <p>For any <code>libthread_db</code> library <span class="sc">gdb</span> finds in above directories, |
| <span class="sc">gdb</span> attempts to initialize it with the current inferior process. |
| If this initialization fails (which could happen because of a version |
| mismatch between <code>libthread_db</code> and <code>libpthread</code>), <span class="sc">gdb</span> |
| will unload <code>libthread_db</code>, and continue with the next directory. |
| If none of <code>libthread_db</code> libraries initialize successfully, |
| <span class="sc">gdb</span> will issue a warning and thread debugging will be disabled. |
| |
| <p>Setting <code>libthread-db-search-path</code> is currently implemented |
| only on some platforms. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-show-libthread_002ddb_002dsearch_002dpath-204"></a><br><dt><code>show libthread-db-search-path</code><dd>Display current libthread_db search path. |
| |
| <p><a name="index-set-debug-libthread_002ddb-205"></a><a name="index-show-debug-libthread_002ddb-206"></a><a name="index-debugging-_0040code_007blibthread_005fdb_007d-207"></a><br><dt><code>set debug libthread-db</code><dt><code>show debug libthread-db</code><dd>Turns on or off display of <code>libthread_db</code>-related events. |
| Use <code>1</code> to enable, <code>0</code> to disable. |
| </dl> |
| |
| </body></html> |
| |
