| <html lang="en"> |
| <head> |
| <title>Expression Section - Untitled</title> |
| <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html"> |
| <meta name="description" content="Untitled"> |
| <meta name="generator" content="makeinfo 4.13"> |
| <link title="Top" rel="start" href="index.html#Top"> |
| <link rel="up" href="Expressions.html#Expressions" title="Expressions"> |
| <link rel="prev" href="Evaluation.html#Evaluation" title="Evaluation"> |
| <link rel="next" href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions" title="Builtin Functions"> |
| <link href="http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/" rel="generator-home" title="Texinfo Homepage"> |
| <!-- |
| This file documents the GNU linker LD |
| (GNU Toolchain for the A-profile Architecture 9.2-2019.12 (arm-9.10)) |
| version 2.33.1. |
| |
| Copyright (C) 1991-2019 Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| |
| Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
| under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 |
| or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; |
| with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no |
| Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the |
| section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.--> |
| <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css"> |
| <style type="text/css"><!-- |
| pre.display { font-family:inherit } |
| pre.format { font-family:inherit } |
| pre.smalldisplay { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } |
| pre.smallformat { font-family:inherit; font-size:smaller } |
| pre.smallexample { font-size:smaller } |
| pre.smalllisp { font-size:smaller } |
| span.sc { font-variant:small-caps } |
| span.roman { font-family:serif; font-weight:normal; } |
| span.sansserif { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:normal; } |
| --></style> |
| </head> |
| <body> |
| <div class="node"> |
| <a name="Expression-Section"></a> |
| <p> |
| Next: <a rel="next" accesskey="n" href="Builtin-Functions.html#Builtin-Functions">Builtin Functions</a>, |
| Previous: <a rel="previous" accesskey="p" href="Evaluation.html#Evaluation">Evaluation</a>, |
| Up: <a rel="up" accesskey="u" href="Expressions.html#Expressions">Expressions</a> |
| <hr> |
| </div> |
| |
| <h4 class="subsection">3.10.8 The Section of an Expression</h4> |
| |
| <p><a name="index-expression-sections-579"></a><a name="index-absolute-expressions-580"></a><a name="index-relative-expressions-581"></a><a name="index-absolute-and-relocatable-symbols-582"></a><a name="index-relocatable-and-absolute-symbols-583"></a><a name="index-symbols_002c-relocatable-and-absolute-584"></a>Addresses and symbols may be section relative, or absolute. A section |
| relative symbol is relocatable. If you request relocatable output |
| using the ‘<samp><span class="samp">-r</span></samp>’ option, a further link operation may change the |
| value of a section relative symbol. On the other hand, an absolute |
| symbol will retain the same value throughout any further link |
| operations. |
| |
| <p>Some terms in linker expressions are addresses. This is true of |
| section relative symbols and for builtin functions that return an |
| address, such as <code>ADDR</code>, <code>LOADADDR</code>, <code>ORIGIN</code> and |
| <code>SEGMENT_START</code>. Other terms are simply numbers, or are builtin |
| functions that return a non-address value, such as <code>LENGTH</code>. |
| One complication is that unless you set <code>LD_FEATURE ("SANE_EXPR")</code> |
| (see <a href="Miscellaneous-Commands.html#Miscellaneous-Commands">Miscellaneous Commands</a>), numbers and absolute symbols are treated |
| differently depending on their location, for compatibility with older |
| versions of <code>ld</code>. Expressions appearing outside an output |
| section definition treat all numbers as absolute addresses. |
| Expressions appearing inside an output section definition treat |
| absolute symbols as numbers. If <code>LD_FEATURE ("SANE_EXPR")</code> is |
| given, then absolute symbols and numbers are simply treated as numbers |
| everywhere. |
| |
| <p>In the following simple example, |
| |
| <pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS |
| { |
| . = 0x100; |
| __executable_start = 0x100; |
| .data : |
| { |
| . = 0x10; |
| __data_start = 0x10; |
| *(.data) |
| } |
| ... |
| } |
| </pre> |
| <p>both <code>.</code> and <code>__executable_start</code> are set to the absolute |
| address 0x100 in the first two assignments, then both <code>.</code> and |
| <code>__data_start</code> are set to 0x10 relative to the <code>.data</code> |
| section in the second two assignments. |
| |
| <p>For expressions involving numbers, relative addresses and absolute |
| addresses, ld follows these rules to evaluate terms: |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>Unary operations on an absolute address or number, and binary |
| operations on two absolute addresses or two numbers, or between one |
| absolute address and a number, apply the operator to the value(s). |
| <li>Unary operations on a relative address, and binary operations on two |
| relative addresses in the same section or between one relative address |
| and a number, apply the operator to the offset part of the address(es). |
| <li>Other binary operations, that is, between two relative addresses not |
| in the same section, or between a relative address and an absolute |
| address, first convert any non-absolute term to an absolute address |
| before applying the operator. |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>The result section of each sub-expression is as follows: |
| |
| <ul> |
| <li>An operation involving only numbers results in a number. |
| <li>The result of comparisons, ‘<samp><span class="samp">&&</span></samp>’ and ‘<samp><span class="samp">||</span></samp>’ is also a number. |
| <li>The result of other binary arithmetic and logical operations on two |
| relative addresses in the same section or two absolute addresses |
| (after above conversions) is also a number when |
| <code>LD_FEATURE ("SANE_EXPR")</code> or inside an output section definition |
| but an absolute address otherwise. |
| <li>The result of other operations on relative addresses or one |
| relative address and a number, is a relative address in the same |
| section as the relative operand(s). |
| <li>The result of other operations on absolute addresses (after above |
| conversions) is an absolute address. |
| </ul> |
| |
| <p>You can use the builtin function <code>ABSOLUTE</code> to force an expression |
| to be absolute when it would otherwise be relative. For example, to |
| create an absolute symbol set to the address of the end of the output |
| section ‘<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>’: |
| <pre class="smallexample"> SECTIONS |
| { |
| .data : { *(.data) _edata = ABSOLUTE(.); } |
| } |
| </pre> |
| <p class="noindent">If ‘<samp><span class="samp">ABSOLUTE</span></samp>’ were not used, ‘<samp><span class="samp">_edata</span></samp>’ would be relative to the |
| ‘<samp><span class="samp">.data</span></samp>’ section. |
| |
| <p>Using <code>LOADADDR</code> also forces an expression absolute, since this |
| particular builtin function returns an absolute address. |
| |
| </body></html> |
| |