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 <body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
 <a name="aout"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="coff.html#coff" accesskey="n" rel="next">coff</a>, Previous: <a href="What-to-Put-Where.html#What-to-Put-Where" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What to Put Where</a>, Up: <a href="BFD-back-ends.html#BFD-back-ends" accesskey="u" rel="up">BFD back ends</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="BFD-Index.html#BFD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <hr>
 <a name="a_002eout-backends"></a>
 <h3 class="section">3.2 a.out backends</h3>


 <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
 BFD supports a number of different flavours of a.out format,
 though the major differences are only the sizes of the
 structures on disk, and the shape of the relocation
 information.
 </p>
 <p>The support is split into a basic support file <samp>aoutx.h</samp>
 and other files which derive functions from the base. One
 derivation file is <samp>aoutf1.h</samp> (for a.out flavour 1), and
 adds to the basic a.out functions support for sun3, sun4, 386
 and 29k a.out files, to create a target jump vector for a
 specific target.
 </p>
 <p>This information is further split out into more specific files
 for each machine, including <samp>sunos.c</samp> for sun3 and sun4,
 <samp>newsos3.c</samp> for the Sony NEWS, and <samp>demo64.c</samp> for a
 demonstration of a 64 bit a.out format.
 </p>
 <p>The base file <samp>aoutx.h</samp> defines general mechanisms for
 reading and writing records to and from disk and various
 other methods which BFD requires. It is included by
 <samp>aout32.c</samp> and <samp>aout64.c</samp> to form the names
 <code>aout_32_swap_exec_header_in</code>, <code>aout_64_swap_exec_header_in</code>, etc.
 </p>
 <p>As an example, this is what goes on to make the back end for a
 sun4, from <samp>aout32.c</samp>:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">       #define ARCH_SIZE 32
        #include &quot;aoutx.h&quot;
 </pre></div>

 <p>Which exports names:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">       ...
        aout_32_canonicalize_reloc
        aout_32_find_nearest_line
        aout_32_get_lineno
        aout_32_get_reloc_upper_bound
        ...
 </pre></div>

 <p>from <samp>sunos.c</samp>:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">       #define TARGET_NAME &quot;a.out-sunos-big&quot;
        #define VECNAME    sunos_big_vec
        #include &quot;aoutf1.h&quot;
 </pre></div>

 <p>requires all the names from <samp>aout32.c</samp>, and produces the jump vector
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">       sunos_big_vec
 </pre></div>

 <p>The file <samp>host-aout.c</samp> is a special case.  It is for a large set
 of hosts that use &ldquo;more or less standard&rdquo; a.out files, and
 for which cross-debugging is not interesting.  It uses the
 standard 32-bit a.out support routines, but determines the
 file offsets and addresses of the text, data, and BSS
 sections, the machine architecture and machine type, and the
 entry point address, in a host-dependent manner.  Once these
 values have been determined, generic code is used to handle
 the  object file.
 </p>
 <p>When porting it to run on a new system, you must supply:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">        HOST_PAGE_SIZE
         HOST_SEGMENT_SIZE
         HOST_MACHINE_ARCH       (optional)
         HOST_MACHINE_MACHINE    (optional)
         HOST_TEXT_START_ADDR
         HOST_STACK_END_ADDR
 </pre></div>

 <p>in the file <samp>../include/sys/h-<var>XXX</var>.h</samp> (for your host).  These
 values, plus the structures and macros defined in <samp>a.out.h</samp> on
 your host system, will produce a BFD target that will access
 ordinary a.out files on your host. To configure a new machine
 to use <samp>host-aout.c</samp>, specify:
 </p>
 <div class="example">
 <pre class="example">       TDEFAULTS = -DDEFAULT_VECTOR=host_aout_big_vec
        TDEPFILES= host-aout.o trad-core.o
 </pre></div>

 <p>in the <samp>config/<var>XXX</var>.mt</samp> file, and modify <samp>configure.in</samp>
 to use the
 <samp><var>XXX</var>.mt</samp> file (by setting &quot;<code>bfd_target=XXX</code>&quot;) when your
 configuration is selected.
 </p>
 <a name="Relocations-2"></a>
 <h4 class="subsection">3.2.1 Relocations</h4>


 <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
 The file <samp>aoutx.h</samp> provides for both the <em>standard</em>
 and <em>extended</em> forms of a.out relocation records.
 </p>
 <p>The standard records contain only an
 address, a symbol index, and a type field. The extended records
 (used on 29ks and sparcs) also have a full integer for an
 addend.
 </p>
 <a name="Internal-entry-points"></a>
 <h4 class="subsection">3.2.2 Internal entry points</h4>


 <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
 <samp>aoutx.h</samp> exports several routines for accessing the
 contents of an a.out file, which are gathered and exported in
 turn by various format specific files (eg sunos.c).
 </p>
 <a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fswap_005fexec_005fheader_005fin"></a>
 <a name="aout_005fsize_005fswap_005fexec_005fheader_005fin"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.1 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_swap_exec_header_in</code></h4>
 <p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example">void aout_<var>size</var>_swap_exec_header_in,
    (bfd *abfd,
     struct external_exec *bytes,
     struct internal_exec *execp);
 </pre></div>
 <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
 Swap the information in an executable header <var>raw_bytes</var> taken
 from a raw byte stream memory image into the internal exec header
 structure <var>execp</var>.
 </p>
 <a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fswap_005fexec_005fheader_005fout"></a>
 <a name="aout_005fsize_005fswap_005fexec_005fheader_005fout"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.2 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_swap_exec_header_out</code></h4>
 <p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example">void aout_<var>size</var>_swap_exec_header_out
    (bfd *abfd,
     struct internal_exec *execp,
     struct external_exec *raw_bytes);
 </pre></div>
 <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
 Swap the information in an internal exec header structure
 <var>execp</var> into the buffer <var>raw_bytes</var> ready for writing to disk.
 </p>
 <a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fsome_005faout_005fobject_005fp"></a>
 <a name="aout_005fsize_005fsome_005faout_005fobject_005fp"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.3 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_some_aout_object_p</code></h4>
 <p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example">const bfd_target *aout_<var>size</var>_some_aout_object_p
    (bfd *abfd,
     struct internal_exec *execp,
     const bfd_target *(*callback_to_real_object_p) (bfd *));
 </pre></div>
 <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
 Some a.out variant thinks that the file open in <var>abfd</var>
 checking is an a.out file.  Do some more checking, and set up
 for access if it really is.  Call back to the calling
 environment&rsquo;s &quot;finish up&quot; function just before returning, to
 handle any last-minute setup.
 </p>
 <a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fmkobject"></a>
 <a name="aout_005fsize_005fmkobject"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.4 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_mkobject</code></h4>
 <p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example">bfd_boolean aout_<var>size</var>_mkobject, (bfd *abfd);
 </pre></div>
 <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
 Initialize BFD <var>abfd</var> for use with a.out files.
 </p>
 <a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fmachine_005ftype"></a>
 <a name="aout_005fsize_005fmachine_005ftype"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.5 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_machine_type</code></h4>
 <p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example">enum machine_type  aout_<var>size</var>_machine_type
    (enum bfd_architecture arch,
     unsigned long machine,
     bfd_boolean *unknown);
 </pre></div>
 <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
 Keep track of machine architecture and machine type for
 a.out&rsquo;s. Return the <code>machine_type</code> for a particular
 architecture and machine, or <code>M_UNKNOWN</code> if that exact architecture
 and machine can&rsquo;t be represented in a.out format.
 </p>
 <p>If the architecture is understood, machine type 0 (default)
 is always understood.
 </p>
 <a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fset_005farch_005fmach"></a>
 <a name="aout_005fsize_005fset_005farch_005fmach"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.6 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_set_arch_mach</code></h4>
 <p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example">bfd_boolean aout_<var>size</var>_set_arch_mach,
    (bfd *,
     enum bfd_architecture arch,
     unsigned long machine);
 </pre></div>
 <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
 Set the architecture and the machine of the BFD <var>abfd</var> to the
 values <var>arch</var> and <var>machine</var>.  Verify that <var>abfd</var>&rsquo;s format
 can support the architecture required.
 </p>
 <a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fnew_005fsection_005fhook"></a>
 <a name="aout_005fsize_005fnew_005fsection_005fhook"></a>
 <h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.7 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_new_section_hook</code></h4>
 <p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
 </p><div class="example">
 <pre class="example">bfd_boolean aout_<var>size</var>_new_section_hook,
    (bfd *abfd,
     asection *newsect);
 </pre></div>
 <p><strong>Description</strong><br>
 Called by the BFD in response to a <code>bfd_make_section</code>
 request.
 </p>

 <hr>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="coff.html#coff" accesskey="n" rel="next">coff</a>, Previous: <a href="What-to-Put-Where.html#What-to-Put-Where" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What to Put Where</a>, Up: <a href="BFD-back-ends.html#BFD-back-ends" accesskey="u" rel="up">BFD back ends</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="BFD-Index.html#BFD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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	<body lang="en" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#800080" alink="#FF0000">
	<a name="aout"></a>
	<div class="header">
	<p>
	Next: <a href="coff.html#coff" accesskey="n" rel="next">coff</a>, Previous: <a href="What-to-Put-Where.html#What-to-Put-Where" accesskey="p" rel="prev">What to Put Where</a>, Up: <a href="BFD-back-ends.html#BFD-back-ends" accesskey="u" rel="up">BFD back ends</a>   [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="BFD-Index.html#BFD-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
	</div>
	<hr>
	<a name="a_002eout-backends"></a>
	<h3 class="section">3.2 a.out backends</h3>


	<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
	BFD supports a number of different flavours of a.out format,
	though the major differences are only the sizes of the
	structures on disk, and the shape of the relocation
	information.
	</p>
	<p>The support is split into a basic support file <samp>aoutx.h</samp>
	and other files which derive functions from the base. One
	derivation file is <samp>aoutf1.h</samp> (for a.out flavour 1), and
	adds to the basic a.out functions support for sun3, sun4, 386
	and 29k a.out files, to create a target jump vector for a
	specific target.
	</p>
	<p>This information is further split out into more specific files
	for each machine, including <samp>sunos.c</samp> for sun3 and sun4,
	<samp>newsos3.c</samp> for the Sony NEWS, and <samp>demo64.c</samp> for a
	demonstration of a 64 bit a.out format.
	</p>
	<p>The base file <samp>aoutx.h</samp> defines general mechanisms for
	reading and writing records to and from disk and various
	other methods which BFD requires. It is included by
	<samp>aout32.c</samp> and <samp>aout64.c</samp> to form the names
	<code>aout_32_swap_exec_header_in</code>, <code>aout_64_swap_exec_header_in</code>, etc.
	</p>
	<p>As an example, this is what goes on to make the back end for a
	sun4, from <samp>aout32.c</samp>:
	</p>
	<div class="example">
	<pre class="example"> #define ARCH_SIZE 32
	#include "aoutx.h"
	</pre></div>

	<p>Which exports names:
	</p>
	<div class="example">
	<pre class="example"> ...
	aout_32_canonicalize_reloc
	aout_32_find_nearest_line
	aout_32_get_lineno
	aout_32_get_reloc_upper_bound
	...
	</pre></div>

	<p>from <samp>sunos.c</samp>:
	</p>
	<div class="example">
	<pre class="example"> #define TARGET_NAME "a.out-sunos-big"
	#define VECNAME sunos_big_vec
	#include "aoutf1.h"
	</pre></div>

	<p>requires all the names from <samp>aout32.c</samp>, and produces the jump vector
	</p>
	<div class="example">
	<pre class="example"> sunos_big_vec
	</pre></div>

	<p>The file <samp>host-aout.c</samp> is a special case. It is for a large set
	of hosts that use “more or less standard” a.out files, and
	for which cross-debugging is not interesting. It uses the
	standard 32-bit a.out support routines, but determines the
	file offsets and addresses of the text, data, and BSS
	sections, the machine architecture and machine type, and the
	entry point address, in a host-dependent manner. Once these
	values have been determined, generic code is used to handle
	the object file.
	</p>
	<p>When porting it to run on a new system, you must supply:
	</p>
	<div class="example">
	<pre class="example"> HOST_PAGE_SIZE
	HOST_SEGMENT_SIZE
	HOST_MACHINE_ARCH (optional)
	HOST_MACHINE_MACHINE (optional)
	HOST_TEXT_START_ADDR
	HOST_STACK_END_ADDR
	</pre></div>

	<p>in the file <samp>../include/sys/h-<var>XXX</var>.h</samp> (for your host). These
	values, plus the structures and macros defined in <samp>a.out.h</samp> on
	your host system, will produce a BFD target that will access
	ordinary a.out files on your host. To configure a new machine
	to use <samp>host-aout.c</samp>, specify:
	</p>
	<div class="example">
	<pre class="example"> TDEFAULTS = -DDEFAULT_VECTOR=host_aout_big_vec
	TDEPFILES= host-aout.o trad-core.o
	</pre></div>

	<p>in the <samp>config/<var>XXX</var>.mt</samp> file, and modify <samp>configure.in</samp>
	to use the
	<samp><var>XXX</var>.mt</samp> file (by setting "<code>bfd_target=XXX</code>") when your
	configuration is selected.
	</p>
	<a name="Relocations-2"></a>
	<h4 class="subsection">3.2.1 Relocations</h4>


	<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
	The file <samp>aoutx.h</samp> provides for both the <em>standard</em>
	and <em>extended</em> forms of a.out relocation records.
	</p>
	<p>The standard records contain only an
	address, a symbol index, and a type field. The extended records
	(used on 29ks and sparcs) also have a full integer for an
	addend.
	</p>
	<a name="Internal-entry-points"></a>
	<h4 class="subsection">3.2.2 Internal entry points</h4>


	<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
	<samp>aoutx.h</samp> exports several routines for accessing the
	contents of an a.out file, which are gathered and exported in
	turn by various format specific files (eg sunos.c).
	</p>
	<a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fswap_005fexec_005fheader_005fin"></a>
	<a name="aout_005fsize_005fswap_005fexec_005fheader_005fin"></a>
	<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.1 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_swap_exec_header_in</code></h4>
	<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
	</p><div class="example">
	<pre class="example">void aout_<var>size</var>_swap_exec_header_in,
	(bfd *abfd,
	struct external_exec *bytes,
	struct internal_exec *execp);
	</pre></div>
	<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
	Swap the information in an executable header <var>raw_bytes</var> taken
	from a raw byte stream memory image into the internal exec header
	structure <var>execp</var>.
	</p>
	<a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fswap_005fexec_005fheader_005fout"></a>
	<a name="aout_005fsize_005fswap_005fexec_005fheader_005fout"></a>
	<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.2 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_swap_exec_header_out</code></h4>
	<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
	</p><div class="example">
	<pre class="example">void aout_<var>size</var>_swap_exec_header_out
	(bfd *abfd,
	struct internal_exec *execp,
	struct external_exec *raw_bytes);
	</pre></div>
	<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
	Swap the information in an internal exec header structure
	<var>execp</var> into the buffer <var>raw_bytes</var> ready for writing to disk.
	</p>
	<a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fsome_005faout_005fobject_005fp"></a>
	<a name="aout_005fsize_005fsome_005faout_005fobject_005fp"></a>
	<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.3 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_some_aout_object_p</code></h4>
	<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
	</p><div class="example">
	<pre class="example">const bfd_target *aout_<var>size</var>_some_aout_object_p
	(bfd *abfd,
	struct internal_exec *execp,
	const bfd_target (callback_to_real_object_p) (bfd *));
	</pre></div>
	<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
	Some a.out variant thinks that the file open in <var>abfd</var>
	checking is an a.out file. Do some more checking, and set up
	for access if it really is. Call back to the calling
	environment’s "finish up" function just before returning, to
	handle any last-minute setup.
	</p>
	<a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fmkobject"></a>
	<a name="aout_005fsize_005fmkobject"></a>
	<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.4 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_mkobject</code></h4>
	<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
	</p><div class="example">
	<pre class="example">bfd_boolean aout_<var>size</var>_mkobject, (bfd *abfd);
	</pre></div>
	<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
	Initialize BFD <var>abfd</var> for use with a.out files.
	</p>
	<a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fmachine_005ftype"></a>
	<a name="aout_005fsize_005fmachine_005ftype"></a>
	<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.5 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_machine_type</code></h4>
	<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
	</p><div class="example">
	<pre class="example">enum machine_type aout_<var>size</var>_machine_type
	(enum bfd_architecture arch,
	unsigned long machine,
	bfd_boolean *unknown);
	</pre></div>
	<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
	Keep track of machine architecture and machine type for
	a.out’s. Return the <code>machine_type</code> for a particular
	architecture and machine, or <code>M_UNKNOWN</code> if that exact architecture
	and machine can’t be represented in a.out format.
	</p>
	<p>If the architecture is understood, machine type 0 (default)
	is always understood.
	</p>
	<a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fset_005farch_005fmach"></a>
	<a name="aout_005fsize_005fset_005farch_005fmach"></a>
	<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.6 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_set_arch_mach</code></h4>
	<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
	</p><div class="example">
	<pre class="example">bfd_boolean aout_<var>size</var>_set_arch_mach,
	(bfd *,
	enum bfd_architecture arch,
	unsigned long machine);
	</pre></div>
	<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
	Set the architecture and the machine of the BFD <var>abfd</var> to the
	values <var>arch</var> and <var>machine</var>. Verify that <var>abfd</var>’s format
	can support the architecture required.
	</p>
	<a name="index-aout_005fsize_005fnew_005fsection_005fhook"></a>
	<a name="aout_005fsize_005fnew_005fsection_005fhook"></a>
	<h4 class="subsubsection">3.2.2.7 <code>aout_<var>size</var>_new_section_hook</code></h4>
	<p><strong>Synopsis</strong>
	</p><div class="example">
	<pre class="example">bfd_boolean aout_<var>size</var>_new_section_hook,
	(bfd *abfd,
	asection *newsect);
	</pre></div>
	<p><strong>Description</strong><br>
	Called by the BFD in response to a <code>bfd_make_section</code>
	request.
	</p>

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