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 <h1 class="settitle" align="center"><small>GNU</small> libiberty</h1>


 <a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
 <h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>

 <div class="contents">

 <ul class="no-bullet">
   <li><a name="toc-Using-1" href="#Using">1 Using</a></li>
   <li><a name="toc-Overview-1" href="#Overview">2 Overview</a>
   <ul class="no-bullet">
     <li><a name="toc-Supplemental-Functions-1" href="#Supplemental-Functions">2.1 Supplemental Functions</a></li>
     <li><a name="toc-Replacement-Functions-1" href="#Replacement-Functions">2.2 Replacement Functions</a>
     <ul class="no-bullet">
       <li><a name="toc-Memory-Allocation-1" href="#Memory-Allocation">2.2.1 Memory Allocation</a></li>
       <li><a name="toc-Exit-Handlers-1" href="#Exit-Handlers">2.2.2 Exit Handlers</a></li>
       <li><a name="toc-Error-Reporting-1" href="#Error-Reporting">2.2.3 Error Reporting</a></li>
     </ul></li>
     <li><a name="toc-Extensions-1" href="#Extensions">2.3 Extensions</a>
     <ul class="no-bullet">
       <li><a name="toc-Obstacks-1" href="#Obstacks">2.3.1 Obstacks</a>
       <ul class="no-bullet">
         <li><a name="toc-Creating-Obstacks-1" href="#Creating-Obstacks">2.3.1.1 Creating Obstacks</a></li>
         <li><a name="toc-Preparing-for-Using-Obstacks" href="#Preparing-for-Obstacks">2.3.1.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks</a></li>
         <li><a name="toc-Allocation-in-an-Obstack-1" href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">2.3.1.3 Allocation in an Obstack</a></li>
         <li><a name="toc-Freeing-Objects-in-an-Obstack" href="#Freeing-Obstack-Objects">2.3.1.4 Freeing Objects in an Obstack</a></li>
         <li><a name="toc-Obstack-Functions-and-Macros" href="#Obstack-Functions">2.3.1.5 Obstack Functions and Macros</a></li>
         <li><a name="toc-Growing-Objects-1" href="#Growing-Objects">2.3.1.6 Growing Objects</a></li>
         <li><a name="toc-Extra-Fast-Growing-Objects" href="#Extra-Fast-Growing">2.3.1.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects</a></li>
         <li><a name="toc-Status-of-an-Obstack-1" href="#Status-of-an-Obstack">2.3.1.8 Status of an Obstack</a></li>
         <li><a name="toc-Alignment-of-Data-in-Obstacks" href="#Obstacks-Data-Alignment">2.3.1.9 Alignment of Data in Obstacks</a></li>
         <li><a name="toc-Obstack-Chunks-1" href="#Obstack-Chunks">2.3.1.10 Obstack Chunks</a></li>
         <li><a name="toc-Summary-of-Obstack-Functions" href="#Summary-of-Obstacks">2.3.1.11 Summary of Obstack Functions</a></li>
       </ul></li>
     </ul></li>
   </ul></li>
   <li><a name="toc-Function_002c-Variable_002c-and-Macro-Listing_002e" href="#Functions">3 Function, Variable, and Macro Listing.</a></li>
   <li><a name="toc-Licenses-1" href="#Licenses">Appendix A Licenses</a>
   <ul class="no-bullet">
     <li><a name="toc-GNU-LESSER-GENERAL-PUBLIC-LICENSE" href="#Library-Copying">A.1 GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</a>
     <ul class="no-bullet">
       <li><a name="toc-Preamble" href="#Preamble">A.1.1 Preamble</a></li>
       <li><a name="toc-How-to-Apply-These-Terms-to-Your-New-Libraries" href="#How-to-Apply-These-Terms-to-Your-New-Libraries">A.1.2 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries</a></li>
     </ul></li>
     <li><a name="toc-BSD-1" href="#BSD">A.2 BSD</a></li>
   </ul></li>
   <li><a name="toc-Index-1" href="#Index">Index</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>


 <a name="Top"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Using" accesskey="n" rel="next">Using</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Introduction"></a>
 <h1 class="top">Introduction</h1>

 <p>The <code>libiberty</code> library is a collection of subroutines used by various
 GNU programs.  It is available under the Library General Public
 License; for more information, see <a href="#Library-Copying">Library Copying</a>.
 </p>

 <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Using" accesskey="1">Using</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to use libiberty in your code.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
 </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Overview" accesskey="2">Overview</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Overview of available function groups.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
 </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Functions" accesskey="3">Functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Available functions, macros, and global variables.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
 </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Licenses" accesskey="4">Licenses</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The various licenses under which libiberty sources are
                        distributed.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
 </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Index" accesskey="5">Index</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Index of functions and categories.
 </td></tr>
 </table>

 <hr>
 <a name="Using"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="n" rel="next">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Using-1"></a>
 <h2 class="chapter">1 Using</h2>
 <a name="index-using-libiberty"></a>
 <a name="index-libiberty-usage"></a>
 <a name="index-how-to-use"></a>


 <p>To date, <code>libiberty</code> is generally not installed on its own.  It has evolved
 over years but does not have its own version number nor release schedule.
 </p>
 <p>Possibly the easiest way to use <code>libiberty</code> in your projects is to drop the
 <code>libiberty</code> code into your project&rsquo;s sources, and to build the library along
 with your own sources; the library would then be linked in at the end.  This
 prevents any possible version mismatches with other copies of libiberty
 elsewhere on the system.
 </p>
 <p>Passing <samp>--enable-install-libiberty</samp> to the <code>configure</code>
 script when building <code>libiberty</code> causes the header files and archive library
 to be installed when <kbd>make install</kbd> is run.  This option also takes
 an (optional) argument to specify the installation location, in the same
 manner as <samp>--prefix</samp>.
 </p>
 <p>For your own projects, an approach which offers stability and flexibility
 is to include <code>libiberty</code> with your code, but allow the end user to optionally
 choose to use a previously-installed version instead.  In this way the
 user may choose (for example) to install <code>libiberty</code> as part of GCC, and use
 that version for all software built with that compiler.  (This approach
 has proven useful with software using the GNU <code>readline</code> library.)
 </p>
 <p>Making use of <code>libiberty</code> code usually requires that you include one or more
 header files from the <code>libiberty</code> distribution.  (They will be named as
 necessary in the function descriptions.)  At link time, you will need to
 add <samp>-liberty</samp> to your link command invocation.
 </p>

 <hr>
 <a name="Overview"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Using" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Using</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Overview-1"></a>
 <h2 class="chapter">2 Overview</h2>

 <p>Functions contained in <code>libiberty</code> can be divided into three general categories.
 </p>

 <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Supplemental-Functions" accesskey="1">Supplemental Functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Providing functions which don&rsquo;t exist
                                  on older operating systems.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
 </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Replacement-Functions" accesskey="2">Replacement Functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">These functions are sometimes buggy or
                                  unpredictable on some operating systems.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
 </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Extensions" accesskey="3">Extensions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Functions which provide useful extensions
                                  or safety wrappers around existing code.
 </td></tr>
 </table>

 <hr>
 <a name="Supplemental-Functions"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Replacement-Functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Replacement Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Supplemental-Functions-1"></a>
 <h3 class="section">2.1 Supplemental Functions</h3>
 <a name="index-supplemental-functions"></a>
 <a name="index-functions_002c-supplemental"></a>
 <a name="index-functions_002c-missing"></a>

 <p>Certain operating systems do not provide functions which have since
 become standardized, or at least common.  For example, the Single
 Unix Specification Version 2 requires that the <code>basename</code>
 function be provided, but an OS which predates that specification
 might not have this function.  This should not prevent well-written
 code from running on such a system.
 </p>
 <p>Similarly, some functions exist only among a particular &ldquo;flavor&rdquo;
 or &ldquo;family&rdquo; of operating systems.  As an example, the <code>bzero</code>
 function is often not present on systems outside the BSD-derived
 family of systems.
 </p>
 <p>Many such functions are provided in <code>libiberty</code>.  They are quickly
 listed here with little description, as systems which lack them
 become less and less common.  Each function <var>foo</var> is implemented
 in <samp><var>foo</var>.c</samp> but not declared in any <code>libiberty</code> header file; more
 comments and caveats for each function&rsquo;s implementation are often
 available in the source file.  Generally, the function can simply
 be declared as <code>extern</code>.
 </p>


 <hr>
 <a name="Replacement-Functions"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Extensions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Extensions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Supplemental-Functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Supplemental Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Replacement-Functions-1"></a>
 <h3 class="section">2.2 Replacement Functions</h3>
 <a name="index-replacement-functions"></a>
 <a name="index-functions_002c-replacement"></a>

 <p>Some functions have extremely limited implementations on different
 platforms.  Other functions are tedious to use correctly; for example,
 proper use of <code>malloc</code> calls for the return value to be checked and
 appropriate action taken if memory has been exhausted.  A group of
 &ldquo;replacement functions&rdquo; is available in <code>libiberty</code> to address these issues
 for some of the most commonly used subroutines.
 </p>
 <p>All of these functions are declared in the <samp>libiberty.h</samp> header
 file.  Many of the implementations will use preprocessor macros set by
 GNU Autoconf, if you decide to make use of that program.  Some of these
 functions may call one another.
 </p>

 <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Memory-Allocation" accesskey="1">Memory Allocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Testing and handling failed memory
                                    requests automatically.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Exit-Handlers" accesskey="2">Exit Handlers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Calling routines on program exit.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Error-Reporting" accesskey="3">Error Reporting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Mapping errno and signal numbers to
                                    more useful string formats.
 </td></tr>
 </table>

 <hr>
 <a name="Memory-Allocation"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Exit-Handlers" accesskey="n" rel="next">Exit Handlers</a>, Up: <a href="#Replacement-Functions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Replacement Functions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Memory-Allocation-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsection">2.2.1 Memory Allocation</h4>
 <a name="index-memory-allocation"></a>

 <p>The functions beginning with the letter &lsquo;<samp>x</samp>&rsquo; are wrappers around
 standard functions; the functions provided by the system environment
 are called and their results checked before the results are passed back
 to client code.  If the standard functions fail, these wrappers will
 terminate the program.  Thus, these versions can be used with impunity.
 </p>

 <hr>
 <a name="Exit-Handlers"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Error-Reporting" accesskey="n" rel="next">Error Reporting</a>, Previous: <a href="#Memory-Allocation" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Memory Allocation</a>, Up: <a href="#Replacement-Functions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Replacement Functions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Exit-Handlers-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsection">2.2.2 Exit Handlers</h4>
 <a name="index-exit-handlers"></a>

 <p>The existence and implementation of the <code>atexit</code> routine varies
 amongst the flavors of Unix.  <code>libiberty</code> provides an unvarying dependable
 implementation via <code>xatexit</code> and <code>xexit</code>.
 </p>

 <hr>
 <a name="Error-Reporting"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Previous: <a href="#Exit-Handlers" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Exit Handlers</a>, Up: <a href="#Replacement-Functions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Replacement Functions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Error-Reporting-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsection">2.2.3 Error Reporting</h4>
 <a name="index-error-reporting"></a>

 <p>These are a set of routines to facilitate programming with the system
 <code>errno</code> interface.  The <code>libiberty</code> source file <samp>strerror.c</samp>
 contains a good deal of documentation for these functions.
 </p>


 <hr>
 <a name="Extensions"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Previous: <a href="#Replacement-Functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Replacement Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="u" rel="up">Overview</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Extensions-1"></a>
 <h3 class="section">2.3 Extensions</h3>
 <a name="index-extensions"></a>
 <a name="index-functions_002c-extension"></a>

 <p><code>libiberty</code> includes additional functionality above and beyond standard
 functions, which has proven generically useful in GNU programs, such as
 obstacks and regex.  These functions are often copied from other
 projects as they gain popularity, and are included here to provide a
 central location from which to use, maintain, and distribute them.
 </p>
 <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="1">Obstacks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Stacks of arbitrary objects.
 </td></tr>
 </table>

 <hr>
 <a name="Obstacks"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Up: <a href="#Extensions" accesskey="u" rel="up">Extensions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Obstacks-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsection">2.3.1 Obstacks</h4>
 <a name="index-obstacks"></a>

 <p>An <em>obstack</em> is a pool of memory containing a stack of objects.  You
 can create any number of separate obstacks, and then allocate objects in
 specified obstacks.  Within each obstack, the last object allocated must
 always be the first one freed, but distinct obstacks are independent of
 each other.
 </p>
 <p>Aside from this one constraint of order of freeing, obstacks are totally
 general: an obstack can contain any number of objects of any size.  They
 are implemented with macros, so allocation is usually very fast as long as
 the objects are usually small.  And the only space overhead per object is
 the padding needed to start each object on a suitable boundary.
 </p>
 <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Creating-Obstacks" accesskey="1">Creating Obstacks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to declare an obstack in your program.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Preparing-for-Obstacks" accesskey="2">Preparing for Obstacks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Preparations needed before you can
 				 use obstacks.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack" accesskey="3">Allocation in an Obstack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Allocating objects in an obstack.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Freeing-Obstack-Objects" accesskey="4">Freeing Obstack Objects</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Freeing objects in an obstack.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Obstack-Functions" accesskey="5">Obstack Functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The obstack functions are both
 				 functions and macros.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Growing-Objects" accesskey="6">Growing Objects</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Making an object bigger by stages.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing" accesskey="7">Extra Fast Growing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Extra-high-efficiency (though more
 				 complicated) growing objects.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Status-of-an-Obstack" accesskey="8">Status of an Obstack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Inquiries about the status of an obstack.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Obstacks-Data-Alignment" accesskey="9">Obstacks Data Alignment</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Controlling alignment of objects in obstacks.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Obstack-Chunks">Obstack Chunks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How obstacks obtain and release chunks;
 				 efficiency considerations.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Summary-of-Obstacks">Summary of Obstacks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">
 </td></tr>
 </table>

 <hr>
 <a name="Creating-Obstacks"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Preparing-for-Obstacks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Preparing for Obstacks</a>, Up: <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Obstacks</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Creating-Obstacks-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">2.3.1.1 Creating Obstacks</h4>

 <p>The utilities for manipulating obstacks are declared in the header
 file <samp>obstack.h</samp>.
 <a name="index-obstack_002eh"></a>
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-struct-obstack"></a>Data Type: <strong>struct obstack</strong></dt>
 <dd><p>An obstack is represented by a data structure of type <code>struct
 obstack</code>.  This structure has a small fixed size; it records the status
 of the obstack and how to find the space in which objects are allocated.
 It does not contain any of the objects themselves.  You should not try
 to access the contents of the structure directly; use only the functions
 described in this chapter.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <p>You can declare variables of type <code>struct obstack</code> and use them as
 obstacks, or you can allocate obstacks dynamically like any other kind
 of object.  Dynamic allocation of obstacks allows your program to have a
 variable number of different stacks.  (You can even allocate an
 obstack structure in another obstack, but this is rarely useful.)
 </p>
 <p>All the functions that work with obstacks require you to specify which
 obstack to use.  You do this with a pointer of type <code>struct obstack
 *</code>.  In the following, we often say &ldquo;an obstack&rdquo; when strictly
 speaking the object at hand is such a pointer.
 </p>
 <p>The objects in the obstack are packed into large blocks called
 <em>chunks</em>.  The <code>struct obstack</code> structure points to a chain of
 the chunks currently in use.
 </p>
 <p>The obstack library obtains a new chunk whenever you allocate an object
 that won&rsquo;t fit in the previous chunk.  Since the obstack library manages
 chunks automatically, you don&rsquo;t need to pay much attention to them, but
 you do need to supply a function which the obstack library should use to
 get a chunk.  Usually you supply a function which uses <code>malloc</code>
 directly or indirectly.  You must also supply a function to free a chunk.
 These matters are described in the following section.
 </p>
 <hr>
 <a name="Preparing-for-Obstacks"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">Allocation in an Obstack</a>, Previous: <a href="#Creating-Obstacks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Creating Obstacks</a>, Up: <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Obstacks</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Preparing-for-Using-Obstacks"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">2.3.1.2 Preparing for Using Obstacks</h4>

 <p>Each source file in which you plan to use the obstack functions
 must include the header file <samp>obstack.h</samp>, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">#include &lt;obstack.h&gt;
 </pre></div>

 <a name="index-obstack_005fchunk_005falloc"></a>
 <a name="index-obstack_005fchunk_005ffree"></a>
 <p>Also, if the source file uses the macro <code>obstack_init</code>, it must
 declare or define two functions or macros that will be called by the
 obstack library.  One, <code>obstack_chunk_alloc</code>, is used to allocate
 the chunks of memory into which objects are packed.  The other,
 <code>obstack_chunk_free</code>, is used to return chunks when the objects in
 them are freed.  These macros should appear before any use of obstacks
 in the source file.
 </p>
 <p>Usually these are defined to use <code>malloc</code> via the intermediary
 <code>xmalloc</code> (see <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Unconstrained-Allocation">Unconstrained Allocation</a> in <cite>The GNU C Library Reference Manual</cite>).  This is done with
 the following pair of macro definitions:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">#define obstack_chunk_alloc xmalloc
 #define obstack_chunk_free free
 </pre></div>

 <p>Though the memory you get using obstacks really comes from <code>malloc</code>,
 using obstacks is faster because <code>malloc</code> is called less often, for
 larger blocks of memory.  See <a href="#Obstack-Chunks">Obstack Chunks</a>, for full details.
 </p>
 <p>At run time, before the program can use a <code>struct obstack</code> object
 as an obstack, it must initialize the obstack by calling
 <code>obstack_init</code>.
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005finit"></a>Function: <em>int</em> <strong>obstack_init</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>Initialize obstack <var>obstack-ptr</var> for allocation of objects.  This
 function calls the obstack&rsquo;s <code>obstack_chunk_alloc</code> function.  If
 allocation of memory fails, the function pointed to by
 <code>obstack_alloc_failed_handler</code> is called.  The <code>obstack_init</code>
 function always returns 1 (Compatibility notice: Former versions of
 obstack returned 0 if allocation failed).
 </p></dd></dl>

 <p>Here are two examples of how to allocate the space for an obstack and
 initialize it.  First, an obstack that is a static variable:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">static struct obstack myobstack;
 &hellip;
 obstack_init (&amp;myobstack);
 </pre></div>

 <p>Second, an obstack that is itself dynamically allocated:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">struct obstack *myobstack_ptr
   = (struct obstack *) xmalloc (sizeof (struct obstack));

 obstack_init (myobstack_ptr);
 </pre></div>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005falloc_005ffailed_005fhandler"></a>Variable: <strong>obstack_alloc_failed_handler</strong></dt>
 <dd><p>The value of this variable is a pointer to a function that
 <code>obstack</code> uses when <code>obstack_chunk_alloc</code> fails to allocate
 memory.  The default action is to print a message and abort.
 You should supply a function that either calls <code>exit</code>
 (see <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Program-Termination">Program Termination</a> in <cite>The GNU C Library Reference Manual</cite>) or <code>longjmp</code> (see <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Non_002dLocal-Exits">Non-Local
 Exits</a> in <cite>The GNU C Library Reference Manual</cite>) and doesn&rsquo;t return.
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">void my_obstack_alloc_failed (void)
 &hellip;
 obstack_alloc_failed_handler = &amp;my_obstack_alloc_failed;
 </pre></div>

 </dd></dl>

 <hr>
 <a name="Allocation-in-an-Obstack"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Freeing-Obstack-Objects" accesskey="n" rel="next">Freeing Obstack Objects</a>, Previous: <a href="#Preparing-for-Obstacks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Preparing for Obstacks</a>, Up: <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Obstacks</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Allocation-in-an-Obstack-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">2.3.1.3 Allocation in an Obstack</h4>
 <a name="index-allocation-_0028obstacks_0029"></a>

 <p>The most direct way to allocate an object in an obstack is with
 <code>obstack_alloc</code>, which is invoked almost like <code>malloc</code>.
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005falloc"></a>Function: <em>void *</em> <strong>obstack_alloc</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, int <var>size</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>This allocates an uninitialized block of <var>size</var> bytes in an obstack
 and returns its address.  Here <var>obstack-ptr</var> specifies which obstack
 to allocate the block in; it is the address of the <code>struct obstack</code>
 object which represents the obstack.  Each obstack function or macro
 requires you to specify an <var>obstack-ptr</var> as the first argument.
 </p>
 <p>This function calls the obstack&rsquo;s <code>obstack_chunk_alloc</code> function if
 it needs to allocate a new chunk of memory; it calls
 <code>obstack_alloc_failed_handler</code> if allocation of memory by
 <code>obstack_chunk_alloc</code> failed.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <p>For example, here is a function that allocates a copy of a string <var>str</var>
 in a specific obstack, which is in the variable <code>string_obstack</code>:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">struct obstack string_obstack;

 char *
 copystring (char *string)
 {
   size_t len = strlen (string) + 1;
   char *s = (char *) obstack_alloc (&amp;string_obstack, len);
   memcpy (s, string, len);
   return s;
 }
 </pre></div>

 <p>To allocate a block with specified contents, use the function
 <code>obstack_copy</code>, declared like this:
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fcopy"></a>Function: <em>void *</em> <strong>obstack_copy</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>address</var>, int <var>size</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>This allocates a block and initializes it by copying <var>size</var>
 bytes of data starting at <var>address</var>.  It calls
 <code>obstack_alloc_failed_handler</code> if allocation of memory by
 <code>obstack_chunk_alloc</code> failed.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fcopy0"></a>Function: <em>void *</em> <strong>obstack_copy0</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>address</var>, int <var>size</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>Like <code>obstack_copy</code>, but appends an extra byte containing a null
 character.  This extra byte is not counted in the argument <var>size</var>.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <p>The <code>obstack_copy0</code> function is convenient for copying a sequence
 of characters into an obstack as a null-terminated string.  Here is an
 example of its use:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">char *
 obstack_savestring (char *addr, int size)
 {
   return obstack_copy0 (&amp;myobstack, addr, size);
 }
 </pre></div>

 <p>Contrast this with the previous example of <code>savestring</code> using
 <code>malloc</code> (see <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Basic-Allocation">Basic Allocation</a> in <cite>The GNU C Library Reference Manual</cite>).
 </p>
 <hr>
 <a name="Freeing-Obstack-Objects"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Obstack-Functions" accesskey="n" rel="next">Obstack Functions</a>, Previous: <a href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Allocation in an Obstack</a>, Up: <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Obstacks</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Freeing-Objects-in-an-Obstack"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">2.3.1.4 Freeing Objects in an Obstack</h4>
 <a name="index-freeing-_0028obstacks_0029"></a>

 <p>To free an object allocated in an obstack, use the function
 <code>obstack_free</code>.  Since the obstack is a stack of objects, freeing
 one object automatically frees all other objects allocated more recently
 in the same obstack.
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005ffree"></a>Function: <em>void</em> <strong>obstack_free</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>object</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>If <var>object</var> is a null pointer, everything allocated in the obstack
 is freed.  Otherwise, <var>object</var> must be the address of an object
 allocated in the obstack.  Then <var>object</var> is freed, along with
 everything allocated in <var>obstack</var> since <var>object</var>.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <p>Note that if <var>object</var> is a null pointer, the result is an
 uninitialized obstack.  To free all memory in an obstack but leave it
 valid for further allocation, call <code>obstack_free</code> with the address
 of the first object allocated on the obstack:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">obstack_free (obstack_ptr, first_object_allocated_ptr);
 </pre></div>

 <p>Recall that the objects in an obstack are grouped into chunks.  When all
 the objects in a chunk become free, the obstack library automatically
 frees the chunk (see <a href="#Preparing-for-Obstacks">Preparing for Obstacks</a>).  Then other
 obstacks, or non-obstack allocation, can reuse the space of the chunk.
 </p>
 <hr>
 <a name="Obstack-Functions"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Growing-Objects" accesskey="n" rel="next">Growing Objects</a>, Previous: <a href="#Freeing-Obstack-Objects" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Freeing Obstack Objects</a>, Up: <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Obstacks</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Obstack-Functions-and-Macros"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">2.3.1.5 Obstack Functions and Macros</h4>
 <a name="index-macros"></a>

 <p>The interfaces for using obstacks may be defined either as functions or
 as macros, depending on the compiler.  The obstack facility works with
 all C compilers, including both ISO&nbsp;C<!-- /@w --> and traditional C, but there are
 precautions you must take if you plan to use compilers other than GNU C.
 </p>
 <p>If you are using an old-fashioned <span class="nolinebreak">non-ISO</span>&nbsp;C<!-- /@w --> compiler, all the obstack
 &ldquo;functions&rdquo; are actually defined only as macros.  You can call these
 macros like functions, but you cannot use them in any other way (for
 example, you cannot take their address).
 </p>
 <p>Calling the macros requires a special precaution: namely, the first
 operand (the obstack pointer) may not contain any side effects, because
 it may be computed more than once.  For example, if you write this:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">obstack_alloc (get_obstack (), 4);
 </pre></div>

 <p>you will find that <code>get_obstack</code> may be called several times.
 If you use <code>*obstack_list_ptr++</code> as the obstack pointer argument,
 you will get very strange results since the incrementation may occur
 several times.
 </p>
 <p>In ISO&nbsp;C<!-- /@w -->, each function has both a macro definition and a function
 definition.  The function definition is used if you take the address of the
 function without calling it.  An ordinary call uses the macro definition by
 default, but you can request the function definition instead by writing the
 function name in parentheses, as shown here:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">char *x;
 void *(*funcp) ();
 /* <span class="roman">Use the macro</span>.  */
 x = (char *) obstack_alloc (obptr, size);
 /* <span class="roman">Call the function</span>.  */
 x = (char *) (obstack_alloc) (obptr, size);
 /* <span class="roman">Take the address of the function</span>.  */
 funcp = obstack_alloc;
 </pre></div>

 <p>This is the same situation that exists in ISO&nbsp;C<!-- /@w --> for the standard library
 functions.  See <a href="http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/manual/html_mono/libc.html#Macro-Definitions">Macro Definitions</a> in <cite>The GNU C Library Reference Manual</cite>.
 </p>
 <p><strong>Warning:</strong> When you do use the macros, you must observe the
 precaution of avoiding side effects in the first operand, even in ISO&nbsp;C<!-- /@w -->.
 </p>
 <p>If you use the GNU C compiler, this precaution is not necessary, because
 various language extensions in GNU C permit defining the macros so as to
 compute each argument only once.
 </p>
 <hr>
 <a name="Growing-Objects"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing" accesskey="n" rel="next">Extra Fast Growing</a>, Previous: <a href="#Obstack-Functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Obstack Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Obstacks</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Growing-Objects-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">2.3.1.6 Growing Objects</h4>
 <a name="index-growing-objects-_0028in-obstacks_0029"></a>
 <a name="index-changing-the-size-of-a-block-_0028obstacks_0029"></a>

 <p>Because memory in obstack chunks is used sequentially, it is possible to
 build up an object step by step, adding one or more bytes at a time to the
 end of the object.  With this technique, you do not need to know how much
 data you will put in the object until you come to the end of it.  We call
 this the technique of <em>growing objects</em>.  The special functions
 for adding data to the growing object are described in this section.
 </p>
 <p>You don&rsquo;t need to do anything special when you start to grow an object.
 Using one of the functions to add data to the object automatically
 starts it.  However, it is necessary to say explicitly when the object is
 finished.  This is done with the function <code>obstack_finish</code>.
 </p>
 <p>The actual address of the object thus built up is not known until the
 object is finished.  Until then, it always remains possible that you will
 add so much data that the object must be copied into a new chunk.
 </p>
 <p>While the obstack is in use for a growing object, you cannot use it for
 ordinary allocation of another object.  If you try to do so, the space
 already added to the growing object will become part of the other object.
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fblank"></a>Function: <em>void</em> <strong>obstack_blank</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, int <var>size</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>The most basic function for adding to a growing object is
 <code>obstack_blank</code>, which adds space without initializing it.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fgrow"></a>Function: <em>void</em> <strong>obstack_grow</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>data</var>, int <var>size</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>To add a block of initialized space, use <code>obstack_grow</code>, which is
 the growing-object analogue of <code>obstack_copy</code>.  It adds <var>size</var>
 bytes of data to the growing object, copying the contents from
 <var>data</var>.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fgrow0"></a>Function: <em>void</em> <strong>obstack_grow0</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>data</var>, int <var>size</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>This is the growing-object analogue of <code>obstack_copy0</code>.  It adds
 <var>size</var> bytes copied from <var>data</var>, followed by an additional null
 character.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005f1grow"></a>Function: <em>void</em> <strong>obstack_1grow</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, char <var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>To add one character at a time, use the function <code>obstack_1grow</code>.
 It adds a single byte containing <var>c</var> to the growing object.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fptr_005fgrow"></a>Function: <em>void</em> <strong>obstack_ptr_grow</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>data</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>Adding the value of a pointer one can use the function
 <code>obstack_ptr_grow</code>.  It adds <code>sizeof (void *)</code> bytes
 containing the value of <var>data</var>.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fint_005fgrow"></a>Function: <em>void</em> <strong>obstack_int_grow</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, int <var>data</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>A single value of type <code>int</code> can be added by using the
 <code>obstack_int_grow</code> function.  It adds <code>sizeof (int)</code> bytes to
 the growing object and initializes them with the value of <var>data</var>.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005ffinish"></a>Function: <em>void *</em> <strong>obstack_finish</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>When you are finished growing the object, use the function
 <code>obstack_finish</code> to close it off and return its final address.
 </p>
 <p>Once you have finished the object, the obstack is available for ordinary
 allocation or for growing another object.
 </p>
 <p>This function can return a null pointer under the same conditions as
 <code>obstack_alloc</code> (see <a href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">Allocation in an Obstack</a>).
 </p></dd></dl>

 <p>When you build an object by growing it, you will probably need to know
 afterward how long it became.  You need not keep track of this as you grow
 the object, because you can find out the length from the obstack just
 before finishing the object with the function <code>obstack_object_size</code>,
 declared as follows:
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fobject_005fsize"></a>Function: <em>int</em> <strong>obstack_object_size</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>This function returns the current size of the growing object, in bytes.
 Remember to call this function <em>before</em> finishing the object.
 After it is finished, <code>obstack_object_size</code> will return zero.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <p>If you have started growing an object and wish to cancel it, you should
 finish it and then free it, like this:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">obstack_free (obstack_ptr, obstack_finish (obstack_ptr));
 </pre></div>

 <p>This has no effect if no object was growing.
 </p>
 <a name="index-shrinking-objects"></a>
 <p>You can use <code>obstack_blank</code> with a negative size argument to make
 the current object smaller.  Just don&rsquo;t try to shrink it beyond zero
 length&mdash;there&rsquo;s no telling what will happen if you do that.
 </p>
 <hr>
 <a name="Extra-Fast-Growing"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Status-of-an-Obstack" accesskey="n" rel="next">Status of an Obstack</a>, Previous: <a href="#Growing-Objects" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Growing Objects</a>, Up: <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Obstacks</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Extra-Fast-Growing-Objects"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">2.3.1.7 Extra Fast Growing Objects</h4>
 <a name="index-efficiency-and-obstacks"></a>

 <p>The usual functions for growing objects incur overhead for checking
 whether there is room for the new growth in the current chunk.  If you
 are frequently constructing objects in small steps of growth, this
 overhead can be significant.
 </p>
 <p>You can reduce the overhead by using special &ldquo;fast growth&rdquo;
 functions that grow the object without checking.  In order to have a
 robust program, you must do the checking yourself.  If you do this checking
 in the simplest way each time you are about to add data to the object, you
 have not saved anything, because that is what the ordinary growth
 functions do.  But if you can arrange to check less often, or check
 more efficiently, then you make the program faster.
 </p>
 <p>The function <code>obstack_room</code> returns the amount of room available
 in the current chunk.  It is declared as follows:
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005froom"></a>Function: <em>int</em> <strong>obstack_room</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>This returns the number of bytes that can be added safely to the current
 growing object (or to an object about to be started) in obstack
 <var>obstack</var> using the fast growth functions.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <p>While you know there is room, you can use these fast growth functions
 for adding data to a growing object:
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005f1grow_005ffast"></a>Function: <em>void</em> <strong>obstack_1grow_fast</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, char <var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>The function <code>obstack_1grow_fast</code> adds one byte containing the
 character <var>c</var> to the growing object in obstack <var>obstack-ptr</var>.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fptr_005fgrow_005ffast"></a>Function: <em>void</em> <strong>obstack_ptr_grow_fast</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>data</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>The function <code>obstack_ptr_grow_fast</code> adds <code>sizeof (void *)</code>
 bytes containing the value of <var>data</var> to the growing object in
 obstack <var>obstack-ptr</var>.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fint_005fgrow_005ffast"></a>Function: <em>void</em> <strong>obstack_int_grow_fast</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, int <var>data</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>The function <code>obstack_int_grow_fast</code> adds <code>sizeof (int)</code> bytes
 containing the value of <var>data</var> to the growing object in obstack
 <var>obstack-ptr</var>.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fblank_005ffast"></a>Function: <em>void</em> <strong>obstack_blank_fast</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, int <var>size</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>The function <code>obstack_blank_fast</code> adds <var>size</var> bytes to the
 growing object in obstack <var>obstack-ptr</var> without initializing them.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <p>When you check for space using <code>obstack_room</code> and there is not
 enough room for what you want to add, the fast growth functions
 are not safe.  In this case, simply use the corresponding ordinary
 growth function instead.  Very soon this will copy the object to a
 new chunk; then there will be lots of room available again.
 </p>
 <p>So, each time you use an ordinary growth function, check afterward for
 sufficient space using <code>obstack_room</code>.  Once the object is copied
 to a new chunk, there will be plenty of space again, so the program will
 start using the fast growth functions again.
 </p>
 <p>Here is an example:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">void
 add_string (struct obstack *obstack, const char *ptr, int len)
 {
   while (len &gt; 0)
     {
       int room = obstack_room (obstack);
       if (room == 0)
         {
           /* <span class="roman">Not enough room. Add one character slowly,</span>
              <span class="roman">which may copy to a new chunk and make room.</span>  */
           obstack_1grow (obstack, *ptr++);
           len--;
         }
       else
         {
           if (room &gt; len)
             room = len;
           /* <span class="roman">Add fast as much as we have room for.</span> */
           len -= room;
           while (room-- &gt; 0)
             obstack_1grow_fast (obstack, *ptr++);
         }
     }
 }
 </pre></div>

 <hr>
 <a name="Status-of-an-Obstack"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Obstacks-Data-Alignment" accesskey="n" rel="next">Obstacks Data Alignment</a>, Previous: <a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Extra Fast Growing</a>, Up: <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Obstacks</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Status-of-an-Obstack-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">2.3.1.8 Status of an Obstack</h4>
 <a name="index-obstack-status"></a>
 <a name="index-status-of-obstack"></a>

 <p>Here are functions that provide information on the current status of
 allocation in an obstack.  You can use them to learn about an object while
 still growing it.
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fbase"></a>Function: <em>void *</em> <strong>obstack_base</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>This function returns the tentative address of the beginning of the
 currently growing object in <var>obstack-ptr</var>.  If you finish the object
 immediately, it will have that address.  If you make it larger first, it
 may outgrow the current chunk&mdash;then its address will change!
 </p>
 <p>If no object is growing, this value says where the next object you
 allocate will start (once again assuming it fits in the current
 chunk).
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fnext_005ffree"></a>Function: <em>void *</em> <strong>obstack_next_free</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>This function returns the address of the first free byte in the current
 chunk of obstack <var>obstack-ptr</var>.  This is the end of the currently
 growing object.  If no object is growing, <code>obstack_next_free</code>
 returns the same value as <code>obstack_base</code>.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fobject_005fsize-1"></a>Function: <em>int</em> <strong>obstack_object_size</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>This function returns the size in bytes of the currently growing object.
 This is equivalent to
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">obstack_next_free (<var>obstack-ptr</var>) - obstack_base (<var>obstack-ptr</var>)
 </pre></div>
 </dd></dl>

 <hr>
 <a name="Obstacks-Data-Alignment"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Obstack-Chunks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Obstack Chunks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Status-of-an-Obstack" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Status of an Obstack</a>, Up: <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Obstacks</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Alignment-of-Data-in-Obstacks"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">2.3.1.9 Alignment of Data in Obstacks</h4>
 <a name="index-alignment-_0028in-obstacks_0029"></a>

 <p>Each obstack has an <em>alignment boundary</em>; each object allocated in
 the obstack automatically starts on an address that is a multiple of the
 specified boundary.  By default, this boundary is aligned so that
 the object can hold any type of data.
 </p>
 <p>To access an obstack&rsquo;s alignment boundary, use the macro
 <code>obstack_alignment_mask</code>, whose function prototype looks like
 this:
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005falignment_005fmask"></a>Macro: <em>int</em> <strong>obstack_alignment_mask</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>The value is a bit mask; a bit that is 1 indicates that the corresponding
 bit in the address of an object should be 0.  The mask value should be one
 less than a power of 2; the effect is that all object addresses are
 multiples of that power of 2.  The default value of the mask is a value
 that allows aligned objects to hold any type of data: for example, if
 its value is 3, any type of data can be stored at locations whose
 addresses are multiples of 4.  A mask value of 0 means an object can start
 on any multiple of 1 (that is, no alignment is required).
 </p>
 <p>The expansion of the macro <code>obstack_alignment_mask</code> is an lvalue,
 so you can alter the mask by assignment.  For example, this statement:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">obstack_alignment_mask (obstack_ptr) = 0;
 </pre></div>

 <p>has the effect of turning off alignment processing in the specified obstack.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <p>Note that a change in alignment mask does not take effect until
 <em>after</em> the next time an object is allocated or finished in the
 obstack.  If you are not growing an object, you can make the new
 alignment mask take effect immediately by calling <code>obstack_finish</code>.
 This will finish a zero-length object and then do proper alignment for
 the next object.
 </p>
 <hr>
 <a name="Obstack-Chunks"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Summary-of-Obstacks" accesskey="n" rel="next">Summary of Obstacks</a>, Previous: <a href="#Obstacks-Data-Alignment" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Obstacks Data Alignment</a>, Up: <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Obstacks</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Obstack-Chunks-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">2.3.1.10 Obstack Chunks</h4>
 <a name="index-efficiency-of-chunks"></a>
 <a name="index-chunks"></a>

 <p>Obstacks work by allocating space for themselves in large chunks, and
 then parceling out space in the chunks to satisfy your requests.  Chunks
 are normally 4096 bytes long unless you specify a different chunk size.
 The chunk size includes 8 bytes of overhead that are not actually used
 for storing objects.  Regardless of the specified size, longer chunks
 will be allocated when necessary for long objects.
 </p>
 <p>The obstack library allocates chunks by calling the function
 <code>obstack_chunk_alloc</code>, which you must define.  When a chunk is no
 longer needed because you have freed all the objects in it, the obstack
 library frees the chunk by calling <code>obstack_chunk_free</code>, which you
 must also define.
 </p>
 <p>These two must be defined (as macros) or declared (as functions) in each
 source file that uses <code>obstack_init</code> (see <a href="#Creating-Obstacks">Creating Obstacks</a>).
 Most often they are defined as macros like this:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">#define obstack_chunk_alloc malloc
 #define obstack_chunk_free free
 </pre></div>

 <p>Note that these are simple macros (no arguments).  Macro definitions with
 arguments will not work!  It is necessary that <code>obstack_chunk_alloc</code>
 or <code>obstack_chunk_free</code>, alone, expand into a function name if it is
 not itself a function name.
 </p>
 <p>If you allocate chunks with <code>malloc</code>, the chunk size should be a
 power of 2.  The default chunk size, 4096, was chosen because it is long
 enough to satisfy many typical requests on the obstack yet short enough
 not to waste too much memory in the portion of the last chunk not yet used.
 </p>
 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-obstack_005fchunk_005fsize"></a>Macro: <em>int</em> <strong>obstack_chunk_size</strong> <em>(struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>This returns the chunk size of the given obstack.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <p>Since this macro expands to an lvalue, you can specify a new chunk size by
 assigning it a new value.  Doing so does not affect the chunks already
 allocated, but will change the size of chunks allocated for that particular
 obstack in the future.  It is unlikely to be useful to make the chunk size
 smaller, but making it larger might improve efficiency if you are
 allocating many objects whose size is comparable to the chunk size.  Here
 is how to do so cleanly:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">if (obstack_chunk_size (obstack_ptr) &lt; <var>new-chunk-size</var>)
   obstack_chunk_size (obstack_ptr) = <var>new-chunk-size</var>;
 </pre></div>

 <hr>
 <a name="Summary-of-Obstacks"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Previous: <a href="#Obstack-Chunks" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Obstack Chunks</a>, Up: <a href="#Obstacks" accesskey="u" rel="up">Obstacks</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Summary-of-Obstack-Functions"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">2.3.1.11 Summary of Obstack Functions</h4>

 <p>Here is a summary of all the functions associated with obstacks.  Each
 takes the address of an obstack (<code>struct obstack *</code>) as its first
 argument.
 </p>
 <dl compact="compact">
 <dt><code>void obstack_init (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Initialize use of an obstack.  See <a href="#Creating-Obstacks">Creating Obstacks</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void *obstack_alloc (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, int <var>size</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Allocate an object of <var>size</var> uninitialized bytes.
 See <a href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">Allocation in an Obstack</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void *obstack_copy (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>address</var>, int <var>size</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Allocate an object of <var>size</var> bytes, with contents copied from
 <var>address</var>.  See <a href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">Allocation in an Obstack</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void *obstack_copy0 (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>address</var>, int <var>size</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Allocate an object of <var>size</var>+1 bytes, with <var>size</var> of them copied
 from <var>address</var>, followed by a null character at the end.
 See <a href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">Allocation in an Obstack</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void obstack_free (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>object</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Free <var>object</var> (and everything allocated in the specified obstack
 more recently than <var>object</var>).  See <a href="#Freeing-Obstack-Objects">Freeing Obstack Objects</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void obstack_blank (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, int <var>size</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Add <var>size</var> uninitialized bytes to a growing object.
 See <a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void obstack_grow (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>address</var>, int <var>size</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Add <var>size</var> bytes, copied from <var>address</var>, to a growing object.
 See <a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void obstack_grow0 (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, void *<var>address</var>, int <var>size</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Add <var>size</var> bytes, copied from <var>address</var>, to a growing object,
 and then add another byte containing a null character.  See <a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void obstack_1grow (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, char <var>data-char</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Add one byte containing <var>data-char</var> to a growing object.
 See <a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void *obstack_finish (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Finalize the object that is growing and return its permanent address.
 See <a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>int obstack_object_size (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Get the current size of the currently growing object.  See <a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void obstack_blank_fast (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, int <var>size</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Add <var>size</var> uninitialized bytes to a growing object without checking
 that there is enough room.  See <a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing">Extra Fast Growing</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void obstack_1grow_fast (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>, char <var>data-char</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Add one byte containing <var>data-char</var> to a growing object without
 checking that there is enough room.  See <a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing">Extra Fast Growing</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>int obstack_room (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Get the amount of room now available for growing the current object.
 See <a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing">Extra Fast Growing</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>int obstack_alignment_mask (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The mask used for aligning the beginning of an object.  This is an
 lvalue.  See <a href="#Obstacks-Data-Alignment">Obstacks Data Alignment</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>int obstack_chunk_size (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The size for allocating chunks.  This is an lvalue.  See <a href="#Obstack-Chunks">Obstack Chunks</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void *obstack_base (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Tentative starting address of the currently growing object.
 See <a href="#Status-of-an-Obstack">Status of an Obstack</a>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>void *obstack_next_free (struct obstack *<var>obstack-ptr</var>)</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Address just after the end of the currently growing object.
 See <a href="#Status-of-an-Obstack">Status of an Obstack</a>.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>


 <hr>
 <a name="Functions"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Licenses" accesskey="n" rel="next">Licenses</a>, Previous: <a href="#Overview" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Overview</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Function_002c-Variable_002c-and-Macro-Listing_002e"></a>
 <h2 class="chapter">3 Function, Variable, and Macro Listing.</h2>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-alloca"></a>Replacement: <em>void*</em> <strong>alloca</strong> <em>(size_t <var>size</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This function allocates memory which will be automatically reclaimed
 after the procedure exits.  The <code>libiberty</code> implementation does not free
 the memory immediately but will do so eventually during subsequent
 calls to this function.  Memory is allocated using <code>xmalloc</code> under
 normal circumstances.
 </p>
 <p>The header file <samp>alloca-conf.h</samp> can be used in conjunction with the
 GNU Autoconf test <code>AC_FUNC_ALLOCA</code> to test for and properly make
 available this function.  The <code>AC_FUNC_ALLOCA</code> test requires that
 client code use a block of preprocessor code to be safe (see the Autoconf
 manual for more); this header incorporates that logic and more, including
 the possibility of a GCC built-in function.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-asprintf"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>asprintf</strong> <em>(char **<var>resptr</var>, const char *<var>format</var>, ...)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Like <code>sprintf</code>, but instead of passing a pointer to a buffer, you
 pass a pointer to a pointer.  This function will compute the size of
 the buffer needed, allocate memory with <code>malloc</code>, and store a
 pointer to the allocated memory in <code>*<var>resptr</var></code>.  The value
 returned is the same as <code>sprintf</code> would return.  If memory could
 not be allocated, minus one is returned and <code>NULL</code> is stored in
 <code>*<var>resptr</var></code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-atexit"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>atexit</strong> <em>(void (*<var>f</var>)())</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Causes function <var>f</var> to be called at exit.  Returns 0.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-basename"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>basename</strong> <em>(const char *<var>name</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a pointer to the last component of pathname <var>name</var>.
 Behavior is undefined if the pathname ends in a directory separator.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-bcmp"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>bcmp</strong> <em>(char *<var>x</var>, char *<var>y</var>, int <var>count</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Compares the first <var>count</var> bytes of two areas of memory.  Returns
 zero if they are the same, nonzero otherwise.  Returns zero if
 <var>count</var> is zero.  A nonzero result only indicates a difference,
 it does not indicate any sorting order (say, by having a positive
 result mean <var>x</var> sorts before <var>y</var>).
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-bcopy"></a>Supplemental: <em>void</em> <strong>bcopy</strong> <em>(char *<var>in</var>, char *<var>out</var>, int <var>length</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Copies <var>length</var> bytes from memory region <var>in</var> to region
 <var>out</var>.  The use of <code>bcopy</code> is deprecated in new programs.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-bsearch"></a>Supplemental: <em>void*</em> <strong>bsearch</strong> <em>(const void *<var>key</var>,   const void *<var>base</var>, size_t <var>nmemb</var>, size_t <var>size</var>,   int (*<var>compar</var>)(const void *, const void *))</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Performs a search over an array of <var>nmemb</var> elements pointed to by
 <var>base</var> for a member that matches the object pointed to by <var>key</var>.
 The size of each member is specified by <var>size</var>.  The array contents
 should be sorted in ascending order according to the <var>compar</var>
 comparison function.  This routine should take two arguments pointing to
 the <var>key</var> and to an array member, in that order, and should return an
 integer less than, equal to, or greater than zero if the <var>key</var> object
 is respectively less than, matching, or greater than the array member.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-buildargv"></a>Extension: <em>char**</em> <strong>buildargv</strong> <em>(char *<var>sp</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Given a pointer to a string, parse the string extracting fields
 separated by whitespace and optionally enclosed within either single
 or double quotes (which are stripped off), and build a vector of
 pointers to copies of the string for each field.  The input string
 remains unchanged.  The last element of the vector is followed by a
 <code>NULL</code> element.
 </p>
 <p>All of the memory for the pointer array and copies of the string
 is obtained from <code>xmalloc</code>.  All of the memory can be returned to the
 system with the single function call <code>freeargv</code>, which takes the
 returned result of <code>buildargv</code>, as it&rsquo;s argument.
 </p>
 <p>Returns a pointer to the argument vector if successful.  Returns
 <code>NULL</code> if <var>sp</var> is <code>NULL</code> or if there is insufficient
 memory to complete building the argument vector.
 </p>
 <p>If the input is a null string (as opposed to a <code>NULL</code> pointer),
 then buildarg returns an argument vector that has one arg, a null
 string.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-bzero"></a>Supplemental: <em>void</em> <strong>bzero</strong> <em>(char *<var>mem</var>, int <var>count</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Zeros <var>count</var> bytes starting at <var>mem</var>.  Use of this function
 is deprecated in favor of <code>memset</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-calloc"></a>Supplemental: <em>void*</em> <strong>calloc</strong> <em>(size_t <var>nelem</var>, size_t <var>elsize</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Uses <code>malloc</code> to allocate storage for <var>nelem</var> objects of
 <var>elsize</var> bytes each, then zeros the memory.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-canonical_005ffilename_005feq"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>canonical_filename_eq</strong> <em>(const char *<var>a</var>, const char *<var>b</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Return non-zero if file names <var>a</var> and <var>b</var> are equivalent.
 This function compares the canonical versions of the filenames as returned by
 <code>lrealpath()</code>, so that so that different file names pointing to the same
 underlying file are treated as being identical.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-choose_005ftemp_005fbase"></a>Extension: <em>char*</em> <strong>choose_temp_base</strong> <em>(void)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Return a prefix for temporary file names or <code>NULL</code> if unable to
 find one.  The current directory is chosen if all else fails so the
 program is exited if a temporary directory can&rsquo;t be found (<code>mktemp</code>
 fails).  The buffer for the result is obtained with <code>xmalloc</code>.
 </p>
 <p>This function is provided for backwards compatibility only.  Its use is
 not recommended.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-char_002a"></a>Replacement: <em>const</em> <strong>char*</strong> <em>choose_tmpdir ()</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a pointer to a directory path suitable for creating temporary
 files in.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-clock"></a>Supplemental: <em>long</em> <strong>clock</strong> <em>(void)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns an approximation of the CPU time used by the process as a
 <code>clock_t</code>; divide this number by &lsquo;<samp>CLOCKS_PER_SEC</samp>&rsquo; to get the
 number of seconds used.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-concat"></a>Extension: <em>char*</em> <strong>concat</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s1</var>, const char *<var>s2</var>,   &hellip;, <code>NULL</code>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Concatenate zero or more of strings and return the result in freshly
 <code>xmalloc</code>ed memory.  The argument list is terminated by the first
 <code>NULL</code> pointer encountered.  Pointers to empty strings are ignored.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-countargv"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>countargv</strong> <em>(char **<var>argv</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Return the number of elements in <var>argv</var>.
 Returns zero if <var>argv</var> is NULL.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-crc32"></a>Extension: <em>unsigned int</em> <strong>crc32</strong> <em>(const unsigned char *<var>buf</var>,   int <var>len</var>, unsigned int <var>init</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Compute the 32-bit CRC of <var>buf</var> which has length <var>len</var>.  The
 starting value is <var>init</var>; this may be used to compute the CRC of
 data split across multiple buffers by passing the return value of each
 call as the <var>init</var> parameter of the next.
 </p>
 <p>This is intended to match the CRC used by the <code>gdb</code> remote
 protocol for the &lsquo;<samp>qCRC</samp>&rsquo; command.  In order to get the same
 results as gdb for a block of data, you must pass the first CRC
 parameter as <code>0xffffffff</code>.
 </p>
 <p>This CRC can be specified as:
 </p>
 <p>Width  : 32
   Poly   : 0x04c11db7
   Init   : parameter, typically 0xffffffff
   RefIn  : false
   RefOut : false
   XorOut : 0
 </p>
 <p>This differs from the &quot;standard&quot; CRC-32 algorithm in that the values
 are not reflected, and there is no final XOR value.  These differences
 make it easy to compose the values of multiple blocks.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-dupargv"></a>Extension: <em>char**</em> <strong>dupargv</strong> <em>(char **<var>vector</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Duplicate an argument vector.  Simply scans through <var>vector</var>,
 duplicating each argument until the terminating <code>NULL</code> is found.
 Returns a pointer to the argument vector if successful.  Returns
 <code>NULL</code> if there is insufficient memory to complete building the
 argument vector.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-errno_005fmax"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>errno_max</strong> <em>(void)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns the maximum <code>errno</code> value for which a corresponding
 symbolic name or message is available.  Note that in the case where we
 use the <code>sys_errlist</code> supplied by the system, it is possible for
 there to be more symbolic names than messages, or vice versa.  In
 fact, the manual page for <code>perror(3C)</code> explicitly warns that one
 should check the size of the table (<code>sys_nerr</code>) before indexing
 it, since new error codes may be added to the system before they are
 added to the table.  Thus <code>sys_nerr</code> might be smaller than value
 implied by the largest <code>errno</code> value defined in <code>&lt;errno.h&gt;</code>.
 </p>
 <p>We return the maximum value that can be used to obtain a meaningful
 symbolic name or message.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-expandargv"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>expandargv</strong> <em>(int *<var>argcp</var>, char ***<var>argvp</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>The <var>argcp</var> and <code>argvp</code> arguments are pointers to the usual
 <code>argc</code> and <code>argv</code> arguments to <code>main</code>.  This function
 looks for arguments that begin with the character &lsquo;<samp>@</samp>&rsquo;.  Any such
 arguments are interpreted as &ldquo;response files&rdquo;.  The contents of the
 response file are interpreted as additional command line options.  In
 particular, the file is separated into whitespace-separated strings;
 each such string is taken as a command-line option.  The new options
 are inserted in place of the option naming the response file, and
 <code>*argcp</code> and <code>*argvp</code> will be updated.  If the value of
 <code>*argvp</code> is modified by this function, then the new value has
 been dynamically allocated and can be deallocated by the caller with
 <code>freeargv</code>.  However, most callers will simply call
 <code>expandargv</code> near the beginning of <code>main</code> and allow the
 operating system to free the memory when the program exits.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-fdmatch"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>fdmatch</strong> <em>(int <var>fd1</var>, int <var>fd2</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Check to see if two open file descriptors refer to the same file.
 This is useful, for example, when we have an open file descriptor for
 an unnamed file, and the name of a file that we believe to correspond
 to that fd.  This can happen when we are exec&rsquo;d with an already open
 file (<code>stdout</code> for example) or from the SVR4 <samp>/proc</samp> calls
 that return open file descriptors for mapped address spaces.  All we
 have to do is open the file by name and check the two file descriptors
 for a match, which is done by comparing major and minor device numbers
 and inode numbers.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-fdopen_005funlocked"></a>Extension: <em>FILE *</em> <strong>fdopen_unlocked</strong> <em>(int <var>fildes</var>,   const char * <var>mode</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Opens and returns a <code>FILE</code> pointer via <code>fdopen</code>.  If the
 operating system supports it, ensure that the stream is setup to avoid
 any multi-threaded locking.  Otherwise return the <code>FILE</code> pointer
 unchanged.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-ffs"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>ffs</strong> <em>(int <var>valu</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Find the first (least significant) bit set in <var>valu</var>.  Bits are
 numbered from right to left, starting with bit 1 (corresponding to the
 value 1).  If <var>valu</var> is zero, zero is returned.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-filename_005fcmp"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>filename_cmp</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s1</var>, const char *<var>s2</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Return zero if the two file names <var>s1</var> and <var>s2</var> are equivalent.
 If not equivalent, the returned value is similar to what <code>strcmp</code>
 would return.  In other words, it returns a negative value if <var>s1</var>
 is less than <var>s2</var>, or a positive value if <var>s2</var> is greater than
 <var>s2</var>.
 </p>
 <p>This function does not normalize file names.  As a result, this function
 will treat filenames that are spelled differently as different even in
 the case when the two filenames point to the same underlying file.
 However, it does handle the fact that on DOS-like file systems, forward
 and backward slashes are equal.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-filename_005feq"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>filename_eq</strong> <em>(const void *<var>s1</var>, const void *<var>s2</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Return non-zero if file names <var>s1</var> and <var>s2</var> are equivalent.
 This function is for use with hashtab.c hash tables.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-filename_005fhash"></a>Extension: <em>hashval_t</em> <strong>filename_hash</strong> <em>(const void *<var>s</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Return the hash value for file name <var>s</var> that will be compared
 using filename_cmp.
 This function is for use with hashtab.c hash tables.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-filename_005fncmp"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>filename_ncmp</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s1</var>, const char *<var>s2</var>, size_t <var>n</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Return zero if the two file names <var>s1</var> and <var>s2</var> are equivalent
 in range <var>n</var>.
 If not equivalent, the returned value is similar to what <code>strncmp</code>
 would return.  In other words, it returns a negative value if <var>s1</var>
 is less than <var>s2</var>, or a positive value if <var>s2</var> is greater than
 <var>s2</var>.
 </p>
 <p>This function does not normalize file names.  As a result, this function
 will treat filenames that are spelled differently as different even in
 the case when the two filenames point to the same underlying file.
 However, it does handle the fact that on DOS-like file systems, forward
 and backward slashes are equal.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-fnmatch"></a>Replacement: <em>int</em> <strong>fnmatch</strong> <em>(const char *<var>pattern</var>,   const char *<var>string</var>, int <var>flags</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Matches <var>string</var> against <var>pattern</var>, returning zero if it
 matches, <code>FNM_NOMATCH</code> if not.  <var>pattern</var> may contain the
 wildcards <code>?</code> to match any one character, <code>*</code> to match any
 zero or more characters, or a set of alternate characters in square
 brackets, like &lsquo;<samp>[a-gt8]</samp>&rsquo;, which match one character (<code>a</code>
 through <code>g</code>, or <code>t</code>, or <code>8</code>, in this example) if that one
 character is in the set.  A set may be inverted (i.e., match anything
 except what&rsquo;s in the set) by giving <code>^</code> or <code>!</code> as the first
 character in the set.  To include those characters in the set, list them
 as anything other than the first character of the set.  To include a
 dash in the set, list it last in the set.  A backslash character makes
 the following character not special, so for example you could match
 against a literal asterisk with &lsquo;<samp>\*</samp>&rsquo;.  To match a literal
 backslash, use &lsquo;<samp>\\</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 <p><code>flags</code> controls various aspects of the matching process, and is a
 boolean OR of zero or more of the following values (defined in
 <code>&lt;fnmatch.h&gt;</code>):
 </p>
 <dl compact="compact">
 <dt><code>FNM_PATHNAME</code></dt>
 <dt><code>FNM_FILE_NAME</code></dt>
 <dd><p><var>string</var> is assumed to be a path name.  No wildcard will ever match
 <code>/</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>FNM_NOESCAPE</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Do not interpret backslashes as quoting the following special character.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>FNM_PERIOD</code></dt>
 <dd><p>A leading period (at the beginning of <var>string</var>, or if
 <code>FNM_PATHNAME</code> after a slash) is not matched by <code>*</code> or
 <code>?</code> but must be matched explicitly.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>FNM_LEADING_DIR</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Means that <var>string</var> also matches <var>pattern</var> if some initial part
 of <var>string</var> matches, and is followed by <code>/</code> and zero or more
 characters.  For example, &lsquo;<samp>foo*</samp>&rsquo; would match either &lsquo;<samp>foobar</samp>&rsquo;
 or &lsquo;<samp>foobar/grill</samp>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>FNM_CASEFOLD</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Ignores case when performing the comparison.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>

 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-fopen_005funlocked"></a>Extension: <em>FILE *</em> <strong>fopen_unlocked</strong> <em>(const char *<var>path</var>,   const char * <var>mode</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Opens and returns a <code>FILE</code> pointer via <code>fopen</code>.  If the
 operating system supports it, ensure that the stream is setup to avoid
 any multi-threaded locking.  Otherwise return the <code>FILE</code> pointer
 unchanged.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-freeargv"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>freeargv</strong> <em>(char **<var>vector</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Free an argument vector that was built using <code>buildargv</code>.  Simply
 scans through <var>vector</var>, freeing the memory for each argument until
 the terminating <code>NULL</code> is found, and then frees <var>vector</var>
 itself.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-freopen_005funlocked"></a>Extension: <em>FILE *</em> <strong>freopen_unlocked</strong> <em>(const char * <var>path</var>,   const char * <var>mode</var>, FILE * <var>stream</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Opens and returns a <code>FILE</code> pointer via <code>freopen</code>.  If the
 operating system supports it, ensure that the stream is setup to avoid
 any multi-threaded locking.  Otherwise return the <code>FILE</code> pointer
 unchanged.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-get_005frun_005ftime"></a>Replacement: <em>long</em> <strong>get_run_time</strong> <em>(void)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns the time used so far, in microseconds.  If possible, this is
 the time used by this process, else it is the elapsed time since the
 process started.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-getcwd"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>getcwd</strong> <em>(char *<var>pathname</var>, int <var>len</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Copy the absolute pathname for the current working directory into
 <var>pathname</var>, which is assumed to point to a buffer of at least
 <var>len</var> bytes, and return a pointer to the buffer.  If the current
 directory&rsquo;s path doesn&rsquo;t fit in <var>len</var> characters, the result is
 <code>NULL</code> and <code>errno</code> is set.  If <var>pathname</var> is a null pointer,
 <code>getcwd</code> will obtain <var>len</var> bytes of space using
 <code>malloc</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-getpagesize"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>getpagesize</strong> <em>(void)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns the number of bytes in a page of memory.  This is the
 granularity of many of the system memory management routines.  No
 guarantee is made as to whether or not it is the same as the basic
 memory management hardware page size.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-getpwd"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>getpwd</strong> <em>(void)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns the current working directory.  This implementation caches the
 result on the assumption that the process will not call <code>chdir</code>
 between calls to <code>getpwd</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-gettimeofday"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>gettimeofday</strong> <em>(struct timeval *<var>tp</var>, void *<var>tz</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Writes the current time to <var>tp</var>.  This implementation requires
 that <var>tz</var> be NULL.  Returns 0 on success, -1 on failure.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-hex_005finit"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>hex_init</strong> <em>(void)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Initializes the array mapping the current character set to
 corresponding hex values.  This function must be called before any
 call to <code>hex_p</code> or <code>hex_value</code>.  If you fail to call it, a
 default ASCII-based table will normally be used on ASCII systems.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-hex_005fp"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>hex_p</strong> <em>(int <var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Evaluates to non-zero if the given character is a valid hex character,
 or zero if it is not.  Note that the value you pass will be cast to
 <code>unsigned char</code> within the macro.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-hex_005fvalue"></a>Extension: <em>unsigned int</em> <strong>hex_value</strong> <em>(int <var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns the numeric equivalent of the given character when interpreted
 as a hexadecimal digit.  The result is undefined if you pass an
 invalid hex digit.  Note that the value you pass will be cast to
 <code>unsigned char</code> within the macro.
 </p>
 <p>The <code>hex_value</code> macro returns <code>unsigned int</code>, rather than
 signed <code>int</code>, to make it easier to use in parsing addresses from
 hex dump files: a signed <code>int</code> would be sign-extended when
 converted to a wider unsigned type &mdash; like <code>bfd_vma</code>, on some
 systems.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-HOST_005fCHARSET"></a>Extension: <strong>HOST_CHARSET</strong></dt>
 <dd><p>This macro indicates the basic character set and encoding used by the
 host: more precisely, the encoding used for character constants in
 preprocessor &lsquo;<samp>#if</samp>&rsquo; statements (the C &quot;execution character set&quot;).
 It is defined by <samp>safe-ctype.h</samp>, and will be an integer constant
 with one of the following values:
 </p>
 <dl compact="compact">
 <dt><code>HOST_CHARSET_UNKNOWN</code>
 <a name="index-HOST_005fCHARSET_005fUNKNOWN"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>The host character set is unknown - that is, not one of the next two
 possibilities.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>HOST_CHARSET_ASCII</code>
 <a name="index-HOST_005fCHARSET_005fASCII"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>The host character set is ASCII.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>HOST_CHARSET_EBCDIC</code>
 <a name="index-HOST_005fCHARSET_005fEBCDIC"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>The host character set is some variant of EBCDIC.  (Only one of the
 nineteen EBCDIC varying characters is tested; exercise caution.)
 </p></dd>
 </dl>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-htab_005fcreate_005ftyped_005falloc"></a>Supplemental: <em>htab_t</em> <strong>htab_create_typed_alloc</strong> <em>(size_t <var>size</var>, htab_hash <var>hash_f</var>, htab_eq <var>eq_f</var>, htab_del <var>del_f</var>, htab_alloc <var>alloc_tab_f</var>, htab_alloc <var>alloc_f</var>, htab_free <var>free_f</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This function creates a hash table that uses two different allocators
 <var>alloc_tab_f</var> and <var>alloc_f</var> to use for allocating the table itself
 and its entries respectively.  This is useful when variables of different
 types need to be allocated with different allocators.
 </p>
 <p>The created hash table is slightly larger than <var>size</var> and it is
 initially empty (all the hash table entries are <code>HTAB_EMPTY_ENTRY</code>).
 The function returns the created hash table, or <code>NULL</code> if memory
 allocation fails.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-index"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>index</strong> <em>(char *<var>s</var>, int <var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of the character <var>c</var> in
 the string <var>s</var>, or <code>NULL</code> if not found.  The use of <code>index</code> is
 deprecated in new programs in favor of <code>strchr</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-insque"></a>Supplemental: <em>void</em> <strong>insque</strong> <em>(struct qelem *<var>elem</var>,   struct qelem *<var>pred</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-remque"></a>Supplemental: <em>void</em> <strong>remque</strong> <em>(struct qelem *<var>elem</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Routines to manipulate queues built from doubly linked lists.  The
 <code>insque</code> routine inserts <var>elem</var> in the queue immediately
 after <var>pred</var>.  The <code>remque</code> routine removes <var>elem</var> from
 its containing queue.  These routines expect to be passed pointers to
 structures which have as their first members a forward pointer and a
 back pointer, like this prototype (although no prototype is provided):
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">struct qelem {
   struct qelem *q_forw;
   struct qelem *q_back;
   char q_data[];
 };
 </pre></div>

 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-ISALPHA"></a>Extension: <strong>ISALPHA</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISALNUM"></a>Extension: <strong>ISALNUM</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISBLANK"></a>Extension: <strong>ISBLANK</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISCNTRL"></a>Extension: <strong>ISCNTRL</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISDIGIT"></a>Extension: <strong>ISDIGIT</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISGRAPH"></a>Extension: <strong>ISGRAPH</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISLOWER"></a>Extension: <strong>ISLOWER</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISPRINT"></a>Extension: <strong>ISPRINT</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISPUNCT"></a>Extension: <strong>ISPUNCT</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISSPACE"></a>Extension: <strong>ISSPACE</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISUPPER"></a>Extension: <strong>ISUPPER</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISXDIGIT"></a>Extension: <strong>ISXDIGIT</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>These twelve macros are defined by <samp>safe-ctype.h</samp>.  Each has the
 same meaning as the corresponding macro (with name in lowercase)
 defined by the standard header <samp>ctype.h</samp>.  For example,
 <code>ISALPHA</code> returns true for alphabetic characters and false for
 others.  However, there are two differences between these macros and
 those provided by <samp>ctype.h</samp>:
 </p>
 <ul>
 <li> These macros are guaranteed to have well-defined behavior for all
 values representable by <code>signed char</code> and <code>unsigned char</code>, and
 for <code>EOF</code>.

 </li><li> These macros ignore the current locale; they are true for these
 fixed sets of characters:
 <table>
 <tr><td><code>ALPHA</code></td><td><kbd>A-Za-z</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>ALNUM</code></td><td><kbd>A-Za-z0-9</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>BLANK</code></td><td><kbd>space tab</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>CNTRL</code></td><td><code>!PRINT</code></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>DIGIT</code></td><td><kbd>0-9</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>GRAPH</code></td><td><code>ALNUM || PUNCT</code></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>LOWER</code></td><td><kbd>a-z</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>PRINT</code></td><td><code>GRAPH ||</code> <kbd>space</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>PUNCT</code></td><td><kbd>`~!@#$%^&amp;*()_-=+[{]}\|;:'&quot;,&lt;.&gt;/?</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>SPACE</code></td><td><kbd>space tab \n \r \f \v</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>UPPER</code></td><td><kbd>A-Z</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>XDIGIT</code></td><td><kbd>0-9A-Fa-f</kbd></td></tr>
 </table>

 <p>Note that, if the host character set is ASCII or a superset thereof,
 all these macros will return false for all values of <code>char</code> outside
 the range of 7-bit ASCII.  In particular, both ISPRINT and ISCNTRL return
 false for characters with numeric values from 128 to 255.
 </p></li></ul>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-ISIDNUM"></a>Extension: <strong>ISIDNUM</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-ISIDST"></a>Extension: <strong>ISIDST</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-IS_005fVSPACE"></a>Extension: <strong>IS_VSPACE</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-IS_005fNVSPACE"></a>Extension: <strong>IS_NVSPACE</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-IS_005fSPACE_005fOR_005fNUL"></a>Extension: <strong>IS_SPACE_OR_NUL</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-IS_005fISOBASIC"></a>Extension: <strong>IS_ISOBASIC</strong> <em>(<var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>These six macros are defined by <samp>safe-ctype.h</samp> and provide
 additional character classes which are useful when doing lexical
 analysis of C or similar languages.  They are true for the following
 sets of characters:
 </p>
 <table>
 <tr><td><code>IDNUM</code></td><td><kbd>A-Za-z0-9_</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>IDST</code></td><td><kbd>A-Za-z_</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>VSPACE</code></td><td><kbd>\r \n</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>NVSPACE</code></td><td><kbd>space tab \f \v \0</kbd></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>SPACE_OR_NUL</code></td><td><code>VSPACE || NVSPACE</code></td></tr>
 <tr><td><code>ISOBASIC</code></td><td><code>VSPACE || NVSPACE || PRINT</code></td></tr>
 </table>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-lbasename"></a>Replacement: <em>const char*</em> <strong>lbasename</strong> <em>(const char *<var>name</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Given a pointer to a string containing a typical pathname
 (&lsquo;<samp>/usr/src/cmd/ls/ls.c</samp>&rsquo; for example), returns a pointer to the
 last component of the pathname (&lsquo;<samp>ls.c</samp>&rsquo; in this case).  The
 returned pointer is guaranteed to lie within the original
 string.  This latter fact is not true of many vendor C
 libraries, which return special strings or modify the passed
 strings for particular input.
 </p>
 <p>In particular, the empty string returns the same empty string,
 and a path ending in <code>/</code> returns the empty string after it.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-lrealpath"></a>Replacement: <em>const char*</em> <strong>lrealpath</strong> <em>(const char *<var>name</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Given a pointer to a string containing a pathname, returns a canonical
 version of the filename.  Symlinks will be resolved, and &ldquo;.&rdquo; and &ldquo;..&rdquo;
 components will be simplified.  The returned value will be allocated using
 <code>malloc</code>, or <code>NULL</code> will be returned on a memory allocation error.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-make_005frelative_005fprefix"></a>Extension: <em>const char*</em> <strong>make_relative_prefix</strong> <em>(const char *<var>progname</var>,   const char *<var>bin_prefix</var>, const char *<var>prefix</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Given three paths <var>progname</var>, <var>bin_prefix</var>, <var>prefix</var>,
 return the path that is in the same position relative to
 <var>progname</var>&rsquo;s directory as <var>prefix</var> is relative to
 <var>bin_prefix</var>.  That is, a string starting with the directory
 portion of <var>progname</var>, followed by a relative pathname of the
 difference between <var>bin_prefix</var> and <var>prefix</var>.
 </p>
 <p>If <var>progname</var> does not contain any directory separators,
 <code>make_relative_prefix</code> will search <code>PATH</code> to find a program
 named <var>progname</var>.  Also, if <var>progname</var> is a symbolic link,
 the symbolic link will be resolved.
 </p>
 <p>For example, if <var>bin_prefix</var> is <code>/alpha/beta/gamma/gcc/delta</code>,
 <var>prefix</var> is <code>/alpha/beta/gamma/omega/</code>, and <var>progname</var> is
 <code>/red/green/blue/gcc</code>, then this function will return
 <code>/red/green/blue/../../omega/</code>.
 </p>
 <p>The return value is normally allocated via <code>malloc</code>.  If no
 relative prefix can be found, return <code>NULL</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-make_005ftemp_005ffile"></a>Replacement: <em>char*</em> <strong>make_temp_file</strong> <em>(const char *<var>suffix</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Return a temporary file name (as a string) or <code>NULL</code> if unable to
 create one.  <var>suffix</var> is a suffix to append to the file name.  The
 string is <code>malloc</code>ed, and the temporary file has been created.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-memchr"></a>Supplemental: <em>void*</em> <strong>memchr</strong> <em>(const void *<var>s</var>, int <var>c</var>,   size_t <var>n</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This function searches memory starting at <code>*<var>s</var></code> for the
 character <var>c</var>.  The search only ends with the first occurrence of
 <var>c</var>, or after <var>length</var> characters; in particular, a null
 character does not terminate the search.  If the character <var>c</var> is
 found within <var>length</var> characters of <code>*<var>s</var></code>, a pointer
 to the character is returned.  If <var>c</var> is not found, then <code>NULL</code> is
 returned.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-memcmp"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>memcmp</strong> <em>(const void *<var>x</var>, const void *<var>y</var>,   size_t <var>count</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Compares the first <var>count</var> bytes of two areas of memory.  Returns
 zero if they are the same, a value less than zero if <var>x</var> is
 lexically less than <var>y</var>, or a value greater than zero if <var>x</var>
 is lexically greater than <var>y</var>.  Note that lexical order is determined
 as if comparing unsigned char arrays.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-memcpy"></a>Supplemental: <em>void*</em> <strong>memcpy</strong> <em>(void *<var>out</var>, const void *<var>in</var>,   size_t <var>length</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Copies <var>length</var> bytes from memory region <var>in</var> to region
 <var>out</var>.  Returns a pointer to <var>out</var>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-memmem"></a>Supplemental: <em>void*</em> <strong>memmem</strong> <em>(const void *<var>haystack</var>,   size_t <var>haystack_len</var> const void *<var>needle</var>, size_t <var>needle_len</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of <var>needle</var> (length
 <var>needle_len</var>) in <var>haystack</var> (length <var>haystack_len</var>).
 Returns <code>NULL</code> if not found.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-memmove"></a>Supplemental: <em>void*</em> <strong>memmove</strong> <em>(void *<var>from</var>, const void *<var>to</var>,   size_t <var>count</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Copies <var>count</var> bytes from memory area <var>from</var> to memory area
 <var>to</var>, returning a pointer to <var>to</var>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-mempcpy"></a>Supplemental: <em>void*</em> <strong>mempcpy</strong> <em>(void *<var>out</var>, const void *<var>in</var>,   size_t <var>length</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Copies <var>length</var> bytes from memory region <var>in</var> to region
 <var>out</var>.  Returns a pointer to <var>out</var> + <var>length</var>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-memset"></a>Supplemental: <em>void*</em> <strong>memset</strong> <em>(void *<var>s</var>, int <var>c</var>,   size_t <var>count</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Sets the first <var>count</var> bytes of <var>s</var> to the constant byte
 <var>c</var>, returning a pointer to <var>s</var>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-mkstemps"></a>Replacement: <em>int</em> <strong>mkstemps</strong> <em>(char *<var>pattern</var>, int <var>suffix_len</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Generate a unique temporary file name from <var>pattern</var>.
 <var>pattern</var> has the form:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">   <var>path</var>/ccXXXXXX<var>suffix</var>
 </pre></div>

 <p><var>suffix_len</var> tells us how long <var>suffix</var> is (it can be zero
 length).  The last six characters of <var>pattern</var> before <var>suffix</var>
 must be &lsquo;<samp>XXXXXX</samp>&rsquo;; they are replaced with a string that makes the
 filename unique.  Returns a file descriptor open on the file for
 reading and writing.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pex_005ffree"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>pex_free</strong> <em>(struct pex_obj <var>obj</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Clean up and free all data associated with <var>obj</var>.  If you have not
 yet called <code>pex_get_times</code> or <code>pex_get_status</code>, this will
 try to kill the subprocesses.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pex_005fget_005fstatus"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>pex_get_status</strong> <em>(struct pex_obj *<var>obj</var>,   int <var>count</var>, int *<var>vector</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns the exit status of all programs run using <var>obj</var>.
 <var>count</var> is the number of results expected.  The results will be
 placed into <var>vector</var>.  The results are in the order of the calls
 to <code>pex_run</code>.  Returns 0 on error, 1 on success.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pex_005fget_005ftimes"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>pex_get_times</strong> <em>(struct pex_obj *<var>obj</var>,   int <var>count</var>, struct pex_time *<var>vector</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns the process execution times of all programs run using
 <var>obj</var>.  <var>count</var> is the number of results expected.  The
 results will be placed into <var>vector</var>.  The results are in the
 order of the calls to <code>pex_run</code>.  Returns 0 on error, 1 on
 success.
 </p>
 <p><code>struct pex_time</code> has the following fields of the type
 <code>unsigned long</code>: <code>user_seconds</code>,
 <code>user_microseconds</code>, <code>system_seconds</code>,
 <code>system_microseconds</code>.  On systems which do not support reporting
 process times, all the fields will be set to <code>0</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pex_005finit"></a>Extension: <em>struct pex_obj *</em> <strong>pex_init</strong> <em>(int <var>flags</var>,   const char *<var>pname</var>, const char *<var>tempbase</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Prepare to execute one or more programs, with standard output of each
 program fed to standard input of the next.  This is a system
 independent interface to execute a pipeline.
 </p>
 <p><var>flags</var> is a bitwise combination of the following:
 </p>
 <dl compact="compact">
 <dd>
 <a name="index-PEX_005fRECORD_005fTIMES"></a>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>PEX_RECORD_TIMES</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Record subprocess times if possible.
 </p>
 <a name="index-PEX_005fUSE_005fPIPES"></a>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>PEX_USE_PIPES</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Use pipes for communication between processes, if possible.
 </p>
 <a name="index-PEX_005fSAVE_005fTEMPS"></a>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>PEX_SAVE_TEMPS</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Don&rsquo;t delete temporary files used for communication between
 processes.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>

 <p><var>pname</var> is the name of program to be executed, used in error
 messages.  <var>tempbase</var> is a base name to use for any required
 temporary files; it may be <code>NULL</code> to use a randomly chosen name.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pex_005finput_005ffile"></a>Extension: <em>FILE *</em> <strong>pex_input_file</strong> <em>(struct pex_obj *<var>obj</var>,   int <var>flags</var>, const char *<var>in_name</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Return a stream for a temporary file to pass to the first program in
 the pipeline as input.
 </p>
 <p>The name of the input file is chosen according to the same rules
 <code>pex_run</code> uses to choose output file names, based on
 <var>in_name</var>, <var>obj</var> and the <code>PEX_SUFFIX</code> bit in <var>flags</var>.
 </p>
 <p>Don&rsquo;t call <code>fclose</code> on the returned stream; the first call to
 <code>pex_run</code> closes it automatically.
 </p>
 <p>If <var>flags</var> includes <code>PEX_BINARY_OUTPUT</code>, open the stream in
 binary mode; otherwise, open it in the default mode.  Including
 <code>PEX_BINARY_OUTPUT</code> in <var>flags</var> has no effect on Unix.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pex_005finput_005fpipe"></a>Extension: <em>FILE *</em> <strong>pex_input_pipe</strong> <em>(struct pex_obj *<var>obj</var>,   int <var>binary</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Return a stream <var>fp</var> for a pipe connected to the standard input of
 the first program in the pipeline; <var>fp</var> is opened for writing.
 You must have passed <code>PEX_USE_PIPES</code> to the <code>pex_init</code> call
 that returned <var>obj</var>.
 </p>
 <p>You must close <var>fp</var> using <code>fclose</code> yourself when you have
 finished writing data to the pipeline.
 </p>
 <p>The file descriptor underlying <var>fp</var> is marked not to be inherited
 by child processes.
 </p>
 <p>On systems that do not support pipes, this function returns
 <code>NULL</code>, and sets <code>errno</code> to <code>EINVAL</code>.  If you would
 like to write code that is portable to all systems the <code>pex</code>
 functions support, consider using <code>pex_input_file</code> instead.
 </p>
 <p>There are two opportunities for deadlock using
 <code>pex_input_pipe</code>:
 </p>
 <ul>
 <li> Most systems&rsquo; pipes can buffer only a fixed amount of data; a process
 that writes to a full pipe blocks.  Thus, if you write to <samp>fp</samp>
 before starting the first process, you run the risk of blocking when
 there is no child process yet to read the data and allow you to
 continue.  <code>pex_input_pipe</code> makes no promises about the
 size of the pipe&rsquo;s buffer, so if you need to write any data at all
 before starting the first process in the pipeline, consider using
 <code>pex_input_file</code> instead.

 </li><li> Using <code>pex_input_pipe</code> and <code>pex_read_output</code> together
 may also cause deadlock.  If the output pipe fills up, so that each
 program in the pipeline is waiting for the next to read more data, and
 you fill the input pipe by writing more data to <var>fp</var>, then there
 is no way to make progress: the only process that could read data from
 the output pipe is you, but you are blocked on the input pipe.

 </li></ul>

 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pex_005fone"></a>Extension: <em>const char *</em> <strong>pex_one</strong> <em>(int <var>flags</var>,   const char *<var>executable</var>, char * const *<var>argv</var>,   const char *<var>pname</var>, const char *<var>outname</var>, const char *<var>errname</var>,   int *<var>status</var>, int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>An interface to permit the easy execution of a
 single program.  The return value and most of the parameters are as
 for a call to <code>pex_run</code>.  <var>flags</var> is restricted to a
 combination of <code>PEX_SEARCH</code>, <code>PEX_STDERR_TO_STDOUT</code>, and
 <code>PEX_BINARY_OUTPUT</code>.  <var>outname</var> is interpreted as if
 <code>PEX_LAST</code> were set.  On a successful return, <code>*<var>status</var></code> will
 be set to the exit status of the program.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pex_005fread_005ferr"></a>Extension: <em>FILE *</em> <strong>pex_read_err</strong> <em>(struct pex_obj *<var>obj</var>,   int <var>binary</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a <code>FILE</code> pointer which may be used to read the standard
 error of the last program in the pipeline.  When this is used,
 <code>PEX_LAST</code> should not be used in a call to <code>pex_run</code>.  After
 this is called, <code>pex_run</code> may no longer be called with the same
 <var>obj</var>.  <var>binary</var> should be non-zero if the file should be
 opened in binary mode.  Don&rsquo;t call <code>fclose</code> on the returned file;
 it will be closed by <code>pex_free</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pex_005fread_005foutput"></a>Extension: <em>FILE *</em> <strong>pex_read_output</strong> <em>(struct pex_obj *<var>obj</var>,   int <var>binary</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a <code>FILE</code> pointer which may be used to read the standard
 output of the last program in the pipeline.  When this is used,
 <code>PEX_LAST</code> should not be used in a call to <code>pex_run</code>.  After
 this is called, <code>pex_run</code> may no longer be called with the same
 <var>obj</var>.  <var>binary</var> should be non-zero if the file should be
 opened in binary mode.  Don&rsquo;t call <code>fclose</code> on the returned file;
 it will be closed by <code>pex_free</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pex_005frun"></a>Extension: <em>const char *</em> <strong>pex_run</strong> <em>(struct pex_obj *<var>obj</var>,   int <var>flags</var>, const char *<var>executable</var>, char * const *<var>argv</var>,   const char *<var>outname</var>, const char *<var>errname</var>, int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Execute one program in a pipeline.  On success this returns
 <code>NULL</code>.  On failure it returns an error message, a statically
 allocated string.
 </p>
 <p><var>obj</var> is returned by a previous call to <code>pex_init</code>.
 </p>
 <p><var>flags</var> is a bitwise combination of the following:
 </p>
 <dl compact="compact">
 <dd>
 <a name="index-PEX_005fLAST"></a>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>PEX_LAST</code></dt>
 <dd><p>This must be set on the last program in the pipeline.  In particular,
 it should be set when executing a single program.  The standard output
 of the program will be sent to <var>outname</var>, or, if <var>outname</var> is
 <code>NULL</code>, to the standard output of the calling program.  Do <em>not</em>
 set this bit if you want to call <code>pex_read_output</code>
 (described below).  After a call to <code>pex_run</code> with this bit set,
 <var>pex_run</var> may no longer be called with the same <var>obj</var>.
 </p>
 <a name="index-PEX_005fSEARCH"></a>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>PEX_SEARCH</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Search for the program using the user&rsquo;s executable search path.
 </p>
 <a name="index-PEX_005fSUFFIX"></a>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>PEX_SUFFIX</code></dt>
 <dd><p><var>outname</var> is a suffix.  See the description of <var>outname</var>,
 below.
 </p>
 <a name="index-PEX_005fSTDERR_005fTO_005fSTDOUT"></a>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>PEX_STDERR_TO_STDOUT</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Send the program&rsquo;s standard error to standard output, if possible.
 </p>
 <a name="index-PEX_005fBINARY_005fINPUT"></a>
 <a name="index-PEX_005fBINARY_005fOUTPUT"></a>
 <a name="index-PEX_005fBINARY_005fERROR"></a>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>PEX_BINARY_INPUT</code></dt>
 <dt><code>PEX_BINARY_OUTPUT</code></dt>
 <dt><code>PEX_BINARY_ERROR</code></dt>
 <dd><p>The standard input (output or error) of the program should be read (written) in
 binary mode rather than text mode.  These flags are ignored on systems
 which do not distinguish binary mode and text mode, such as Unix.  For
 proper behavior these flags should match appropriately&mdash;a call to
 <code>pex_run</code> using <code>PEX_BINARY_OUTPUT</code> should be followed by a
 call using <code>PEX_BINARY_INPUT</code>.
 </p>
 <a name="index-PEX_005fSTDERR_005fTO_005fPIPE"></a>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>PEX_STDERR_TO_PIPE</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Send the program&rsquo;s standard error to a pipe, if possible.  This flag
 cannot be specified together with <code>PEX_STDERR_TO_STDOUT</code>.  This
 flag can be specified only on the last program in pipeline.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>

 <p><var>executable</var> is the program to execute.  <var>argv</var> is the set of
 arguments to pass to the program; normally <code><var>argv</var>[0]</code> will
 be a copy of <var>executable</var>.
 </p>
 <p><var>outname</var> is used to set the name of the file to use for standard
 output.  There are two cases in which no output file will be used:
 </p>
 <ol>
 <li> if <code>PEX_LAST</code> is not set in <var>flags</var>, and <code>PEX_USE_PIPES</code>
 was set in the call to <code>pex_init</code>, and the system supports pipes

 </li><li> if <code>PEX_LAST</code> is set in <var>flags</var>, and <var>outname</var> is
 <code>NULL</code>
 </li></ol>

 <p>Otherwise the code will use a file to hold standard
 output.  If <code>PEX_LAST</code> is not set, this file is considered to be
 a temporary file, and it will be removed when no longer needed, unless
 <code>PEX_SAVE_TEMPS</code> was set in the call to <code>pex_init</code>.
 </p>
 <p>There are two cases to consider when setting the name of the file to
 hold standard output.
 </p>
 <ol>
 <li> <code>PEX_SUFFIX</code> is set in <var>flags</var>.  In this case
 <var>outname</var> may not be <code>NULL</code>.  If the <var>tempbase</var> parameter
 to <code>pex_init</code> was not <code>NULL</code>, then the output file name is
 the concatenation of <var>tempbase</var> and <var>outname</var>.  If
 <var>tempbase</var> was <code>NULL</code>, then the output file name is a random
 file name ending in <var>outname</var>.

 </li><li> <code>PEX_SUFFIX</code> was not set in <var>flags</var>.  In this
 case, if <var>outname</var> is not <code>NULL</code>, it is used as the output
 file name.  If <var>outname</var> is <code>NULL</code>, and <var>tempbase</var> was
 not NULL, the output file name is randomly chosen using
 <var>tempbase</var>.  Otherwise the output file name is chosen completely
 at random.
 </li></ol>

 <p><var>errname</var> is the file name to use for standard error output.  If
 it is <code>NULL</code>, standard error is the same as the caller&rsquo;s.
 Otherwise, standard error is written to the named file.
 </p>
 <p>On an error return, the code sets <code>*<var>err</var></code> to an <code>errno</code>
 value, or to 0 if there is no relevant <code>errno</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pex_005frun_005fin_005fenvironment"></a>Extension: <em>const char *</em> <strong>pex_run_in_environment</strong> <em>(struct pex_obj *<var>obj</var>,   int <var>flags</var>, const char *<var>executable</var>, char * const *<var>argv</var>,   char * const *<var>env</var>, int <var>env_size</var>, const char *<var>outname</var>,   const char *<var>errname</var>, int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Execute one program in a pipeline, permitting the environment for the
 program to be specified.  Behaviour and parameters not listed below are
 as for <code>pex_run</code>.
 </p>
 <p><var>env</var> is the environment for the child process, specified as an array of
 character pointers.  Each element of the array should point to a string of the
 form <code>VAR=VALUE</code>, with the exception of the last element that must be
 <code>NULL</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pexecute"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>pexecute</strong> <em>(const char *<var>program</var>,   char * const *<var>argv</var>, const char *<var>this_pname</var>,   const char *<var>temp_base</var>, char **<var>errmsg_fmt</var>,   char **<var>errmsg_arg</var>, int <var>flags</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This is the old interface to execute one or more programs.  It is
 still supported for compatibility purposes, but is no longer
 documented.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-psignal"></a>Supplemental: <em>void</em> <strong>psignal</strong> <em>(int <var>signo</var>, char *<var>message</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Print <var>message</var> to the standard error, followed by a colon,
 followed by the description of the signal specified by <var>signo</var>,
 followed by a newline.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-putenv"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>putenv</strong> <em>(const char *<var>string</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Uses <code>setenv</code> or <code>unsetenv</code> to put <var>string</var> into
 the environment or remove it.  If <var>string</var> is of the form
 &lsquo;<samp>name=value</samp>&rsquo; the string is added; if no &lsquo;<samp>=</samp>&rsquo; is present the
 name is unset/removed.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-pwait"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>pwait</strong> <em>(int <var>pid</var>, int *<var>status</var>, int <var>flags</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Another part of the old execution interface.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-random"></a>Supplement: <em>long int</em> <strong>random</strong> <em>(void)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-srandom"></a>Supplement: <em>void</em> <strong>srandom</strong> <em>(unsigned int <var>seed</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-initstate"></a>Supplement: <em>void*</em> <strong>initstate</strong> <em>(unsigned int <var>seed</var>,   void *<var>arg_state</var>, unsigned long <var>n</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-setstate"></a>Supplement: <em>void*</em> <strong>setstate</strong> <em>(void *<var>arg_state</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Random number functions.  <code>random</code> returns a random number in the
 range 0 to <code>LONG_MAX</code>.  <code>srandom</code> initializes the random
 number generator to some starting point determined by <var>seed</var>
 (else, the values returned by <code>random</code> are always the same for each
 run of the program).  <code>initstate</code> and <code>setstate</code> allow fine-grained
 control over the state of the random number generator.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-reconcat"></a>Extension: <em>char*</em> <strong>reconcat</strong> <em>(char *<var>optr</var>, const char *<var>s1</var>,   &hellip;, <code>NULL</code>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Same as <code>concat</code>, except that if <var>optr</var> is not <code>NULL</code> it
 is freed after the string is created.  This is intended to be useful
 when you&rsquo;re extending an existing string or building up a string in a
 loop:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">  str = reconcat (str, &quot;pre-&quot;, str, NULL);
 </pre></div>

 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-rename"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>rename</strong> <em>(const char *<var>old</var>, const char *<var>new</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Renames a file from <var>old</var> to <var>new</var>.  If <var>new</var> already
 exists, it is removed.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-rindex"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>rindex</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s</var>, int <var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a pointer to the last occurrence of the character <var>c</var> in
 the string <var>s</var>, or <code>NULL</code> if not found.  The use of <code>rindex</code> is
 deprecated in new programs in favor of <code>strrchr</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-setenv"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>setenv</strong> <em>(const char *<var>name</var>,   const char *<var>value</var>, int <var>overwrite</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-unsetenv"></a>Supplemental: <em>void</em> <strong>unsetenv</strong> <em>(const char *<var>name</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p><code>setenv</code> adds <var>name</var> to the environment with value
 <var>value</var>.  If the name was already present in the environment,
 the new value will be stored only if <var>overwrite</var> is nonzero.
 The companion <code>unsetenv</code> function removes <var>name</var> from the
 environment.  This implementation is not safe for multithreaded code.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-setproctitle"></a>Supplemental: <em>void</em> <strong>setproctitle</strong> <em>(const char *<var>fmt</var>, ...)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Set the title of a process to <var>fmt</var>. va args not supported for now,
 but defined for compatibility with BSD.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-signo_005fmax"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>signo_max</strong> <em>(void)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns the maximum signal value for which a corresponding symbolic
 name or message is available.  Note that in the case where we use the
 <code>sys_siglist</code> supplied by the system, it is possible for there to
 be more symbolic names than messages, or vice versa.  In fact, the
 manual page for <code>psignal(3b)</code> explicitly warns that one should
 check the size of the table (<code>NSIG</code>) before indexing it, since
 new signal codes may be added to the system before they are added to
 the table.  Thus <code>NSIG</code> might be smaller than value implied by
 the largest signo value defined in <code>&lt;signal.h&gt;</code>.
 </p>
 <p>We return the maximum value that can be used to obtain a meaningful
 symbolic name or message.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-sigsetmask"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>sigsetmask</strong> <em>(int <var>set</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Sets the signal mask to the one provided in <var>set</var> and returns
 the old mask (which, for libiberty&rsquo;s implementation, will always
 be the value <code>1</code>).
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005fattributes_005fcompare"></a>Extension: <em>const char *</em> <strong>simple_object_attributes_compare</strong> <em>(simple_object_attributes *<var>attrs1</var>, simple_object_attributes *<var>attrs2</var>,    int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Compare <var>attrs1</var> and <var>attrs2</var>.  If they could be linked
 together without error, return <code>NULL</code>.  Otherwise, return an
 error message and set <code>*<var>err</var></code> to an errno value or <code>0</code>
 if there is no relevant errno.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005ffetch_005fattributes"></a>Extension: <em>simple_object_attributes *</em> <strong>simple_object_fetch_attributes</strong> <em>(simple_object_read *<var>simple_object</var>, const char **<var>errmsg</var>, int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Fetch the attributes of <var>simple_object</var>.  The attributes are
 internal information such as the format of the object file, or the
 architecture it was compiled for.  This information will persist until
 <code>simple_object_attributes_release</code> is called, even if
 <var>simple_object</var> itself is released.
 </p>
 <p>On error this returns <code>NULL</code>, sets <code>*<var>errmsg</var></code> to an
 error message, and sets <code>*<var>err</var></code> to an errno value or
 <code>0</code> if there is no relevant errno.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005ffind_005fsection"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>simple_object_find_section</strong> <em>(simple_object_read *<var>simple_object</var> off_t *<var>offset</var>,   off_t *<var>length</var>, const char **<var>errmsg</var>, int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Look for the section <var>name</var> in <var>simple_object</var>.  This returns
 information for the first section with that name.
 </p>
 <p>If found, return 1 and set <code>*<var>offset</var></code> to the offset in the
 file of the section contents and set <code>*<var>length</var></code> to the
 length of the section contents.  The value in <code>*<var>offset</var></code>
 will be relative to the offset passed to
 <code>simple_object_open_read</code>.
 </p>
 <p>If the section is not found, and no error occurs,
 <code>simple_object_find_section</code> returns <code>0</code> and set
 <code>*<var>errmsg</var></code> to <code>NULL</code>.
 </p>
 <p>If an error occurs, <code>simple_object_find_section</code> returns
 <code>0</code>, sets <code>*<var>errmsg</var></code> to an error message, and sets
 <code>*<var>err</var></code> to an errno value or <code>0</code> if there is no
 relevant errno.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005ffind_005fsections"></a>Extension: <em>const char *</em> <strong>simple_object_find_sections</strong> <em>(simple_object_read *<var>simple_object</var>, int (*<var>pfn</var>) (void *<var>data</var>,   const char *<var>name</var>, off_t <var>offset</var>, off_t <var>length</var>),   void *<var>data</var>, int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This function calls <var>pfn</var> for each section in <var>simple_object</var>.
 It calls <var>pfn</var> with the section name, the offset within the file
 of the section contents, and the length of the section contents.  The
 offset within the file is relative to the offset passed to
 <code>simple_object_open_read</code>.  The <var>data</var> argument to this
 function is passed along to <var>pfn</var>.
 </p>
 <p>If <var>pfn</var> returns <code>0</code>, the loop over the sections stops and
 <code>simple_object_find_sections</code> returns.  If <var>pfn</var> returns some
 other value, the loop continues.
 </p>
 <p>On success <code>simple_object_find_sections</code> returns.  On error it
 returns an error string, and sets <code>*<var>err</var></code> to an errno value
 or <code>0</code> if there is no relevant errno.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005fopen_005fread"></a>Extension: <em>simple_object_read *</em> <strong>simple_object_open_read</strong> <em>(int <var>descriptor</var>, off_t <var>offset</var>, const char *segment_name,   const char **<var>errmsg</var>, int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Opens an object file for reading.  Creates and returns an
 <code>simple_object_read</code> pointer which may be passed to other
 functions to extract data from the object file.
 </p>
 <p><var>descriptor</var> holds a file descriptor which permits reading.
 </p>
 <p><var>offset</var> is the offset into the file; this will be <code>0</code> in the
 normal case, but may be a different value when reading an object file
 in an archive file.
 </p>
 <p><var>segment_name</var> is only used with the Mach-O file format used on
 Darwin aka Mac OS X.  It is required on that platform, and means to
 only look at sections within the segment with that name.  The
 parameter is ignored on other systems.
 </p>
 <p>If an error occurs, this functions returns <code>NULL</code> and sets
 <code>*<var>errmsg</var></code> to an error string and sets <code>*<var>err</var></code> to
 an errno value or <code>0</code> if there is no relevant errno.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005frelease_005fattributes"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>simple_object_release_attributes</strong> <em>(simple_object_attributes *<var>attrs</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Release all resources associated with <var>attrs</var>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005frelease_005fread"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>simple_object_release_read</strong> <em>(simple_object_read *<var>simple_object</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Release all resources associated with <var>simple_object</var>.  This does
 not close the file descriptor.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005frelease_005fwrite"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>simple_object_release_write</strong> <em>(simple_object_write *<var>simple_object</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Release all resources associated with <var>simple_object</var>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005fstart_005fwrite"></a>Extension: <em>simple_object_write *</em> <strong>simple_object_start_write</strong> <em>(simple_object_attributes <var>attrs</var>, const char *<var>segment_name</var>,   const char **<var>errmsg</var>, int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Start creating a new object file using the object file format
 described in <var>attrs</var>.  You must fetch attribute information from
 an existing object file before you can create a new one.  There is
 currently no support for creating an object file de novo.
 </p>
 <p><var>segment_name</var> is only used with Mach-O as found on Darwin aka Mac
 OS X.  The parameter is required on that target.  It means that all
 sections are created within the named segment.  It is ignored for
 other object file formats.
 </p>
 <p>On error <code>simple_object_start_write</code> returns <code>NULL</code>, sets
 <code>*<var>ERRMSG</var></code> to an error message, and sets <code>*<var>err</var></code>
 to an errno value or <code>0</code> if there is no relevant errno.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005fwrite_005fadd_005fdata"></a>Extension: <em>const char *</em> <strong>simple_object_write_add_data</strong> <em>(simple_object_write *<var>simple_object</var>,   simple_object_write_section *<var>section</var>, const void *<var>buffer</var>,   size_t <var>size</var>, int <var>copy</var>, int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Add data <var>buffer</var>/<var>size</var> to <var>section</var> in
 <var>simple_object</var>.  If <var>copy</var> is non-zero, the data will be
 copied into memory if necessary.  If <var>copy</var> is zero, <var>buffer</var>
 must persist until <code>simple_object_write_to_file</code> is called.  is
 released.
 </p>
 <p>On success this returns <code>NULL</code>.  On error this returns an error
 message, and sets <code>*<var>err</var></code> to an errno value or 0 if there is
 no relevant erro.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005fwrite_005fcreate_005fsection"></a>Extension: <em>simple_object_write_section *</em> <strong>simple_object_write_create_section</strong> <em>(simple_object_write *<var>simple_object</var>, const char *<var>name</var>,   unsigned int <var>align</var>, const char **<var>errmsg</var>, int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Add a section to <var>simple_object</var>.  <var>name</var> is the name of the
 new section.  <var>align</var> is the required alignment expressed as the
 number of required low-order 0 bits (e.g., 2 for alignment to a 32-bit
 boundary).
 </p>
 <p>The section is created as containing data, readable, not writable, not
 executable, not loaded at runtime.  The section is not written to the
 file until <code>simple_object_write_to_file</code> is called.
 </p>
 <p>On error this returns <code>NULL</code>, sets <code>*<var>errmsg</var></code> to an
 error message, and sets <code>*<var>err</var></code> to an errno value or
 <code>0</code> if there is no relevant errno.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-simple_005fobject_005fwrite_005fto_005ffile"></a>Extension: <em>const char *</em> <strong>simple_object_write_to_file</strong> <em>(simple_object_write *<var>simple_object</var>, int <var>descriptor</var>, int *<var>err</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Write the complete object file to <var>descriptor</var>, an open file
 descriptor.  This writes out all the data accumulated by calls to
 <code>simple_object_write_create_section</code> and
 <var>simple_object_write_add_data</var>.
 </p>
 <p>This returns <code>NULL</code> on success.  On error this returns an error
 message and sets <code>*<var>err</var></code> to an errno value or <code>0</code> if
 there is no relevant errno.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-snprintf"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>snprintf</strong> <em>(char *<var>buf</var>, size_t <var>n</var>,   const char *<var>format</var>, ...)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This function is similar to <code>sprintf</code>, but it will write to
 <var>buf</var> at most <code><var>n</var>-1</code> bytes of text, followed by a
 terminating null byte, for a total of <var>n</var> bytes.
 On error the return value is -1, otherwise it returns the number of
 bytes, not including the terminating null byte, that would have been
 written had <var>n</var> been sufficiently large, regardless of the actual
 value of <var>n</var>.  Note some pre-C99 system libraries do not implement
 this correctly so users cannot generally rely on the return value if
 the system version of this function is used.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-spaces"></a>Extension: <em>char*</em> <strong>spaces</strong> <em>(int <var>count</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a pointer to a memory region filled with the specified
 number of spaces and null terminated.  The returned pointer is
 valid until at least the next call.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-splay_005ftree_005fnew_005fwith_005ftyped_005falloc"></a>Supplemental: <em>splay_tree</em> <strong>splay_tree_new_with_typed_alloc</strong> <em>(splay_tree_compare_fn <var>compare_fn</var>, splay_tree_delete_key_fn <var>delete_key_fn</var>, splay_tree_delete_value_fn <var>delete_value_fn</var>, splay_tree_allocate_fn <var>tree_allocate_fn</var>, splay_tree_allocate_fn <var>node_allocate_fn</var>, splay_tree_deallocate_fn <var>deallocate_fn</var>, void * <var>allocate_data</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This function creates a splay tree that uses two different allocators
 <var>tree_allocate_fn</var> and <var>node_allocate_fn</var> to use for allocating the
 tree itself and its nodes respectively.  This is useful when variables of
 different types need to be allocated with different allocators.
 </p>
 <p>The splay tree will use <var>compare_fn</var> to compare nodes,
 <var>delete_key_fn</var> to deallocate keys, and <var>delete_value_fn</var> to
 deallocate values.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-stack_005flimit_005fincrease"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>stack_limit_increase</strong> <em>(unsigned long <var>pref</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Attempt to increase stack size limit to <var>pref</var> bytes if possible.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-stpcpy"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>stpcpy</strong> <em>(char *<var>dst</var>, const char *<var>src</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Copies the string <var>src</var> into <var>dst</var>.  Returns a pointer to
 <var>dst</var> + strlen(<var>src</var>).
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-stpncpy"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>stpncpy</strong> <em>(char *<var>dst</var>, const char *<var>src</var>,   size_t <var>len</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Copies the string <var>src</var> into <var>dst</var>, copying exactly <var>len</var>
 and padding with zeros if necessary.  If <var>len</var> &lt; strlen(<var>src</var>)
 then return <var>dst</var> + <var>len</var>, otherwise returns <var>dst</var> +
 strlen(<var>src</var>).
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strcasecmp"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>strcasecmp</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s1</var>, const char *<var>s2</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>A case-insensitive <code>strcmp</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strchr"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>strchr</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s</var>, int <var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a pointer to the first occurrence of the character <var>c</var> in
 the string <var>s</var>, or <code>NULL</code> if not found.  If <var>c</var> is itself the
 null character, the results are undefined.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strdup"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>strdup</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a pointer to a copy of <var>s</var> in memory obtained from
 <code>malloc</code>, or <code>NULL</code> if insufficient memory was available.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strerrno"></a>Replacement: <em>const char*</em> <strong>strerrno</strong> <em>(int <var>errnum</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Given an error number returned from a system call (typically returned
 in <code>errno</code>), returns a pointer to a string containing the
 symbolic name of that error number, as found in <code>&lt;errno.h&gt;</code>.
 </p>
 <p>If the supplied error number is within the valid range of indices for
 symbolic names, but no name is available for the particular error
 number, then returns the string &lsquo;<samp>Error <var>num</var></samp>&rsquo;, where <var>num</var>
 is the error number.
 </p>
 <p>If the supplied error number is not within the range of valid
 indices, then returns <code>NULL</code>.
 </p>
 <p>The contents of the location pointed to are only guaranteed to be
 valid until the next call to <code>strerrno</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strerror"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>strerror</strong> <em>(int <var>errnoval</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Maps an <code>errno</code> number to an error message string, the contents
 of which are implementation defined.  On systems which have the
 external variables <code>sys_nerr</code> and <code>sys_errlist</code>, these
 strings will be the same as the ones used by <code>perror</code>.
 </p>
 <p>If the supplied error number is within the valid range of indices for
 the <code>sys_errlist</code>, but no message is available for the particular
 error number, then returns the string &lsquo;<samp>Error <var>num</var></samp>&rsquo;, where
 <var>num</var> is the error number.
 </p>
 <p>If the supplied error number is not a valid index into
 <code>sys_errlist</code>, returns <code>NULL</code>.
 </p>
 <p>The returned string is only guaranteed to be valid only until the
 next call to <code>strerror</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strncasecmp"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>strncasecmp</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s1</var>, const char *<var>s2</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>A case-insensitive <code>strncmp</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strncmp"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>strncmp</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s1</var>,   const char *<var>s2</var>, size_t <var>n</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Compares the first <var>n</var> bytes of two strings, returning a value as
 <code>strcmp</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strndup"></a>Extension: <em>char*</em> <strong>strndup</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s</var>, size_t <var>n</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a pointer to a copy of <var>s</var> with at most <var>n</var> characters
 in memory obtained from <code>malloc</code>, or <code>NULL</code> if insufficient
 memory was available.  The result is always NUL terminated.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strnlen"></a>Supplemental: <em>size_t</em> <strong>strnlen</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s</var>, size_t <var>maxlen</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns the length of <var>s</var>, as with <code>strlen</code>, but never looks
 past the first <var>maxlen</var> characters in the string.  If there is no
 &rsquo;\0&rsquo; character in the first <var>maxlen</var> characters, returns
 <var>maxlen</var>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strrchr"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>strrchr</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s</var>, int <var>c</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a pointer to the last occurrence of the character <var>c</var> in
 the string <var>s</var>, or <code>NULL</code> if not found.  If <var>c</var> is itself the
 null character, the results are undefined.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strsignal"></a>Supplemental: <em>const char *</em> <strong>strsignal</strong> <em>(int <var>signo</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Maps an signal number to an signal message string, the contents of
 which are implementation defined.  On systems which have the external
 variable <code>sys_siglist</code>, these strings will be the same as the
 ones used by <code>psignal()</code>.
 </p>
 <p>If the supplied signal number is within the valid range of indices for
 the <code>sys_siglist</code>, but no message is available for the particular
 signal number, then returns the string &lsquo;<samp>Signal <var>num</var></samp>&rsquo;, where
 <var>num</var> is the signal number.
 </p>
 <p>If the supplied signal number is not a valid index into
 <code>sys_siglist</code>, returns <code>NULL</code>.
 </p>
 <p>The returned string is only guaranteed to be valid only until the next
 call to <code>strsignal</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strsigno"></a>Extension: <em>const char*</em> <strong>strsigno</strong> <em>(int <var>signo</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Given an signal number, returns a pointer to a string containing the
 symbolic name of that signal number, as found in <code>&lt;signal.h&gt;</code>.
 </p>
 <p>If the supplied signal number is within the valid range of indices for
 symbolic names, but no name is available for the particular signal
 number, then returns the string &lsquo;<samp>Signal <var>num</var></samp>&rsquo;, where
 <var>num</var> is the signal number.
 </p>
 <p>If the supplied signal number is not within the range of valid
 indices, then returns <code>NULL</code>.
 </p>
 <p>The contents of the location pointed to are only guaranteed to be
 valid until the next call to <code>strsigno</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strstr"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>strstr</strong> <em>(const char *<var>string</var>, const char *<var>sub</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This function searches for the substring <var>sub</var> in the string
 <var>string</var>, not including the terminating null characters.  A pointer
 to the first occurrence of <var>sub</var> is returned, or <code>NULL</code> if the
 substring is absent.  If <var>sub</var> points to a string with zero
 length, the function returns <var>string</var>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strtod"></a>Supplemental: <em>double</em> <strong>strtod</strong> <em>(const char *<var>string</var>,   char **<var>endptr</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This ISO C function converts the initial portion of <var>string</var> to a
 <code>double</code>.  If <var>endptr</var> is not <code>NULL</code>, a pointer to the
 character after the last character used in the conversion is stored in
 the location referenced by <var>endptr</var>.  If no conversion is
 performed, zero is returned and the value of <var>string</var> is stored in
 the location referenced by <var>endptr</var>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strtoerrno"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>strtoerrno</strong> <em>(const char *<var>name</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Given the symbolic name of a error number (e.g., <code>EACCES</code>), map it
 to an errno value.  If no translation is found, returns 0.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strtol"></a>Supplemental: <em>long int</em> <strong>strtol</strong> <em>(const char *<var>string</var>,   char **<var>endptr</var>, int <var>base</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-strtoul"></a>Supplemental: <em>unsigned long int</em> <strong>strtoul</strong> <em>(const char *<var>string</var>,   char **<var>endptr</var>, int <var>base</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>The <code>strtol</code> function converts the string in <var>string</var> to a
 long integer value according to the given <var>base</var>, which must be
 between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0.  If <var>base</var>
 is 0, <code>strtol</code> will look for the prefixes <code>0</code> and <code>0x</code>
 to indicate bases 8 and 16, respectively, else default to base 10.
 When the base is 16 (either explicitly or implicitly), a prefix of
 <code>0x</code> is allowed.  The handling of <var>endptr</var> is as that of
 <code>strtod</code> above.  The <code>strtoul</code> function is the same, except
 that the converted value is unsigned.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strtoll"></a>Supplemental: <em>long long int</em> <strong>strtoll</strong> <em>(const char *<var>string</var>,   char **<var>endptr</var>, int <var>base</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-strtoul-1"></a>Supplemental: <em>unsigned long long int</em> <strong>strtoul</strong> <em>(  const char *<var>string</var>, char **<var>endptr</var>, int <var>base</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>The <code>strtoll</code> function converts the string in <var>string</var> to a
 long long integer value according to the given <var>base</var>, which must be
 between 2 and 36 inclusive, or be the special value 0.  If <var>base</var>
 is 0, <code>strtoll</code> will look for the prefixes <code>0</code> and <code>0x</code>
 to indicate bases 8 and 16, respectively, else default to base 10.
 When the base is 16 (either explicitly or implicitly), a prefix of
 <code>0x</code> is allowed.  The handling of <var>endptr</var> is as that of
 <code>strtod</code> above.  The <code>strtoull</code> function is the same, except
 that the converted value is unsigned.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strtosigno"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>strtosigno</strong> <em>(const char *<var>name</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Given the symbolic name of a signal, map it to a signal number.  If no
 translation is found, returns 0.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-strverscmp"></a>Function: <em>int</em> <strong>strverscmp</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s1</var>, const char *<var>s2</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>The <code>strverscmp</code> function compares the string <var>s1</var> against
 <var>s2</var>, considering them as holding indices/version numbers.  Return
 value follows the same conventions as found in the <code>strverscmp</code>
 function.  In fact, if <var>s1</var> and <var>s2</var> contain no digits,
 <code>strverscmp</code> behaves like <code>strcmp</code>.
 </p>
 <p>Basically, we compare strings normally (character by character), until
 we find a digit in each string - then we enter a special comparison
 mode, where each sequence of digits is taken as a whole.  If we reach the
 end of these two parts without noticing a difference, we return to the
 standard comparison mode.  There are two types of numeric parts:
 &quot;integral&quot; and &quot;fractional&quot; (those  begin with a &rsquo;0&rsquo;). The types
 of the numeric parts affect the way we sort them:
 </p>
 <ul>
 <li> integral/integral: we compare values as you would expect.

 </li><li> fractional/integral: the fractional part is less than the integral one.
 Again, no surprise.

 </li><li> fractional/fractional: the things become a bit more complex.
 If the common prefix contains only leading zeroes, the longest part is less
 than the other one; else the comparison behaves normally.
 </li></ul>

 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">strverscmp (&quot;no digit&quot;, &quot;no digit&quot;)
     &rArr; 0    // <span class="roman">same behavior as strcmp.</span>
 strverscmp (&quot;item#99&quot;, &quot;item#100&quot;)
     &rArr; &lt;0   // <span class="roman">same prefix, but 99 &lt; 100.</span>
 strverscmp (&quot;alpha1&quot;, &quot;alpha001&quot;)
     &rArr; &gt;0   // <span class="roman">fractional part inferior to integral one.</span>
 strverscmp (&quot;part1_f012&quot;, &quot;part1_f01&quot;)
     &rArr; &gt;0   // <span class="roman">two fractional parts.</span>
 strverscmp (&quot;foo.009&quot;, &quot;foo.0&quot;)
     &rArr; &lt;0   // <span class="roman">idem, but with leading zeroes only.</span>
 </pre></div>

 <p>This function is especially useful when dealing with filename sorting,
 because filenames frequently hold indices/version numbers.
 </p></dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-timeval_005fadd"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>timeval_add</strong> <em>(struct timeval *<var>a</var>,   struct timeval *<var>b</var>, struct timeval *<var>result</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Adds <var>a</var> to <var>b</var> and stores the result in <var>result</var>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-timeval_005fsub"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>timeval_sub</strong> <em>(struct timeval *<var>a</var>,   struct timeval *<var>b</var>, struct timeval *<var>result</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Subtracts <var>b</var> from <var>a</var> and stores the result in <var>result</var>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-tmpnam"></a>Supplemental: <em>char*</em> <strong>tmpnam</strong> <em>(char *<var>s</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This function attempts to create a name for a temporary file, which
 will be a valid file name yet not exist when <code>tmpnam</code> checks for
 it.  <var>s</var> must point to a buffer of at least <code>L_tmpnam</code> bytes,
 or be <code>NULL</code>.  Use of this function creates a security risk, and it must
 not be used in new projects.  Use <code>mkstemp</code> instead.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-unlink_005fif_005fordinary"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>unlink_if_ordinary</strong> <em>(const char*)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Unlinks the named file, unless it is special (e.g. a device file).
 Returns 0 when the file was unlinked, a negative value (and errno set) when
 there was an error deleting the file, and a positive value if no attempt
 was made to unlink the file because it is special.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-unlock_005fstd_005fstreams"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>unlock_std_streams</strong> <em>(void)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>If the OS supports it, ensure that the standard I/O streams,
 <code>stdin</code>, <code>stdout</code> and <code>stderr</code> are setup to avoid any
 multi-threaded locking.  Otherwise do nothing.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-unlock_005fstream"></a>Extension: <em>void</em> <strong>unlock_stream</strong> <em>(FILE * <var>stream</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>If the OS supports it, ensure that the supplied stream is setup to
 avoid any multi-threaded locking.  Otherwise leave the <code>FILE</code>
 pointer unchanged.  If the <var>stream</var> is <code>NULL</code> do nothing.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-vasprintf"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>vasprintf</strong> <em>(char **<var>resptr</var>,   const char *<var>format</var>, va_list <var>args</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Like <code>vsprintf</code>, but instead of passing a pointer to a buffer,
 you pass a pointer to a pointer.  This function will compute the size
 of the buffer needed, allocate memory with <code>malloc</code>, and store a
 pointer to the allocated memory in <code>*<var>resptr</var></code>.  The value
 returned is the same as <code>vsprintf</code> would return.  If memory could
 not be allocated, minus one is returned and <code>NULL</code> is stored in
 <code>*<var>resptr</var></code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-vfork"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>vfork</strong> <em>(void)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Emulates <code>vfork</code> by calling <code>fork</code> and returning its value.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-vprintf"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>vprintf</strong> <em>(const char *<var>format</var>, va_list <var>ap</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-vfprintf"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>vfprintf</strong> <em>(FILE *<var>stream</var>,   const char *<var>format</var>, va_list <var>ap</var>)</em></dt>
 <dt><a name="index-vsprintf"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>vsprintf</strong> <em>(char *<var>str</var>,   const char *<var>format</var>, va_list <var>ap</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>These functions are the same as <code>printf</code>, <code>fprintf</code>, and
 <code>sprintf</code>, respectively, except that they are called with a
 <code>va_list</code> instead of a variable number of arguments.  Note that
 they do not call <code>va_end</code>; this is the application&rsquo;s
 responsibility.  In <code>libiberty</code> they are implemented in terms of the
 nonstandard but common function <code>_doprnt</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-vsnprintf"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>vsnprintf</strong> <em>(char *<var>buf</var>, size_t <var>n</var>,   const char *<var>format</var>, va_list <var>ap</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This function is similar to <code>vsprintf</code>, but it will write to
 <var>buf</var> at most <code><var>n</var>-1</code> bytes of text, followed by a
 terminating null byte, for a total of <var>n</var> bytes.  On error the
 return value is -1, otherwise it returns the number of characters that
 would have been printed had <var>n</var> been sufficiently large,
 regardless of the actual value of <var>n</var>.  Note some pre-C99 system
 libraries do not implement this correctly so users cannot generally
 rely on the return value if the system version of this function is
 used.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-waitpid"></a>Supplemental: <em>int</em> <strong>waitpid</strong> <em>(int <var>pid</var>, int *<var>status</var>, int)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This is a wrapper around the <code>wait</code> function.  Any &ldquo;special&rdquo;
 values of <var>pid</var> depend on your implementation of <code>wait</code>, as
 does the return value.  The third argument is unused in <code>libiberty</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-writeargv"></a>Extension: <em>int</em> <strong>writeargv</strong> <em>(const char **<var>argv</var>, FILE *<var>file</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Write each member of ARGV, handling all necessary quoting, to the file
 named by FILE, separated by whitespace.  Return 0 on success, non-zero
 if an error occurred while writing to FILE.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xasprintf"></a>Replacement: <em>char*</em> <strong>xasprintf</strong> <em>(const char *<var>format</var>, ...)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Print to allocated string without fail.  If <code>xasprintf</code> fails,
 this will print a message to <code>stderr</code> (using the name set by
 <code>xmalloc_set_program_name</code>, if any) and then call <code>xexit</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xatexit"></a>Function: <em>int</em> <strong>xatexit</strong> <em>(void (*<var>fn</var>) (void))</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Behaves as the standard <code>atexit</code> function, but with no limit on
 the number of registered functions.  Returns 0 on success, or -1 on
 failure.  If you use <code>xatexit</code> to register functions, you must use
 <code>xexit</code> to terminate your program.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xcalloc"></a>Replacement: <em>void*</em> <strong>xcalloc</strong> <em>(size_t <var>nelem</var>, size_t <var>elsize</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Allocate memory without fail, and set it to zero.  This routine functions
 like <code>calloc</code>, but will behave the same as <code>xmalloc</code> if memory
 cannot be found.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xexit"></a>Replacement: <em>void</em> <strong>xexit</strong> <em>(int <var>code</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Terminates the program.  If any functions have been registered with
 the <code>xatexit</code> replacement function, they will be called first.
 Termination is handled via the system&rsquo;s normal <code>exit</code> call.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xmalloc"></a>Replacement: <em>void*</em> <strong>xmalloc</strong> <em>(size_t)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Allocate memory without fail.  If <code>malloc</code> fails, this will print
 a message to <code>stderr</code> (using the name set by
 <code>xmalloc_set_program_name</code>,
 if any) and then call <code>xexit</code>.  Note that it is therefore safe for
 a program to contain <code>#define malloc xmalloc</code> in its source.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xmalloc_005ffailed"></a>Replacement: <em>void</em> <strong>xmalloc_failed</strong> <em>(size_t)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>This function is not meant to be called by client code, and is listed
 here for completeness only.  If any of the allocation routines fail, this
 function will be called to print an error message and terminate execution.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xmalloc_005fset_005fprogram_005fname"></a>Replacement: <em>void</em> <strong>xmalloc_set_program_name</strong> <em>(const char *<var>name</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>You can use this to set the name of the program used by
 <code>xmalloc_failed</code> when printing a failure message.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xmemdup"></a>Replacement: <em>void*</em> <strong>xmemdup</strong> <em>(void *<var>input</var>,   size_t <var>copy_size</var>, size_t <var>alloc_size</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Duplicates a region of memory without fail.  First, <var>alloc_size</var> bytes
 are allocated, then <var>copy_size</var> bytes from <var>input</var> are copied into
 it, and the new memory is returned.  If fewer bytes are copied than were
 allocated, the remaining memory is zeroed.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xrealloc"></a>Replacement: <em>void*</em> <strong>xrealloc</strong> <em>(void *<var>ptr</var>, size_t <var>size</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd><p>Reallocate memory without fail.  This routine functions like <code>realloc</code>,
 but will behave the same as <code>xmalloc</code> if memory cannot be found.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xstrdup"></a>Replacement: <em>char*</em> <strong>xstrdup</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Duplicates a character string without fail, using <code>xmalloc</code> to
 obtain memory.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xstrerror"></a>Replacement: <em>char*</em> <strong>xstrerror</strong> <em>(int <var>errnum</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Behaves exactly like the standard <code>strerror</code> function, but
 will never return a <code>NULL</code> pointer.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xstrndup"></a>Replacement: <em>char*</em> <strong>xstrndup</strong> <em>(const char *<var>s</var>, size_t <var>n</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Returns a pointer to a copy of <var>s</var> with at most <var>n</var> characters
 without fail, using <code>xmalloc</code> to obtain memory.  The result is
 always NUL terminated.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>

 <dl>
 <dt><a name="index-xvasprintf"></a>Replacement: <em>char*</em> <strong>xvasprintf</strong> <em>(const char *<var>format</var>, va_list <var>args</var>)</em></dt>
 <dd>
 <p>Print to allocated string without fail.  If <code>xvasprintf</code> fails,
 this will print a message to <code>stderr</code> (using the name set by
 <code>xmalloc_set_program_name</code>, if any) and then call <code>xexit</code>.
 </p>
 </dd></dl>


 <hr>
 <a name="Licenses"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#Index" accesskey="n" rel="next">Index</a>, Previous: <a href="#Functions" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Functions</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Licenses-1"></a>
 <h2 class="appendix">Appendix A Licenses</h2>

 <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
 <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
 </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#Library-Copying" accesskey="1">Library Copying</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">The GNU Library General Public License
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="#BSD" accesskey="2">BSD</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Regents of the University of California
 </td></tr>
 <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
 </pre></th></tr></table>

 <hr>
 <a name="Library-Copying"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="#BSD" accesskey="n" rel="next">BSD</a>, Up: <a href="#Licenses" accesskey="u" rel="up">Licenses</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="GNU-LESSER-GENERAL-PUBLIC-LICENSE"></a>
 <h3 class="appendixsec">A.1 GNU LESSER GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</h3>

 <a name="index-LGPL_002c-Lesser-General-Public-License"></a>
 <div align="center">Version 2.1, February 1999
 </div>
 <div class="display">
 <pre class="display">Copyright &copy; 1991, 1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
 51 Franklin Street - Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA

 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

 [This is the first released version of the Lesser GPL.  It also counts
 as the successor of the GNU Library Public License, version 2, hence the
 version number 2.1.]
 </pre></div>

 <a name="Preamble"></a>
 <h4 class="appendixsubsec">A.1.1 Preamble</h4>

 <p>The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
 freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
 Licenses are intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change
 free software&mdash;to make sure the software is free for all its users.
 </p>
 <p>This license, the Lesser General Public License, applies to some
 specially designated software&mdash;typically libraries&mdash;of the Free
 Software Foundation and other authors who decide to use it.  You can use
 it too, but we suggest you first think carefully about whether this
 license or the ordinary General Public License is the better strategy to
 use in any particular case, based on the explanations below.
 </p>
 <p>When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom of use,
 not price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that
 you have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge
 for this service if you wish); that you receive source code or can get
 it if you want it; that you can change the software and use pieces of it
 in new free programs; and that you are informed that you can do these
 things.
 </p>
 <p>To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
 distributors to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender these
 rights.  These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for
 you if you distribute copies of the library or if you modify it.
 </p>
 <p>For example, if you distribute copies of the library, whether gratis
 or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that we gave
 you.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source
 code.  If you link other code with the library, you must provide
 complete object files to the recipients, so that they can relink them
 with the library after making changes to the library and recompiling
 it.  And you must show them these terms so they know their rights.
 </p>
 <p>We protect your rights with a two-step method: (1) we copyright the
 library, and (2) we offer you this license, which gives you legal
 permission to copy, distribute and/or modify the library.
 </p>
 <p>To protect each distributor, we want to make it very clear that
 there is no warranty for the free library.  Also, if the library is
 modified by someone else and passed on, the recipients should know
 that what they have is not the original version, so that the original
 author&rsquo;s reputation will not be affected by problems that might be
 introduced by others.
 </p>
 <p>Finally, software patents pose a constant threat to the existence of
 any free program.  We wish to make sure that a company cannot
 effectively restrict the users of a free program by obtaining a
 restrictive license from a patent holder.  Therefore, we insist that
 any patent license obtained for a version of the library must be
 consistent with the full freedom of use specified in this license.
 </p>
 <p>Most GNU software, including some libraries, is covered by the
 ordinary GNU General Public License.  This license, the GNU Lesser
 General Public License, applies to certain designated libraries, and
 is quite different from the ordinary General Public License.  We use
 this license for certain libraries in order to permit linking those
 libraries into non-free programs.
 </p>
 <p>When a program is linked with a library, whether statically or using
 a shared library, the combination of the two is legally speaking a
 combined work, a derivative of the original library.  The ordinary
 General Public License therefore permits such linking only if the
 entire combination fits its criteria of freedom.  The Lesser General
 Public License permits more lax criteria for linking other code with
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 <a name="How-to-Apply-These-Terms-to-Your-New-Libraries"></a>
 <h4 class="appendixsubsec">A.1.2 How to Apply These Terms to Your New Libraries</h4>

 <p>If you develop a new library, and you want it to be of the greatest
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 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample"><var>one line to give the library's name and an idea of what it does.</var>
 Copyright (C) <var>year</var>  <var>name of author</var>

 This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
 under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
 the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at
 your option) any later version.

 This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
 WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
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 You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public
 License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software
 Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301,
 USA.
 </pre></div>

 <p>Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.
 </p>
 <p>You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
 school, if any, to sign a &ldquo;copyright disclaimer&rdquo; for the library, if
 necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the library
 `Frob' (a library for tweaking knobs) written by James Random Hacker.

 <var>signature of Ty Coon</var>, 1 April 1990
 Ty Coon, President of Vice
 </pre></div>

 <p>That&rsquo;s all there is to it!
 </p>
 <hr>
 <a name="BSD"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Previous: <a href="#Library-Copying" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Library Copying</a>, Up: <a href="#Licenses" accesskey="u" rel="up">Licenses</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="BSD-1"></a>
 <h3 class="appendixsec">A.2 BSD</h3>

 <p>Copyright &copy; 1990 Regents of the University of California.
 All rights reserved.
 </p>
 <p>Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 are met:
 </p>
 <ol>
 <li> Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.

 </li><li> Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.

 </li><li> [rescinded 22 July 1999]

 </li><li> Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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 without specific prior written permission.

 </li></ol>

 <p>THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS &ldquo;AS IS&rdquo; AND
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 </p>
 <hr>
 <a name="Index"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Previous: <a href="#Licenses" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Licenses</a>, Up: <a href="#Top" accesskey="u" rel="up">Top</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="#Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <a name="Index-1"></a>
 <h2 class="unnumbered">Index</h2>

 <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 </td></tr></table>
 <table class="index-cp" border="0">
 <tr><td></td><th align="left">Index Entry</th><td>&nbsp;</td><th align="left"> Section</th></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-A">A</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alignment-_0028in-obstacks_0029">alignment (in obstacks)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obstacks-Data-Alignment">Obstacks Data Alignment</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-alloca"><code>alloca</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-allocation-_0028obstacks_0029">allocation (obstacks)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">Allocation in an Obstack</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-asprintf"><code>asprintf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-atexit"><code>atexit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-B">B</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-basename"><code>basename</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bcmp"><code>bcmp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bcopy"><code>bcopy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bsearch"><code>bsearch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-buildargv"><code>buildargv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-bzero"><code>bzero</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-C">C</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-calloc"><code>calloc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-canonical_005ffilename_005feq"><code>canonical_filename_eq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-changing-the-size-of-a-block-_0028obstacks_0029">changing the size of a block (obstacks)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-char_002a"><code>char*</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-choose_005ftemp_005fbase"><code>choose_temp_base</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-chunks">chunks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obstack-Chunks">Obstack Chunks</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-clock"><code>clock</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-concat"><code>concat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-countargv"><code>countargv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-crc32"><code>crc32</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-D">D</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-dupargv"><code>dupargv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-E">E</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-efficiency-and-obstacks">efficiency and obstacks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing">Extra Fast Growing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-efficiency-of-chunks">efficiency of chunks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obstack-Chunks">Obstack Chunks</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-errno_005fmax"><code>errno_max</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-error-reporting">error reporting</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Error-Reporting">Error Reporting</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-exit-handlers">exit handlers</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Exit-Handlers">Exit Handlers</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-expandargv"><code>expandargv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-extensions">extensions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Extensions">Extensions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-F">F</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fdmatch"><code>fdmatch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fdopen_005funlocked"><code>fdopen_unlocked</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ffs"><code>ffs</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename_005fcmp"><code>filename_cmp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename_005feq"><code>filename_eq</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename_005fhash"><code>filename_hash</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-filename_005fncmp"><code>filename_ncmp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fnmatch"><code>fnmatch</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-fopen_005funlocked"><code>fopen_unlocked</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-freeargv"><code>freeargv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-freeing-_0028obstacks_0029">freeing (obstacks)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Freeing-Obstack-Objects">Freeing Obstack Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-freopen_005funlocked"><code>freopen_unlocked</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-extension">functions, extension</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Extensions">Extensions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-missing">functions, missing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supplemental-Functions">Supplemental Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-replacement">functions, replacement</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Replacement-Functions">Replacement Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-functions_002c-supplemental">functions, supplemental</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supplemental-Functions">Supplemental Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-G">G</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-getcwd"><code>getcwd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-getpagesize"><code>getpagesize</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-getpwd"><code>getpwd</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-gettimeofday"><code>gettimeofday</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-get_005frun_005ftime"><code>get_run_time</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-growing-objects-_0028in-obstacks_0029">growing objects (in obstacks)</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-H">H</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hex_005finit"><code>hex_init</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hex_005fp"><code>hex_p</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-hex_005fvalue"><code>hex_value</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOST_005fCHARSET"><code>HOST_CHARSET</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOST_005fCHARSET_005fASCII"><code>HOST_CHARSET_ASCII</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOST_005fCHARSET_005fEBCDIC"><code>HOST_CHARSET_EBCDIC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-HOST_005fCHARSET_005fUNKNOWN"><code>HOST_CHARSET_UNKNOWN</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-how-to-use">how to use</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using">Using</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-htab_005fcreate_005ftyped_005falloc"><code>htab_create_typed_alloc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-I">I</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-index"><code>index</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-initstate"><code>initstate</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-insque"><code>insque</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISALNUM"><code>ISALNUM</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISALPHA"><code>ISALPHA</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISBLANK"><code>ISBLANK</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISCNTRL"><code>ISCNTRL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISDIGIT"><code>ISDIGIT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISGRAPH"><code>ISGRAPH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISIDNUM"><code>ISIDNUM</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISIDST"><code>ISIDST</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISLOWER"><code>ISLOWER</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISPRINT"><code>ISPRINT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISPUNCT"><code>ISPUNCT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISSPACE"><code>ISSPACE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISUPPER"><code>ISUPPER</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-ISXDIGIT"><code>ISXDIGIT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IS_005fISOBASIC"><code>IS_ISOBASIC</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IS_005fNVSPACE"><code>IS_NVSPACE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IS_005fSPACE_005fOR_005fNUL"><code>IS_SPACE_OR_NUL</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-IS_005fVSPACE"><code>IS_VSPACE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-L">L</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lbasename"><code>lbasename</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-LGPL_002c-Lesser-General-Public-License">LGPL, Lesser General Public License</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Library-Copying">Library Copying</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-libiberty-usage">libiberty usage</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using">Using</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-lrealpath"><code>lrealpath</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-M">M</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-macros">macros</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obstack-Functions">Obstack Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-make_005frelative_005fprefix"><code>make_relative_prefix</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-make_005ftemp_005ffile"><code>make_temp_file</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memchr"><code>memchr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memcmp"><code>memcmp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memcpy"><code>memcpy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memmem"><code>memmem</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memmove"><code>memmove</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memory-allocation">memory allocation</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Memory-Allocation">Memory Allocation</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mempcpy"><code>mempcpy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-memset"><code>memset</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-mkstemps"><code>mkstemps</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-O">O</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack-status">obstack status</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Status-of-an-Obstack">Status of an Obstack</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_002eh"><code>obstack.h</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Creating-Obstacks">Creating Obstacks</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstacks">obstacks</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obstacks">Obstacks</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005f1grow"><code>obstack_1grow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005f1grow_005ffast"><code>obstack_1grow_fast</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing">Extra Fast Growing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005falignment_005fmask"><code>obstack_alignment_mask</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obstacks-Data-Alignment">Obstacks Data Alignment</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005falloc"><code>obstack_alloc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">Allocation in an Obstack</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005falloc_005ffailed_005fhandler"><code>obstack_alloc_failed_handler</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Preparing-for-Obstacks">Preparing for Obstacks</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fbase"><code>obstack_base</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Status-of-an-Obstack">Status of an Obstack</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fblank"><code>obstack_blank</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fblank_005ffast"><code>obstack_blank_fast</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing">Extra Fast Growing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fchunk_005falloc"><code>obstack_chunk_alloc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Preparing-for-Obstacks">Preparing for Obstacks</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fchunk_005ffree"><code>obstack_chunk_free</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Preparing-for-Obstacks">Preparing for Obstacks</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fchunk_005fsize"><code>obstack_chunk_size</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Obstack-Chunks">Obstack Chunks</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fcopy"><code>obstack_copy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">Allocation in an Obstack</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fcopy0"><code>obstack_copy0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Allocation-in-an-Obstack">Allocation in an Obstack</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005ffinish"><code>obstack_finish</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005ffree"><code>obstack_free</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Freeing-Obstack-Objects">Freeing Obstack Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fgrow"><code>obstack_grow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fgrow0"><code>obstack_grow0</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005finit"><code>obstack_init</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Preparing-for-Obstacks">Preparing for Obstacks</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fint_005fgrow"><code>obstack_int_grow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fint_005fgrow_005ffast"><code>obstack_int_grow_fast</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing">Extra Fast Growing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fnext_005ffree"><code>obstack_next_free</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Status-of-an-Obstack">Status of an Obstack</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fobject_005fsize"><code>obstack_object_size</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fobject_005fsize-1"><code>obstack_object_size</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Status-of-an-Obstack">Status of an Obstack</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fptr_005fgrow"><code>obstack_ptr_grow</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005fptr_005fgrow_005ffast"><code>obstack_ptr_grow_fast</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing">Extra Fast Growing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-obstack_005froom"><code>obstack_room</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Extra-Fast-Growing">Extra Fast Growing</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-P">P</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pexecute"><code>pexecute</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PEX_005fBINARY_005fERROR"><code>PEX_BINARY_ERROR</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PEX_005fBINARY_005fINPUT"><code>PEX_BINARY_INPUT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PEX_005fBINARY_005fOUTPUT"><code>PEX_BINARY_OUTPUT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pex_005ffree"><code>pex_free</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pex_005fget_005fstatus"><code>pex_get_status</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pex_005fget_005ftimes"><code>pex_get_times</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pex_005finit"><code>pex_init</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pex_005finput_005ffile"><code>pex_input_file</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pex_005finput_005fpipe"><code>pex_input_pipe</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PEX_005fLAST"><code>PEX_LAST</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pex_005fone"><code>pex_one</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pex_005fread_005ferr"><code>pex_read_err</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pex_005fread_005foutput"><code>pex_read_output</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PEX_005fRECORD_005fTIMES"><code>PEX_RECORD_TIMES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pex_005frun"><code>pex_run</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pex_005frun_005fin_005fenvironment"><code>pex_run_in_environment</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PEX_005fSAVE_005fTEMPS"><code>PEX_SAVE_TEMPS</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PEX_005fSEARCH"><code>PEX_SEARCH</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PEX_005fSTDERR_005fTO_005fPIPE"><code>PEX_STDERR_TO_PIPE</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PEX_005fSTDERR_005fTO_005fSTDOUT"><code>PEX_STDERR_TO_STDOUT</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PEX_005fSUFFIX"><code>PEX_SUFFIX</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-PEX_005fUSE_005fPIPES"><code>PEX_USE_PIPES</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-psignal"><code>psignal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-putenv"><code>putenv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-pwait"><code>pwait</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-R">R</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-random"><code>random</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-reconcat"><code>reconcat</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-remque"><code>remque</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rename"><code>rename</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-replacement-functions">replacement functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Replacement-Functions">Replacement Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-rindex"><code>rindex</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-S">S</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setenv"><code>setenv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setproctitle"><code>setproctitle</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-setstate"><code>setstate</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-shrinking-objects">shrinking objects</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Growing-Objects">Growing Objects</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-signo_005fmax"><code>signo_max</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-sigsetmask"><code>sigsetmask</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005fattributes_005fcompare"><code>simple_object_attributes_compare</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005ffetch_005fattributes"><code>simple_object_fetch_attributes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005ffind_005fsection"><code>simple_object_find_section</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005ffind_005fsections"><code>simple_object_find_sections</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005fopen_005fread"><code>simple_object_open_read</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005frelease_005fattributes"><code>simple_object_release_attributes</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005frelease_005fread"><code>simple_object_release_read</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005frelease_005fwrite"><code>simple_object_release_write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005fstart_005fwrite"><code>simple_object_start_write</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005fwrite_005fadd_005fdata"><code>simple_object_write_add_data</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005fwrite_005fcreate_005fsection"><code>simple_object_write_create_section</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-simple_005fobject_005fwrite_005fto_005ffile"><code>simple_object_write_to_file</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-snprintf"><code>snprintf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-spaces"><code>spaces</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-splay_005ftree_005fnew_005fwith_005ftyped_005falloc"><code>splay_tree_new_with_typed_alloc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-srandom"><code>srandom</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stack_005flimit_005fincrease"><code>stack_limit_increase</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-status-of-obstack">status of obstack</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Status-of-an-Obstack">Status of an Obstack</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stpcpy"><code>stpcpy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-stpncpy"><code>stpncpy</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strcasecmp"><code>strcasecmp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strchr"><code>strchr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strdup"><code>strdup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strerrno"><code>strerrno</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strerror"><code>strerror</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strncasecmp"><code>strncasecmp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strncmp"><code>strncmp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strndup"><code>strndup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strnlen"><code>strnlen</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strrchr"><code>strrchr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strsignal"><code>strsignal</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strsigno"><code>strsigno</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strstr"><code>strstr</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strtod"><code>strtod</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strtoerrno"><code>strtoerrno</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strtol"><code>strtol</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strtoll"><code>strtoll</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strtosigno"><code>strtosigno</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strtoul"><code>strtoul</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strtoul-1"><code>strtoul</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-strverscmp"><code>strverscmp</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-supplemental-functions">supplemental functions</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Supplemental-Functions">Supplemental Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-T">T</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-timeval_005fadd"><code>timeval_add</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-timeval_005fsub"><code>timeval_sub</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-tmpnam"><code>tmpnam</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-U">U</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unlink_005fif_005fordinary"><code>unlink_if_ordinary</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unlock_005fstd_005fstreams"><code>unlock_std_streams</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unlock_005fstream"><code>unlock_stream</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-unsetenv"><code>unsetenv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-using-libiberty">using libiberty</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Using">Using</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-V">V</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vasprintf"><code>vasprintf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vfork"><code>vfork</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vfprintf"><code>vfprintf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vprintf"><code>vprintf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vsnprintf"><code>vsnprintf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-vsprintf"><code>vsprintf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-W">W</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-waitpid"><code>waitpid</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-writeargv"><code>writeargv</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 <tr><th><a name="Index_cp_letter-X">X</a></th><td></td><td></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xasprintf"><code>xasprintf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xatexit"><code>xatexit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xcalloc"><code>xcalloc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xexit"><code>xexit</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xmalloc"><code>xmalloc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xmalloc_005ffailed"><code>xmalloc_failed</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xmalloc_005fset_005fprogram_005fname"><code>xmalloc_set_program_name</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xmemdup"><code>xmemdup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xrealloc"><code>xrealloc</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xstrdup"><code>xstrdup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xstrerror"><code>xstrerror</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xstrndup"><code>xstrndup</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td></td><td valign="top"><a href="#index-xvasprintf"><code>xvasprintf</code></a>:</td><td>&nbsp;</td><td valign="top"><a href="#Functions">Functions</a></td></tr>
 <tr><td colspan="4"> <hr></td></tr>
 </table>
 <table><tr><th valign="top">Jump to: &nbsp; </th><td><a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-A"><b>A</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-B"><b>B</b></a>
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 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-C"><b>C</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-D"><b>D</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-E"><b>E</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-F"><b>F</b></a>
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 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-G"><b>G</b></a>
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 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-H"><b>H</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-I"><b>I</b></a>
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 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-L"><b>L</b></a>
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 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-M"><b>M</b></a>
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 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-O"><b>O</b></a>
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 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-P"><b>P</b></a>
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 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-R"><b>R</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-S"><b>S</b></a>
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 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-T"><b>T</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-U"><b>U</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-V"><b>V</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-W"><b>W</b></a>
  &nbsp;
 <a class="summary-letter" href="#Index_cp_letter-X"><b>X</b></a>
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 </td></tr></table>

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