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 <a name="Alpha_002dRelocs"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Previous: <a href="Alpha_002dRegs.html#Alpha_002dRegs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Alpha-Regs</a>, Up: <a href="Alpha-Syntax.html#Alpha-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Alpha Syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <hr>
 <a name="Relocations-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">9.2.3.3 Relocations</h4>
 <a name="index-Alpha-relocations"></a>
 <a name="index-relocations_002c-Alpha"></a>

 <p>Some of these relocations are available for ECOFF, but mostly
 only for ELF.  They are modeled after the relocation format
 introduced in Digital Unix 4.0, but there are additions.
 </p>
 <p>The format is &lsquo;<samp>!<var>tag</var></samp>&rsquo; or &lsquo;<samp>!<var>tag</var>!<var>number</var></samp>&rsquo;
 where <var>tag</var> is the name of the relocation.  In some cases
 <var>number</var> is used to relate specific instructions.
 </p>
 <p>The relocation is placed at the end of the instruction like so:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">ldah  $0,a($29)    !gprelhigh
 lda   $0,a($0)     !gprellow
 ldq   $1,b($29)    !literal!100
 ldl   $2,0($1)     !lituse_base!100
 </pre></div>

 <dl compact="compact">
 <dt><code>!literal</code></dt>
 <dt><code>!literal!<var>N</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with an <code>ldq</code> instruction to load the address of a symbol
 from the GOT.
 </p>
 <p>A sequence number <var>N</var> is optional, and if present is used to pair
 <code>lituse</code> relocations with this <code>literal</code> relocation.  The
 <code>lituse</code> relocations are used by the linker to optimize the code
 based on the final location of the symbol.
 </p>
 <p>Note that these optimizations are dependent on the data flow of the
 program.  Therefore, if <em>any</em> <code>lituse</code> is paired with a
 <code>literal</code> relocation, then <em>all</em> uses of the register set by
 the <code>literal</code> instruction must also be marked with <code>lituse</code>
 relocations.  This is because the original <code>literal</code> instruction
 may be deleted or transformed into another instruction.
 </p>
 <p>Also note that there may be a one-to-many relationship between
 <code>literal</code> and <code>lituse</code>, but not a many-to-one.  That is, if
 there are two code paths that load up the same address and feed the
 value to a single use, then the use may not use a <code>lituse</code>
 relocation.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!lituse_base!<var>N</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with any memory format instruction (e.g. <code>ldl</code>) to indicate
 that the literal is used for an address load.  The offset field of the
 instruction must be zero.  During relaxation, the code may be altered
 to use a gp-relative load.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!lituse_jsr!<var>N</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with a register branch format instruction (e.g. <code>jsr</code>) to
 indicate that the literal is used for a call.  During relaxation, the
 code may be altered to use a direct branch (e.g. <code>bsr</code>).
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!lituse_jsrdirect!<var>N</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Similar to <code>lituse_jsr</code>, but also that this call cannot be vectored
 through a PLT entry.  This is useful for functions with special calling
 conventions which do not allow the normal call-clobbered registers to be
 clobbered.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!lituse_bytoff!<var>N</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with a byte mask instruction (e.g. <code>extbl</code>) to indicate
 that only the low 3 bits of the address are relevant.  During relaxation,
 the code may be altered to use an immediate instead of a register shift.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!lituse_addr!<var>N</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with any other instruction to indicate that the original address
 is in fact used, and the original <code>ldq</code> instruction may not be
 altered or deleted.  This is useful in conjunction with <code>lituse_jsr</code>
 to test whether a weak symbol is defined.
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">ldq  $27,foo($29)   !literal!1
 beq  $27,is_undef   !lituse_addr!1
 jsr  $26,($27),foo  !lituse_jsr!1
 </pre></div>

 </dd>
 <dt><code>!lituse_tlsgd!<var>N</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with a register branch format instruction to indicate that the
 literal is the call to <code>__tls_get_addr</code> used to compute the
 address of the thread-local storage variable whose descriptor was
 loaded with <code>!tlsgd!<var>N</var></code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!lituse_tlsldm!<var>N</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with a register branch format instruction to indicate that the
 literal is the call to <code>__tls_get_addr</code> used to compute the
 address of the base of the thread-local storage block for the current
 module.  The descriptor for the module must have been loaded with
 <code>!tlsldm!<var>N</var></code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!gpdisp!<var>N</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with <code>ldah</code> and <code>lda</code> to load the GP from the current
 address, a-la the <code>ldgp</code> macro.  The source register for the
 <code>ldah</code> instruction must contain the address of the <code>ldah</code>
 instruction.  There must be exactly one <code>lda</code> instruction paired
 with the <code>ldah</code> instruction, though it may appear anywhere in
 the instruction stream.  The immediate operands must be zero.
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">bsr  $26,foo
 ldah $29,0($26)     !gpdisp!1
 lda  $29,0($29)     !gpdisp!1
 </pre></div>

 </dd>
 <dt><code>!gprelhigh</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with an <code>ldah</code> instruction to add the high 16 bits of a
 32-bit displacement from the GP.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!gprellow</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with any memory format instruction to add the low 16 bits of a
 32-bit displacement from the GP.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!gprel</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with any memory format instruction to add a 16-bit displacement
 from the GP.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!samegp</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with any branch format instruction to skip the GP load at the
 target address.  The referenced symbol must have the same GP as the
 source object file, and it must be declared to either not use <code>$27</code>
 or perform a standard GP load in the first two instructions via the
 <code>.prologue</code> directive.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!tlsgd</code></dt>
 <dt><code>!tlsgd!<var>N</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with an <code>lda</code> instruction to load the address of a TLS
 descriptor for a symbol in the GOT.
 </p>
 <p>The sequence number <var>N</var> is optional, and if present it used to
 pair the descriptor load with both the <code>literal</code> loading the
 address of the <code>__tls_get_addr</code> function and the <code>lituse_tlsgd</code>
 marking the call to that function.
 </p>
 <p>For proper relaxation, both the <code>tlsgd</code>, <code>literal</code> and
 <code>lituse</code> relocations must be in the same extended basic block.
 That is, the relocation with the lowest address must be executed
 first at runtime.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!tlsldm</code></dt>
 <dt><code>!tlsldm!<var>N</var></code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with an <code>lda</code> instruction to load the address of a TLS
 descriptor for the current module in the GOT.
 </p>
 <p>Similar in other respects to <code>tlsgd</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!gotdtprel</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with an <code>ldq</code> instruction to load the offset of the TLS
 symbol within its module&rsquo;s thread-local storage block.  Also known
 as the dynamic thread pointer offset or dtp-relative offset.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!dtprelhi</code></dt>
 <dt><code>!dtprello</code></dt>
 <dt><code>!dtprel</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Like <code>gprel</code> relocations except they compute dtp-relative offsets.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!gottprel</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Used with an <code>ldq</code> instruction to load the offset of the TLS
 symbol from the thread pointer.  Also known as the tp-relative offset.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>!tprelhi</code></dt>
 <dt><code>!tprello</code></dt>
 <dt><code>!tprel</code></dt>
 <dd><p>Like <code>gprel</code> relocations except they compute tp-relative offsets.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>

 <hr>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Previous: <a href="Alpha_002dRegs.html#Alpha_002dRegs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Alpha-Regs</a>, Up: <a href="Alpha-Syntax.html#Alpha-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Alpha Syntax</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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	<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
	<a name="Alpha_002dRelocs"></a>
	<div class="header">
	<p>
	Previous: <a href="Alpha_002dRegs.html#Alpha_002dRegs" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Alpha-Regs</a>, Up: <a href="Alpha-Syntax.html#Alpha-Syntax" accesskey="u" rel="up">Alpha Syntax</a>   [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="AS-Index.html#AS-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
	</div>
	<hr>
	<a name="Relocations-1"></a>
	<h4 class="subsubsection">9.2.3.3 Relocations</h4>
	<a name="index-Alpha-relocations"></a>
	<a name="index-relocations_002c-Alpha"></a>

	<p>Some of these relocations are available for ECOFF, but mostly
	only for ELF. They are modeled after the relocation format
	introduced in Digital Unix 4.0, but there are additions.
	</p>
	<p>The format is ‘<samp>!<var>tag</var></samp>’ or ‘<samp>!<var>tag</var>!<var>number</var></samp>’
	where <var>tag</var> is the name of the relocation. In some cases
	<var>number</var> is used to relate specific instructions.
	</p>
	<p>The relocation is placed at the end of the instruction like so:
	</p>
	<div class="example">
	<pre class="example">ldah $0,a($29) !gprelhigh
	lda $0,a($0) !gprellow
	ldq $1,b($29) !literal!100
	ldl $2,0($1) !lituse_base!100
	</pre></div>

	<dl compact="compact">
	<dt><code>!literal</code></dt>
	<dt><code>!literal!<var>N</var></code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with an <code>ldq</code> instruction to load the address of a symbol
	from the GOT.
	</p>
	<p>A sequence number <var>N</var> is optional, and if present is used to pair
	<code>lituse</code> relocations with this <code>literal</code> relocation. The
	<code>lituse</code> relocations are used by the linker to optimize the code
	based on the final location of the symbol.
	</p>
	<p>Note that these optimizations are dependent on the data flow of the
	program. Therefore, if <em>any</em> <code>lituse</code> is paired with a
	<code>literal</code> relocation, then <em>all</em> uses of the register set by
	the <code>literal</code> instruction must also be marked with <code>lituse</code>
	relocations. This is because the original <code>literal</code> instruction
	may be deleted or transformed into another instruction.
	</p>
	<p>Also note that there may be a one-to-many relationship between
	<code>literal</code> and <code>lituse</code>, but not a many-to-one. That is, if
	there are two code paths that load up the same address and feed the
	value to a single use, then the use may not use a <code>lituse</code>
	relocation.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!lituse_base!<var>N</var></code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with any memory format instruction (e.g. <code>ldl</code>) to indicate
	that the literal is used for an address load. The offset field of the
	instruction must be zero. During relaxation, the code may be altered
	to use a gp-relative load.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!lituse_jsr!<var>N</var></code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with a register branch format instruction (e.g. <code>jsr</code>) to
	indicate that the literal is used for a call. During relaxation, the
	code may be altered to use a direct branch (e.g. <code>bsr</code>).
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!lituse_jsrdirect!<var>N</var></code></dt>
	<dd><p>Similar to <code>lituse_jsr</code>, but also that this call cannot be vectored
	through a PLT entry. This is useful for functions with special calling
	conventions which do not allow the normal call-clobbered registers to be
	clobbered.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!lituse_bytoff!<var>N</var></code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with a byte mask instruction (e.g. <code>extbl</code>) to indicate
	that only the low 3 bits of the address are relevant. During relaxation,
	the code may be altered to use an immediate instead of a register shift.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!lituse_addr!<var>N</var></code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with any other instruction to indicate that the original address
	is in fact used, and the original <code>ldq</code> instruction may not be
	altered or deleted. This is useful in conjunction with <code>lituse_jsr</code>
	to test whether a weak symbol is defined.
	</p>
	<div class="example">
	<pre class="example">ldq $27,foo($29) !literal!1
	beq $27,is_undef !lituse_addr!1
	jsr $26,($27),foo !lituse_jsr!1
	</pre></div>

	</dd>
	<dt><code>!lituse_tlsgd!<var>N</var></code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with a register branch format instruction to indicate that the
	literal is the call to <code>__tls_get_addr</code> used to compute the
	address of the thread-local storage variable whose descriptor was
	loaded with <code>!tlsgd!<var>N</var></code>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!lituse_tlsldm!<var>N</var></code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with a register branch format instruction to indicate that the
	literal is the call to <code>__tls_get_addr</code> used to compute the
	address of the base of the thread-local storage block for the current
	module. The descriptor for the module must have been loaded with
	<code>!tlsldm!<var>N</var></code>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!gpdisp!<var>N</var></code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with <code>ldah</code> and <code>lda</code> to load the GP from the current
	address, a-la the <code>ldgp</code> macro. The source register for the
	<code>ldah</code> instruction must contain the address of the <code>ldah</code>
	instruction. There must be exactly one <code>lda</code> instruction paired
	with the <code>ldah</code> instruction, though it may appear anywhere in
	the instruction stream. The immediate operands must be zero.
	</p>
	<div class="example">
	<pre class="example">bsr $26,foo
	ldah $29,0($26) !gpdisp!1
	lda $29,0($29) !gpdisp!1
	</pre></div>

	</dd>
	<dt><code>!gprelhigh</code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with an <code>ldah</code> instruction to add the high 16 bits of a
	32-bit displacement from the GP.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!gprellow</code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with any memory format instruction to add the low 16 bits of a
	32-bit displacement from the GP.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!gprel</code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with any memory format instruction to add a 16-bit displacement
	from the GP.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!samegp</code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with any branch format instruction to skip the GP load at the
	target address. The referenced symbol must have the same GP as the
	source object file, and it must be declared to either not use <code>$27</code>
	or perform a standard GP load in the first two instructions via the
	<code>.prologue</code> directive.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!tlsgd</code></dt>
	<dt><code>!tlsgd!<var>N</var></code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with an <code>lda</code> instruction to load the address of a TLS
	descriptor for a symbol in the GOT.
	</p>
	<p>The sequence number <var>N</var> is optional, and if present it used to
	pair the descriptor load with both the <code>literal</code> loading the
	address of the <code>__tls_get_addr</code> function and the <code>lituse_tlsgd</code>
	marking the call to that function.
	</p>
	<p>For proper relaxation, both the <code>tlsgd</code>, <code>literal</code> and
	<code>lituse</code> relocations must be in the same extended basic block.
	That is, the relocation with the lowest address must be executed
	first at runtime.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!tlsldm</code></dt>
	<dt><code>!tlsldm!<var>N</var></code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with an <code>lda</code> instruction to load the address of a TLS
	descriptor for the current module in the GOT.
	</p>
	<p>Similar in other respects to <code>tlsgd</code>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!gotdtprel</code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with an <code>ldq</code> instruction to load the offset of the TLS
	symbol within its module’s thread-local storage block. Also known
	as the dynamic thread pointer offset or dtp-relative offset.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!dtprelhi</code></dt>
	<dt><code>!dtprello</code></dt>
	<dt><code>!dtprel</code></dt>
	<dd><p>Like <code>gprel</code> relocations except they compute dtp-relative offsets.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!gottprel</code></dt>
	<dd><p>Used with an <code>ldq</code> instruction to load the offset of the TLS
	symbol from the thread pointer. Also known as the tp-relative offset.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>!tprelhi</code></dt>
	<dt><code>!tprello</code></dt>
	<dt><code>!tprel</code></dt>
	<dd><p>Like <code>gprel</code> relocations except they compute tp-relative offsets.
	</p></dd>
	</dl>

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