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 <a name="Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="Zero-Length.html#Zero-Length" accesskey="n" rel="next">Zero Length</a>, Previous: <a href="Fixed_002dPoint.html#Fixed_002dPoint" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fixed-Point</a>, Up: <a href="C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions" accesskey="u" rel="up">C Extensions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <hr>
 <a name="Named-Address-Spaces-1"></a>
 <h3 class="section">6.16 Named Address Spaces</h3>
 <a name="index-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>

 <p>As an extension, GNU C supports named address spaces as
 defined in the N1275 draft of ISO/IEC DTR 18037.  Support for named
 address spaces in GCC will evolve as the draft technical report
 changes.  Calling conventions for any target might also change.  At
 present, only the AVR, SPU, M32C, and RL78 targets support address
 spaces other than the generic address space.
 </p>
 <p>Address space identifiers may be used exactly like any other C type
 qualifier (e.g., <code>const</code> or <code>volatile</code>).  See the N1275
 document for more details.
 </p>
 <a name="AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a><a name="AVR-Named-Address-Spaces-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsection">6.16.1 AVR Named Address Spaces</h4>

 <p>On the AVR target, there are several address spaces that can be used
 in order to put read-only data into the flash memory and access that
 data by means of the special instructions <code>LPM</code> or <code>ELPM</code>
 needed to read from flash.
 </p>
 <p>Per default, any data including read-only data is located in RAM
 (the generic address space) so that non-generic address spaces are
 needed to locate read-only data in flash memory
 <em>and</em> to generate the right instructions to access this data
 without using (inline) assembler code.
 </p>
 <dl compact="compact">
 <dt><code>__flash</code></dt>
 <dd><a name="index-_005f_005fflash-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
 <p>The <code>__flash</code> qualifier locates data in the
 <code>.progmem.data</code> section. Data is read using the <code>LPM</code>
 instruction. Pointers to this address space are 16 bits wide.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>__flash1</code></dt>
 <dt><code>__flash2</code></dt>
 <dt><code>__flash3</code></dt>
 <dt><code>__flash4</code></dt>
 <dt><code>__flash5</code></dt>
 <dd><a name="index-_005f_005fflash1-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
 <a name="index-_005f_005fflash2-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
 <a name="index-_005f_005fflash3-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
 <a name="index-_005f_005fflash4-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
 <a name="index-_005f_005fflash5-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
 <p>These are 16-bit address spaces locating data in section
 <code>.progmem<var>N</var>.data</code> where <var>N</var> refers to
 address space <code>__flash<var>N</var></code>.
 The compiler sets the <code>RAMPZ</code> segment register appropriately
 before reading data by means of the <code>ELPM</code> instruction.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>__memx</code></dt>
 <dd><a name="index-_005f_005fmemx-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
 <p>This is a 24-bit address space that linearizes flash and RAM:
 If the high bit of the address is set, data is read from
 RAM using the lower two bytes as RAM address.
 If the high bit of the address is clear, data is read from flash
 with <code>RAMPZ</code> set according to the high byte of the address.
 See <a href="AVR-Built_002din-Functions.html#AVR-Built_002din-Functions"><code>__builtin_avr_flash_segment</code></a>.
 </p>
 <p>Objects in this address space are located in <code>.progmemx.data</code>.
 </p></dd>
 </dl>

 <p><b>Example</b>
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">char my_read (const __flash char ** p)
 {
     /* p is a pointer to RAM that points to a pointer to flash.
        The first indirection of p reads that flash pointer
        from RAM and the second indirection reads a char from this
        flash address.  */

     return **p;
 }

 /* Locate array[] in flash memory */
 const __flash int array[] = { 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 };

 int i = 1;

 int main (void)
 {
    /* Return 17 by reading from flash memory */
    return array[array[i]];
 }
 </pre></div>

 <p>For each named address space supported by avr-gcc there is an equally
 named but uppercase built-in macro defined.
 The purpose is to facilitate testing if respective address space
 support is available or not:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">#ifdef __FLASH
 const __flash int var = 1;

 int read_var (void)
 {
     return var;
 }
 #else
 #include &lt;avr/pgmspace.h&gt; /* From AVR-LibC */

 const int var PROGMEM = 1;

 int read_var (void)
 {
     return (int) pgm_read_word (&amp;var);
 }
 #endif /* __FLASH */
 </pre></div>

 <p>Notice that attribute <a href="Variable-Attributes.html#AVR-Variable-Attributes"><code>progmem</code></a>
 locates data in flash but
 accesses to these data read from generic address space, i.e.
 from RAM,
 so that you need special accessors like <code>pgm_read_byte</code>
 from <a href="http://nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/"><span class="nolinebreak">AVR-LibC</span></a><!-- /@w -->
 together with attribute <code>progmem</code>.
 </p>
 <p><b>Limitations and caveats</b>
 </p>
 <ul>
 <li> Reading across the 64&nbsp;KiB section boundary of
 the <code>__flash</code> or <code>__flash<var>N</var></code> address spaces
 shows undefined behavior. The only address space that
 supports reading across the 64&nbsp;KiB flash segment boundaries is
 <code>__memx</code>.

 </li><li> If you use one of the <code>__flash<var>N</var></code> address spaces
 you must arrange your linker script to locate the
 <code>.progmem<var>N</var>.data</code> sections according to your needs.

 </li><li> Any data or pointers to the non-generic address spaces must
 be qualified as <code>const</code>, i.e. as read-only data.
 This still applies if the data in one of these address
 spaces like software version number or calibration lookup table are intended to
 be changed after load time by, say, a boot loader. In this case
 the right qualification is <code>const</code> <code>volatile</code> so that the compiler
 must not optimize away known values or insert them
 as immediates into operands of instructions.

 </li><li> The following code initializes a variable <code>pfoo</code>
 located in static storage with a 24-bit address:
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">extern const __memx char foo;
 const __memx void *pfoo = &amp;foo;
 </pre></div>

 <p>Such code requires at least binutils 2.23, see
 <a href="http://sourceware.org/PR13503">PR13503</a><!-- /@w -->.
 </p>
 </li></ul>

 <a name="M32C-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
 <h4 class="subsection">6.16.2 M32C Named Address Spaces</h4>
 <a name="index-_005f_005ffar-M32C-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>

 <p>On the M32C target, with the R8C and M16C CPU variants, variables
 qualified with <code>__far</code> are accessed using 32-bit addresses in
 order to access memory beyond the first 64&nbsp;Ki bytes.  If
 <code>__far</code> is used with the M32CM or M32C CPU variants, it has no
 effect.
 </p>
 <a name="RL78-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
 <h4 class="subsection">6.16.3 RL78 Named Address Spaces</h4>
 <a name="index-_005f_005ffar-RL78-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>

 <p>On the RL78 target, variables qualified with <code>__far</code> are accessed
 with 32-bit pointers (20-bit addresses) rather than the default 16-bit
 addresses.  Non-far variables are assumed to appear in the topmost
 64&nbsp;KiB of the address space.
 </p>
 <a name="SPU-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
 <h4 class="subsection">6.16.4 SPU Named Address Spaces</h4>
 <a name="index-_005f_005fea-SPU-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>

 <p>On the SPU target variables may be declared as
 belonging to another address space by qualifying the type with the
 <code>__ea</code> address space identifier:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">extern int __ea i;
 </pre></div>

 <p>The compiler generates special code to access the variable <code>i</code>.
 It may use runtime library
 support, or generate special machine instructions to access that address
 space.
 </p>
 <hr>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="Zero-Length.html#Zero-Length" accesskey="n" rel="next">Zero Length</a>, Previous: <a href="Fixed_002dPoint.html#Fixed_002dPoint" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fixed-Point</a>, Up: <a href="C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions" accesskey="u" rel="up">C Extensions</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
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	<a name="Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
	<div class="header">
	<p>
	Next: <a href="Zero-Length.html#Zero-Length" accesskey="n" rel="next">Zero Length</a>, Previous: <a href="Fixed_002dPoint.html#Fixed_002dPoint" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Fixed-Point</a>, Up: <a href="C-Extensions.html#C-Extensions" accesskey="u" rel="up">C Extensions</a>   [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
	</div>
	<hr>
	<a name="Named-Address-Spaces-1"></a>
	<h3 class="section">6.16 Named Address Spaces</h3>
	<a name="index-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>

	<p>As an extension, GNU C supports named address spaces as
	defined in the N1275 draft of ISO/IEC DTR 18037. Support for named
	address spaces in GCC will evolve as the draft technical report
	changes. Calling conventions for any target might also change. At
	present, only the AVR, SPU, M32C, and RL78 targets support address
	spaces other than the generic address space.
	</p>
	<p>Address space identifiers may be used exactly like any other C type
	qualifier (e.g., <code>const</code> or <code>volatile</code>). See the N1275
	document for more details.
	</p>
	<a name="AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a><a name="AVR-Named-Address-Spaces-1"></a>
	<h4 class="subsection">6.16.1 AVR Named Address Spaces</h4>

	<p>On the AVR target, there are several address spaces that can be used
	in order to put read-only data into the flash memory and access that
	data by means of the special instructions <code>LPM</code> or <code>ELPM</code>
	needed to read from flash.
	</p>
	<p>Per default, any data including read-only data is located in RAM
	(the generic address space) so that non-generic address spaces are
	needed to locate read-only data in flash memory
	<em>and</em> to generate the right instructions to access this data
	without using (inline) assembler code.
	</p>
	<dl compact="compact">
	<dt><code>__flash</code></dt>
	<dd><a name="index-_005f_005fflash-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
	<p>The <code>__flash</code> qualifier locates data in the
	<code>.progmem.data</code> section. Data is read using the <code>LPM</code>
	instruction. Pointers to this address space are 16 bits wide.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>__flash1</code></dt>
	<dt><code>__flash2</code></dt>
	<dt><code>__flash3</code></dt>
	<dt><code>__flash4</code></dt>
	<dt><code>__flash5</code></dt>
	<dd><a name="index-_005f_005fflash1-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
	<a name="index-_005f_005fflash2-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
	<a name="index-_005f_005fflash3-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
	<a name="index-_005f_005fflash4-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
	<a name="index-_005f_005fflash5-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
	<p>These are 16-bit address spaces locating data in section
	<code>.progmem<var>N</var>.data</code> where <var>N</var> refers to
	address space <code>__flash<var>N</var></code>.
	The compiler sets the <code>RAMPZ</code> segment register appropriately
	before reading data by means of the <code>ELPM</code> instruction.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>__memx</code></dt>
	<dd><a name="index-_005f_005fmemx-AVR-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
	<p>This is a 24-bit address space that linearizes flash and RAM:
	If the high bit of the address is set, data is read from
	RAM using the lower two bytes as RAM address.
	If the high bit of the address is clear, data is read from flash
	with <code>RAMPZ</code> set according to the high byte of the address.
	See <a href="AVR-Built_002din-Functions.html#AVR-Built_002din-Functions"><code>__builtin_avr_flash_segment</code></a>.
	</p>
	<p>Objects in this address space are located in <code>.progmemx.data</code>.
	</p></dd>
	</dl>

	<p><b>Example</b>
	</p>
	<div class="smallexample">
	<pre class="smallexample">char my_read (const __flash char ** p)
	{
	/* p is a pointer to RAM that points to a pointer to flash.
	The first indirection of p reads that flash pointer
	from RAM and the second indirection reads a char from this
	flash address. */

	return **p;
	}

	/* Locate array[] in flash memory */
	const __flash int array[] = { 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19 };

	int i = 1;

	int main (void)
	{
	/* Return 17 by reading from flash memory */
	return array[array[i]];
	}
	</pre></div>

	<p>For each named address space supported by avr-gcc there is an equally
	named but uppercase built-in macro defined.
	The purpose is to facilitate testing if respective address space
	support is available or not:
	</p>
	<div class="smallexample">
	<pre class="smallexample">#ifdef __FLASH
	const __flash int var = 1;

	int read_var (void)
	{
	return var;
	}
	#else
	#include <avr/pgmspace.h> /* From AVR-LibC */

	const int var PROGMEM = 1;

	int read_var (void)
	{
	return (int) pgm_read_word (&var);
	}
	#endif /* __FLASH */
	</pre></div>

	<p>Notice that attribute <a href="Variable-Attributes.html#AVR-Variable-Attributes"><code>progmem</code></a>
	locates data in flash but
	accesses to these data read from generic address space, i.e.
	from RAM,
	so that you need special accessors like <code>pgm_read_byte</code>
	from <a href="http://nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/"><span class="nolinebreak">AVR-LibC</span></a><!-- /@w -->
	together with attribute <code>progmem</code>.
	</p>
	<p><b>Limitations and caveats</b>
	</p>
	<ul>
	<li> Reading across the 64 KiB section boundary of
	the <code>__flash</code> or <code>__flash<var>N</var></code> address spaces
	shows undefined behavior. The only address space that
	supports reading across the 64 KiB flash segment boundaries is
	<code>__memx</code>.

	</li><li> If you use one of the <code>__flash<var>N</var></code> address spaces
	you must arrange your linker script to locate the
	<code>.progmem<var>N</var>.data</code> sections according to your needs.

	</li><li> Any data or pointers to the non-generic address spaces must
	be qualified as <code>const</code>, i.e. as read-only data.
	This still applies if the data in one of these address
	spaces like software version number or calibration lookup table are intended to
	be changed after load time by, say, a boot loader. In this case
	the right qualification is <code>const</code> <code>volatile</code> so that the compiler
	must not optimize away known values or insert them
	as immediates into operands of instructions.

	</li><li> The following code initializes a variable <code>pfoo</code>
	located in static storage with a 24-bit address:
	<div class="smallexample">
	<pre class="smallexample">extern const __memx char foo;
	const __memx void *pfoo = &foo;
	</pre></div>

	<p>Such code requires at least binutils 2.23, see
	<a href="http://sourceware.org/PR13503">PR13503</a><!-- /@w -->.
	</p>
	</li></ul>

	<a name="M32C-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
	<h4 class="subsection">6.16.2 M32C Named Address Spaces</h4>
	<a name="index-_005f_005ffar-M32C-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>

	<p>On the M32C target, with the R8C and M16C CPU variants, variables
	qualified with <code>__far</code> are accessed using 32-bit addresses in
	order to access memory beyond the first 64 Ki bytes. If
	<code>__far</code> is used with the M32CM or M32C CPU variants, it has no
	effect.
	</p>
	<a name="RL78-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
	<h4 class="subsection">6.16.3 RL78 Named Address Spaces</h4>
	<a name="index-_005f_005ffar-RL78-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>

	<p>On the RL78 target, variables qualified with <code>__far</code> are accessed
	with 32-bit pointers (20-bit addresses) rather than the default 16-bit
	addresses. Non-far variables are assumed to appear in the topmost
	64 KiB of the address space.
	</p>
	<a name="SPU-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>
	<h4 class="subsection">6.16.4 SPU Named Address Spaces</h4>
	<a name="index-_005f_005fea-SPU-Named-Address-Spaces"></a>

	<p>On the SPU target variables may be declared as
	belonging to another address space by qualifying the type with the
	<code>__ea</code> address space identifier:
	</p>
	<div class="smallexample">
	<pre class="smallexample">extern int __ea i;
	</pre></div>

	<p>The compiler generates special code to access the variable <code>i</code>.
	It may use runtime library
	support, or generate special machine instructions to access that address
	space.
	</p>
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