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 <a name="Functions-for-C_002b_002b"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="Statements-for-C_002b_002b.html#Statements-for-C_002b_002b" accesskey="n" rel="next">Statements for C++</a>, Previous: <a href="Classes.html#Classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Classes</a>, Up: <a href="C-and-C_002b_002b-Trees.html#C-and-C_002b_002b-Trees" accesskey="u" rel="up">C and C++ Trees</a> &nbsp; [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <hr>
 <a name="Functions-for-C_002b_002b-1"></a>
 <h4 class="subsection">10.10.4 Functions for C++</h4>
 <a name="index-function-1"></a>
 <a name="index-FUNCTION_005fDECL-1"></a>
 <a name="index-OVERLOAD"></a>
 <a name="index-OVL_005fCURRENT"></a>
 <a name="index-OVL_005fNEXT"></a>

 <p>A function is represented by a <code>FUNCTION_DECL</code> node.  A set of
 overloaded functions is sometimes represented by an <code>OVERLOAD</code> node.
 </p>
 <p>An <code>OVERLOAD</code> node is not a declaration, so none of the
 &lsquo;<samp>DECL_</samp>&rsquo; macros should be used on an <code>OVERLOAD</code>.  An
 <code>OVERLOAD</code> node is similar to a <code>TREE_LIST</code>.  Use
 <code>OVL_CURRENT</code> to get the function associated with an
 <code>OVERLOAD</code> node; use <code>OVL_NEXT</code> to get the next
 <code>OVERLOAD</code> node in the list of overloaded functions.  The macros
 <code>OVL_CURRENT</code> and <code>OVL_NEXT</code> are actually polymorphic; you can
 use them to work with <code>FUNCTION_DECL</code> nodes as well as with
 overloads.  In the case of a <code>FUNCTION_DECL</code>, <code>OVL_CURRENT</code>
 will always return the function itself, and <code>OVL_NEXT</code> will always
 be <code>NULL_TREE</code>.
 </p>
 <p>To determine the scope of a function, you can use the
 <code>DECL_CONTEXT</code> macro.  This macro will return the class
 (either a <code>RECORD_TYPE</code> or a <code>UNION_TYPE</code>) or namespace (a
 <code>NAMESPACE_DECL</code>) of which the function is a member.  For a virtual
 function, this macro returns the class in which the function was
 actually defined, not the base class in which the virtual declaration
 occurred.
 </p>
 <p>If a friend function is defined in a class scope, the
 <code>DECL_FRIEND_CONTEXT</code> macro can be used to determine the class in
 which it was defined.  For example, in
 </p><div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">class C { friend void f() {} };
 </pre></div>
 <p>the <code>DECL_CONTEXT</code> for <code>f</code> will be the
 <code>global_namespace</code>, but the <code>DECL_FRIEND_CONTEXT</code> will be the
 <code>RECORD_TYPE</code> for <code>C</code>.
 </p>

 <p>The following macros and functions can be used on a <code>FUNCTION_DECL</code>:
 </p><dl compact="compact">
 <dt><code>DECL_MAIN_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fMAIN_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds for a function that is the program entry point
 <code>::code</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_LOCAL_FUNCTION_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fLOCAL_005fFUNCTION_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds if the function was declared at block scope, even
 though it has a global scope.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_ANTICIPATED</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fANTICIPATED"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is a built-in function but its
 prototype is not yet explicitly declared.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_EXTERN_C_FUNCTION_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fEXTERN_005fC_005fFUNCTION_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is declared as an
 &lsquo;<code>extern &quot;C&quot;</code>&rsquo; function.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_LINKONCE_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fLINKONCE_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This macro holds if multiple copies of this function may be emitted in
 various translation units.  It is the responsibility of the linker to
 merge the various copies.  Template instantiations are the most common
 example of functions for which <code>DECL_LINKONCE_P</code> holds; G++
 instantiates needed templates in all translation units which require them,
 and then relies on the linker to remove duplicate instantiations.
 </p>
 <p>FIXME: This macro is not yet implemented.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_FUNCTION_MEMBER_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fFUNCTION_005fMEMBER_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This macro holds if the function is a member of a class, rather than a
 member of a namespace.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fSTATIC_005fFUNCTION_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds if the function a static member function.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_NONSTATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fNONSTATIC_005fMEMBER_005fFUNCTION_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This macro holds for a non-static member function.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_CONST_MEMFUNC_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fCONST_005fMEMFUNC_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds for a <code>const</code>-member function.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_VOLATILE_MEMFUNC_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fVOLATILE_005fMEMFUNC_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds for a <code>volatile</code>-member function.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fCONSTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This macro holds if the function is a constructor.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_NONCONVERTING_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fNONCONVERTING_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds if the constructor is a non-converting constructor.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_COMPLETE_CONSTRUCTOR_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fCOMPLETE_005fCONSTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds for a function which is a constructor for an object
 of a complete type.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_BASE_CONSTRUCTOR_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fBASE_005fCONSTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds for a function which is a constructor for a base
 class sub-object.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_COPY_CONSTRUCTOR_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fCOPY_005fCONSTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds for a function which is a copy-constructor.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_DESTRUCTOR_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fDESTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This macro holds if the function is a destructor.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_COMPLETE_DESTRUCTOR_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fCOMPLETE_005fDESTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is the destructor for an object a
 complete type.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_OVERLOADED_OPERATOR_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fOVERLOADED_005fOPERATOR_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This macro holds if the function is an overloaded operator.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_CONV_FN_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fCONV_005fFN_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This macro holds if the function is a type-conversion operator.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_GLOBAL_CTOR_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fGLOBAL_005fCTOR_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is a file-scope initialization
 function.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_GLOBAL_DTOR_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fGLOBAL_005fDTOR_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is a file-scope finalization
 function.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_THUNK_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fTHUNK_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is a thunk.
 </p>
 <p>These functions represent stub code that adjusts the <code>this</code> pointer
 and then jumps to another function.  When the jumped-to function
 returns, control is transferred directly to the caller, without
 returning to the thunk.  The first parameter to the thunk is always the
 <code>this</code> pointer; the thunk should add <code>THUNK_DELTA</code> to this
 value.  (The <code>THUNK_DELTA</code> is an <code>int</code>, not an
 <code>INTEGER_CST</code>.)
 </p>
 <p>Then, if <code>THUNK_VCALL_OFFSET</code> (an <code>INTEGER_CST</code>) is nonzero
 the adjusted <code>this</code> pointer must be adjusted again.  The complete
 calculation is given by the following pseudo-code:
 </p>
 <div class="smallexample">
 <pre class="smallexample">this += THUNK_DELTA
 if (THUNK_VCALL_OFFSET)
   this += (*((ptrdiff_t **) this))[THUNK_VCALL_OFFSET]
 </pre></div>

 <p>Finally, the thunk should jump to the location given
 by <code>DECL_INITIAL</code>; this will always be an expression for the
 address of a function.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_NON_THUNK_FUNCTION_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fNON_005fTHUNK_005fFUNCTION_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is <em>not</em> a thunk function.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>GLOBAL_INIT_PRIORITY</code>
 <a name="index-GLOBAL_005fINIT_005fPRIORITY"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>If either <code>DECL_GLOBAL_CTOR_P</code> or <code>DECL_GLOBAL_DTOR_P</code> holds,
 then this gives the initialization priority for the function.  The
 linker will arrange that all functions for which
 <code>DECL_GLOBAL_CTOR_P</code> holds are run in increasing order of priority
 before <code>main</code> is called.  When the program exits, all functions for
 which <code>DECL_GLOBAL_DTOR_P</code> holds are run in the reverse order.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS</code>
 <a name="index-TYPE_005fRAISES_005fEXCEPTIONS"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This macro returns the list of exceptions that a (member-)function can
 raise.  The returned list, if non <code>NULL</code>, is comprised of nodes
 whose <code>TREE_VALUE</code> represents a type.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>TYPE_NOTHROW_P</code>
 <a name="index-TYPE_005fNOTHROW_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds when the exception-specification of its arguments
 is of the form &lsquo;<code>()</code>&rsquo;.
 </p>
 </dd>
 <dt><code>DECL_ARRAY_DELETE_OPERATOR_P</code>
 <a name="index-DECL_005fARRAY_005fDELETE_005fOPERATOR_005fP"></a>
 </dt>
 <dd><p>This predicate holds if the function an overloaded
 <code>operator delete[]</code>.
 </p>
 </dd>
 </dl>


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	<a name="Functions-for-C_002b_002b"></a>
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	<p>
	Next: <a href="Statements-for-C_002b_002b.html#Statements-for-C_002b_002b" accesskey="n" rel="next">Statements for C++</a>, Previous: <a href="Classes.html#Classes" accesskey="p" rel="prev">Classes</a>, Up: <a href="C-and-C_002b_002b-Trees.html#C-and-C_002b_002b-Trees" accesskey="u" rel="up">C and C++ Trees</a>   [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Option-Index.html#Option-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p>
	</div>
	<hr>
	<a name="Functions-for-C_002b_002b-1"></a>
	<h4 class="subsection">10.10.4 Functions for C++</h4>
	<a name="index-function-1"></a>
	<a name="index-FUNCTION_005fDECL-1"></a>
	<a name="index-OVERLOAD"></a>
	<a name="index-OVL_005fCURRENT"></a>
	<a name="index-OVL_005fNEXT"></a>

	<p>A function is represented by a <code>FUNCTION_DECL</code> node. A set of
	overloaded functions is sometimes represented by an <code>OVERLOAD</code> node.
	</p>
	<p>An <code>OVERLOAD</code> node is not a declaration, so none of the
	‘<samp>DECL_</samp>’ macros should be used on an <code>OVERLOAD</code>. An
	<code>OVERLOAD</code> node is similar to a <code>TREE_LIST</code>. Use
	<code>OVL_CURRENT</code> to get the function associated with an
	<code>OVERLOAD</code> node; use <code>OVL_NEXT</code> to get the next
	<code>OVERLOAD</code> node in the list of overloaded functions. The macros
	<code>OVL_CURRENT</code> and <code>OVL_NEXT</code> are actually polymorphic; you can
	use them to work with <code>FUNCTION_DECL</code> nodes as well as with
	overloads. In the case of a <code>FUNCTION_DECL</code>, <code>OVL_CURRENT</code>
	will always return the function itself, and <code>OVL_NEXT</code> will always
	be <code>NULL_TREE</code>.
	</p>
	<p>To determine the scope of a function, you can use the
	<code>DECL_CONTEXT</code> macro. This macro will return the class
	(either a <code>RECORD_TYPE</code> or a <code>UNION_TYPE</code>) or namespace (a
	<code>NAMESPACE_DECL</code>) of which the function is a member. For a virtual
	function, this macro returns the class in which the function was
	actually defined, not the base class in which the virtual declaration
	occurred.
	</p>
	<p>If a friend function is defined in a class scope, the
	<code>DECL_FRIEND_CONTEXT</code> macro can be used to determine the class in
	which it was defined. For example, in
	</p><div class="smallexample">
	<pre class="smallexample">class C { friend void f() {} };
	</pre></div>
	<p>the <code>DECL_CONTEXT</code> for <code>f</code> will be the
	<code>global_namespace</code>, but the <code>DECL_FRIEND_CONTEXT</code> will be the
	<code>RECORD_TYPE</code> for <code>C</code>.
	</p>

	<p>The following macros and functions can be used on a <code>FUNCTION_DECL</code>:
	</p><dl compact="compact">
	<dt><code>DECL_MAIN_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fMAIN_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds for a function that is the program entry point
	<code>::code</code>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_LOCAL_FUNCTION_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fLOCAL_005fFUNCTION_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds if the function was declared at block scope, even
	though it has a global scope.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_ANTICIPATED</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fANTICIPATED"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is a built-in function but its
	prototype is not yet explicitly declared.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_EXTERN_C_FUNCTION_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fEXTERN_005fC_005fFUNCTION_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is declared as an
	‘<code>extern "C"</code>’ function.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_LINKONCE_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fLINKONCE_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This macro holds if multiple copies of this function may be emitted in
	various translation units. It is the responsibility of the linker to
	merge the various copies. Template instantiations are the most common
	example of functions for which <code>DECL_LINKONCE_P</code> holds; G++
	instantiates needed templates in all translation units which require them,
	and then relies on the linker to remove duplicate instantiations.
	</p>
	<p>FIXME: This macro is not yet implemented.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_FUNCTION_MEMBER_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fFUNCTION_005fMEMBER_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This macro holds if the function is a member of a class, rather than a
	member of a namespace.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_STATIC_FUNCTION_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fSTATIC_005fFUNCTION_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds if the function a static member function.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_NONSTATIC_MEMBER_FUNCTION_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fNONSTATIC_005fMEMBER_005fFUNCTION_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This macro holds for a non-static member function.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_CONST_MEMFUNC_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fCONST_005fMEMFUNC_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds for a <code>const</code>-member function.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_VOLATILE_MEMFUNC_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fVOLATILE_005fMEMFUNC_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds for a <code>volatile</code>-member function.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_CONSTRUCTOR_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fCONSTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This macro holds if the function is a constructor.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_NONCONVERTING_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fNONCONVERTING_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds if the constructor is a non-converting constructor.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_COMPLETE_CONSTRUCTOR_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fCOMPLETE_005fCONSTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds for a function which is a constructor for an object
	of a complete type.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_BASE_CONSTRUCTOR_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fBASE_005fCONSTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds for a function which is a constructor for a base
	class sub-object.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_COPY_CONSTRUCTOR_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fCOPY_005fCONSTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds for a function which is a copy-constructor.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_DESTRUCTOR_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fDESTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This macro holds if the function is a destructor.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_COMPLETE_DESTRUCTOR_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fCOMPLETE_005fDESTRUCTOR_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is the destructor for an object a
	complete type.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_OVERLOADED_OPERATOR_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fOVERLOADED_005fOPERATOR_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This macro holds if the function is an overloaded operator.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_CONV_FN_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fCONV_005fFN_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This macro holds if the function is a type-conversion operator.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_GLOBAL_CTOR_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fGLOBAL_005fCTOR_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is a file-scope initialization
	function.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_GLOBAL_DTOR_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fGLOBAL_005fDTOR_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is a file-scope finalization
	function.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_THUNK_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fTHUNK_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is a thunk.
	</p>
	<p>These functions represent stub code that adjusts the <code>this</code> pointer
	and then jumps to another function. When the jumped-to function
	returns, control is transferred directly to the caller, without
	returning to the thunk. The first parameter to the thunk is always the
	<code>this</code> pointer; the thunk should add <code>THUNK_DELTA</code> to this
	value. (The <code>THUNK_DELTA</code> is an <code>int</code>, not an
	<code>INTEGER_CST</code>.)
	</p>
	<p>Then, if <code>THUNK_VCALL_OFFSET</code> (an <code>INTEGER_CST</code>) is nonzero
	the adjusted <code>this</code> pointer must be adjusted again. The complete
	calculation is given by the following pseudo-code:
	</p>
	<div class="smallexample">
	<pre class="smallexample">this += THUNK_DELTA
	if (THUNK_VCALL_OFFSET)
	this += (((ptrdiff_t *) this))[THUNK_VCALL_OFFSET]
	</pre></div>

	<p>Finally, the thunk should jump to the location given
	by <code>DECL_INITIAL</code>; this will always be an expression for the
	address of a function.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_NON_THUNK_FUNCTION_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fNON_005fTHUNK_005fFUNCTION_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds if the function is <em>not</em> a thunk function.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>GLOBAL_INIT_PRIORITY</code>
	<a name="index-GLOBAL_005fINIT_005fPRIORITY"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>If either <code>DECL_GLOBAL_CTOR_P</code> or <code>DECL_GLOBAL_DTOR_P</code> holds,
	then this gives the initialization priority for the function. The
	linker will arrange that all functions for which
	<code>DECL_GLOBAL_CTOR_P</code> holds are run in increasing order of priority
	before <code>main</code> is called. When the program exits, all functions for
	which <code>DECL_GLOBAL_DTOR_P</code> holds are run in the reverse order.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>TYPE_RAISES_EXCEPTIONS</code>
	<a name="index-TYPE_005fRAISES_005fEXCEPTIONS"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This macro returns the list of exceptions that a (member-)function can
	raise. The returned list, if non <code>NULL</code>, is comprised of nodes
	whose <code>TREE_VALUE</code> represents a type.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>TYPE_NOTHROW_P</code>
	<a name="index-TYPE_005fNOTHROW_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds when the exception-specification of its arguments
	is of the form ‘<code>()</code>’.
	</p>
	</dd>
	<dt><code>DECL_ARRAY_DELETE_OPERATOR_P</code>
	<a name="index-DECL_005fARRAY_005fDELETE_005fOPERATOR_005fP"></a>
	</dt>
	<dd><p>This predicate holds if the function an overloaded
	<code>operator delete[]</code>.
	</p>
	</dd>
	</dl>


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