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<a name="Opening-and-Closing"></a>
<div class="header">
<p>
Next: <a href="Internal.html#Internal" accesskey="n" rel="next">Internal</a>, Previous: <a href="Architectures.html#Architectures" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Architectures</a>, Up: <a href="BFD-front-end.html#BFD-front-end" accesskey="u" rel="up">BFD front end</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="BFD-Index.html#BFD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="example">
<pre class="example">/* Set to N to open the next N BFDs using an alternate id space. */
extern unsigned int bfd_use_reserved_id;
</pre></div>
<a name="Opening-and-closing-BFDs"></a>
<h3 class="section">2.14 Opening and closing BFDs</h3>
<a name="Functions-for-opening-and-closing"></a>
<h4 class="subsection">2.14.1 Functions for opening and closing</h4>
<a name="index-bfd_005ffopen"></a>
<a name="bfd_005ffopen"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.1 <code>bfd_fopen</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd *bfd_fopen (const char *filename, const char *target,
const char *mode, int fd);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Open the file <var>filename</var> with the target <var>target</var>.
Return a pointer to the created BFD. If <var>fd</var> is not -1,
then <code>fdopen</code> is used to open the file; otherwise, <code>fopen</code>
is used. <var>mode</var> is passed directly to <code>fopen</code> or
<code>fdopen</code>.
</p>
<p>Calls <code>bfd_find_target</code>, so <var>target</var> is interpreted as by
that function.
</p>
<p>The new BFD is marked as cacheable iff <var>fd</var> is -1.
</p>
<p>If <code>NULL</code> is returned then an error has occured. Possible errors
are <code>bfd_error_no_memory</code>, <code>bfd_error_invalid_target</code> or
<code>system_call</code> error.
</p>
<p>On error, <var>fd</var> is always closed.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fopenr"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fopenr"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.2 <code>bfd_openr</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd *bfd_openr (const char *filename, const char *target);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Open the file <var>filename</var> (using <code>fopen</code>) with the target
<var>target</var>. Return a pointer to the created BFD.
</p>
<p>Calls <code>bfd_find_target</code>, so <var>target</var> is interpreted as by
that function.
</p>
<p>If <code>NULL</code> is returned then an error has occured. Possible errors
are <code>bfd_error_no_memory</code>, <code>bfd_error_invalid_target</code> or
<code>system_call</code> error.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005ffdopenr"></a>
<a name="bfd_005ffdopenr"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.3 <code>bfd_fdopenr</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd *bfd_fdopenr (const char *filename, const char *target, int fd);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
<code>bfd_fdopenr</code> is to <code>bfd_fopenr</code> much like <code>fdopen</code> is to
<code>fopen</code>. It opens a BFD on a file already described by the
<var>fd</var> supplied.
</p>
<p>When the file is later <code>bfd_close</code>d, the file descriptor will
be closed. If the caller desires that this file descriptor be
cached by BFD (opened as needed, closed as needed to free
descriptors for other opens), with the supplied <var>fd</var> used as
an initial file descriptor (but subject to closure at any time),
call bfd_set_cacheable(bfd, 1) on the returned BFD. The default
is to assume no caching; the file descriptor will remain open
until <code>bfd_close</code>, and will not be affected by BFD operations
on other files.
</p>
<p>Possible errors are <code>bfd_error_no_memory</code>,
<code>bfd_error_invalid_target</code> and <code>bfd_error_system_call</code>.
</p>
<p>On error, <var>fd</var> is closed.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fopenstreamr"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fopenstreamr"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.4 <code>bfd_openstreamr</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd *bfd_openstreamr (const char *, const char *, void *);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Open a BFD for read access on an existing stdio stream. When
the BFD is passed to <code>bfd_close</code>, the stream will be closed.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fopenr_005fiovec"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fopenr_005fiovec"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.5 <code>bfd_openr_iovec</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd *bfd_openr_iovec (const char *filename, const char *target,
void *(*open_func) (struct bfd *nbfd,
void *open_closure),
void *open_closure,
file_ptr (*pread_func) (struct bfd *nbfd,
void *stream,
void *buf,
file_ptr nbytes,
file_ptr offset),
int (*close_func) (struct bfd *nbfd,
void *stream),
int (*stat_func) (struct bfd *abfd,
void *stream,
struct stat *sb));
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Create and return a BFD backed by a read-only <var>stream</var>.
The <var>stream</var> is created using <var>open_func</var>, accessed using
<var>pread_func</var> and destroyed using <var>close_func</var>.
</p>
<p>Calls <code>bfd_find_target</code>, so <var>target</var> is interpreted as by
that function.
</p>
<p>Calls <var>open_func</var> (which can call <code>bfd_zalloc</code> and
<code>bfd_get_filename</code>) to obtain the read-only stream backing
the BFD. <var>open_func</var> either succeeds returning the
non-<code>NULL</code> <var>stream</var>, or fails returning <code>NULL</code>
(setting <code>bfd_error</code>).
</p>
<p>Calls <var>pread_func</var> to request <var>nbytes</var> of data from
<var>stream</var> starting at <var>offset</var> (e.g., via a call to
<code>bfd_read</code>). <var>pread_func</var> either succeeds returning the
number of bytes read (which can be less than <var>nbytes</var> when
end-of-file), or fails returning -1 (setting <code>bfd_error</code>).
</p>
<p>Calls <var>close_func</var> when the BFD is later closed using
<code>bfd_close</code>. <var>close_func</var> either succeeds returning 0, or
fails returning -1 (setting <code>bfd_error</code>).
</p>
<p>Calls <var>stat_func</var> to fill in a stat structure for bfd_stat,
bfd_get_size, and bfd_get_mtime calls. <var>stat_func</var> returns 0
on success, or returns -1 on failure (setting <code>bfd_error</code>).
</p>
<p>If <code>bfd_openr_iovec</code> returns <code>NULL</code> then an error has
occurred. Possible errors are <code>bfd_error_no_memory</code>,
<code>bfd_error_invalid_target</code> and <code>bfd_error_system_call</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fopenw"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fopenw"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.6 <code>bfd_openw</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd *bfd_openw (const char *filename, const char *target);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Create a BFD, associated with file <var>filename</var>, using the
file format <var>target</var>, and return a pointer to it.
</p>
<p>Possible errors are <code>bfd_error_system_call</code>, <code>bfd_error_no_memory</code>,
<code>bfd_error_invalid_target</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fclose"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fclose"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.7 <code>bfd_close</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd_boolean bfd_close (bfd *abfd);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Close a BFD. If the BFD was open for writing, then pending
operations are completed and the file written out and closed.
If the created file is executable, then <code>chmod</code> is called
to mark it as such.
</p>
<p>All memory attached to the BFD is released.
</p>
<p>The file descriptor associated with the BFD is closed (even
if it was passed in to BFD by <code>bfd_fdopenr</code>).
</p>
<p><strong>Returns</strong><br>
<code>TRUE</code> is returned if all is ok, otherwise <code>FALSE</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fclose_005fall_005fdone"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fclose_005fall_005fdone"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.8 <code>bfd_close_all_done</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd_boolean bfd_close_all_done (bfd *);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Close a BFD. Differs from <code>bfd_close</code> since it does not
complete any pending operations. This routine would be used
if the application had just used BFD for swapping and didn&rsquo;t
want to use any of the writing code.
</p>
<p>If the created file is executable, then <code>chmod</code> is called
to mark it as such.
</p>
<p>All memory attached to the BFD is released.
</p>
<p><strong>Returns</strong><br>
<code>TRUE</code> is returned if all is ok, otherwise <code>FALSE</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fcreate"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fcreate"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.9 <code>bfd_create</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd *bfd_create (const char *filename, bfd *templ);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Create a new BFD in the manner of <code>bfd_openw</code>, but without
opening a file. The new BFD takes the target from the target
used by <var>templ</var>. The format is always set to <code>bfd_object</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fmake_005fwritable"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fmake_005fwritable"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.10 <code>bfd_make_writable</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd_boolean bfd_make_writable (bfd *abfd);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Takes a BFD as created by <code>bfd_create</code> and converts it
into one like as returned by <code>bfd_openw</code>. It does this
by converting the BFD to BFD_IN_MEMORY. It&rsquo;s assumed that
you will call <code>bfd_make_readable</code> on this bfd later.
</p>
<p><strong>Returns</strong><br>
<code>TRUE</code> is returned if all is ok, otherwise <code>FALSE</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fmake_005freadable"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fmake_005freadable"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.11 <code>bfd_make_readable</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd_boolean bfd_make_readable (bfd *abfd);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Takes a BFD as created by <code>bfd_create</code> and
<code>bfd_make_writable</code> and converts it into one like as
returned by <code>bfd_openr</code>. It does this by writing the
contents out to the memory buffer, then reversing the
direction.
</p>
<p><strong>Returns</strong><br>
<code>TRUE</code> is returned if all is ok, otherwise <code>FALSE</code>.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005falloc"></a>
<a name="bfd_005falloc"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.12 <code>bfd_alloc</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">void *bfd_alloc (bfd *abfd, bfd_size_type wanted);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Allocate a block of <var>wanted</var> bytes of memory attached to
<code>abfd</code> and return a pointer to it.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005falloc2"></a>
<a name="bfd_005falloc2"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.13 <code>bfd_alloc2</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">void *bfd_alloc2 (bfd *abfd, bfd_size_type nmemb, bfd_size_type size);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Allocate a block of <var>nmemb</var> elements of <var>size</var> bytes each
of memory attached to <code>abfd</code> and return a pointer to it.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fzalloc"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fzalloc"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.14 <code>bfd_zalloc</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">void *bfd_zalloc (bfd *abfd, bfd_size_type wanted);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Allocate a block of <var>wanted</var> bytes of zeroed memory
attached to <code>abfd</code> and return a pointer to it.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fzalloc2"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fzalloc2"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.15 <code>bfd_zalloc2</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">void *bfd_zalloc2 (bfd *abfd, bfd_size_type nmemb, bfd_size_type size);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Allocate a block of <var>nmemb</var> elements of <var>size</var> bytes each
of zeroed memory attached to <code>abfd</code> and return a pointer to it.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fcalc_005fgnu_005fdebuglink_005fcrc32"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fcalc_005fgnu_005fdebuglink_005fcrc32"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.16 <code>bfd_calc_gnu_debuglink_crc32</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">unsigned long bfd_calc_gnu_debuglink_crc32
(unsigned long crc, const unsigned char *buf, bfd_size_type len);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Computes a CRC value as used in the .gnu_debuglink section.
Advances the previously computed <var>crc</var> value by computing
and adding in the crc32 for <var>len</var> bytes of <var>buf</var>.
</p>
<p><strong>Returns</strong><br>
Return the updated CRC32 value.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fget_005fdebug_005flink_005finfo"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fget_005fdebug_005flink_005finfo"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.17 <code>bfd_get_debug_link_info</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">char *bfd_get_debug_link_info (bfd *abfd, unsigned long *crc32_out);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
fetch the filename and CRC32 value for any separate debuginfo
associated with <var>abfd</var>. Return NULL if no such info found,
otherwise return filename and update <var>crc32_out</var>. The
returned filename is allocated with <code>malloc</code>; freeing it
is the responsibility of the caller.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fget_005falt_005fdebug_005flink_005finfo"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fget_005falt_005fdebug_005flink_005finfo"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.18 <code>bfd_get_alt_debug_link_info</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">char *bfd_get_alt_debug_link_info (bfd *abfd, unsigned long *crc32_out);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Fetch the filename and BuildID value for any alternate debuginfo
associated with <var>abfd</var>. Return NULL if no such info found,
otherwise return filename and update <var>buildid_out</var>. The
returned filename is allocated with <code>malloc</code>; freeing it
is the responsibility of the caller.
</p>
<a name="index-separate_005fdebug_005ffile_005fexists"></a>
<a name="separate_005fdebug_005ffile_005fexists"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.19 <code>separate_debug_file_exists</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd_boolean separate_debug_file_exists
(char *name, unsigned long crc32);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Checks to see if <var>name</var> is a file and if its contents
match <var>crc32</var>.
</p>
<a name="index-separate_005falt_005fdebug_005ffile_005fexists"></a>
<a name="separate_005falt_005fdebug_005ffile_005fexists"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.20 <code>separate_alt_debug_file_exists</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd_boolean separate_alt_debug_file_exists
(char *name, unsigned long crc32);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Checks to see if <var>name</var> is a file and if its BuildID
matches <var>buildid</var>.
</p>
<a name="index-find_005fseparate_005fdebug_005ffile"></a>
<a name="find_005fseparate_005fdebug_005ffile"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.21 <code>find_separate_debug_file</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">char *find_separate_debug_file (bfd *abfd);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Searches <var>abfd</var> for a section called <var>section_name</var> which
is expected to contain a reference to a file containing separate
debugging information. The function scans various locations in
the filesystem, including the file tree rooted at
<var>debug_file_directory</var>, and returns the first matching
filename that it finds. If <var>check_crc</var> is TRUE then the
contents of the file must also match the CRC value contained in
<var>section_name</var>. Returns NULL if no valid file could be found.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005ffollow_005fgnu_005fdebuglink"></a>
<a name="bfd_005ffollow_005fgnu_005fdebuglink"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.22 <code>bfd_follow_gnu_debuglink</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">char *bfd_follow_gnu_debuglink (bfd *abfd, const char *dir);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Takes a BFD and searches it for a .gnu_debuglink section. If this
section is found, it examines the section for the name and checksum
of a &rsquo;.debug&rsquo; file containing auxiliary debugging information. It
then searches the filesystem for this .debug file in some standard
locations, including the directory tree rooted at <var>dir</var>, and if
found returns the full filename.
</p>
<p>If <var>dir</var> is NULL, it will search a default path configured into
libbfd at build time. [XXX this feature is not currently
implemented].
</p>
<p><strong>Returns</strong><br>
<code>NULL</code> on any errors or failure to locate the .debug file,
otherwise a pointer to a heap-allocated string containing the
filename. The caller is responsible for freeing this string.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005ffollow_005fgnu_005fdebugaltlink"></a>
<a name="bfd_005ffollow_005fgnu_005fdebugaltlink"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.23 <code>bfd_follow_gnu_debugaltlink</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">char *bfd_follow_gnu_debugaltlink (bfd *abfd, const char *dir);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Takes a BFD and searches it for a .gnu_debugaltlink section. If this
section is found, it examines the section for the name of a file
containing auxiliary debugging information. It then searches the
filesystem for this file in a set of standard locations, including
the directory tree rooted at <var>dir</var>, and if found returns the
full filename.
</p>
<p>If <var>dir</var> is NULL, it will search a default path configured into
libbfd at build time. [FIXME: This feature is not currently
implemented].
</p>
<p><strong>Returns</strong><br>
<code>NULL</code> on any errors or failure to locate the debug file,
otherwise a pointer to a heap-allocated string containing the
filename. The caller is responsible for freeing this string.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005fcreate_005fgnu_005fdebuglink_005fsection"></a>
<a name="bfd_005fcreate_005fgnu_005fdebuglink_005fsection"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.24 <code>bfd_create_gnu_debuglink_section</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">struct bfd_section *bfd_create_gnu_debuglink_section
(bfd *abfd, const char *filename);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Takes a <var>BFD</var> and adds a .gnu_debuglink section to it. The section is sized
to be big enough to contain a link to the specified <var>filename</var>.
</p>
<p><strong>Returns</strong><br>
A pointer to the new section is returned if all is ok. Otherwise <code>NULL</code> is
returned and bfd_error is set.
</p>
<a name="index-bfd_005ffill_005fin_005fgnu_005fdebuglink_005fsection"></a>
<a name="bfd_005ffill_005fin_005fgnu_005fdebuglink_005fsection"></a>
<h4 class="subsubsection">2.14.1.25 <code>bfd_fill_in_gnu_debuglink_section</code></h4>
<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
</p><div class="example">
<pre class="example">bfd_boolean bfd_fill_in_gnu_debuglink_section
(bfd *abfd, struct bfd_section *sect, const char *filename);
</pre></div>
<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
Takes a <var>BFD</var> and containing a .gnu_debuglink section <var>SECT</var>
and fills in the contents of the section to contain a link to the
specified <var>filename</var>. The filename should be relative to the
current directory.
</p>
<p><strong>Returns</strong><br>
<code>TRUE</code> is returned if all is ok. Otherwise <code>FALSE</code> is returned
and bfd_error is set.
</p>
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