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| <a name="Built_002dIn-Func_002fProc"></a> |
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| Next: <a href="M2-Constants.html#M2-Constants" accesskey="n" rel="next">M2 Constants</a>, Previous: <a href="M2-Operators.html#M2-Operators" accesskey="p" rel="prev">M2 Operators</a>, Up: <a href="Modula_002d2.html#Modula_002d2" accesskey="u" rel="up">Modula-2</a> [<a href="index.html#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>][<a href="Concept-Index.html#Concept-Index" title="Index" rel="index">Index</a>]</p> |
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| <a name="Built_002din-Functions-and-Procedures"></a> |
| <h4 class="subsubsection">15.4.8.2 Built-in Functions and Procedures</h4> |
| <a name="index-Modula_002d2-built_002dins"></a> |
| |
| <p>Modula-2 also makes available several built-in procedures and functions. |
| In describing these, the following metavariables are used: |
| </p> |
| <dl compact="compact"> |
| <dt><var>a</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>represents an <code>ARRAY</code> variable. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><var>c</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>represents a <code>CHAR</code> constant or variable. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><var>i</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>represents a variable or constant of integral type. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><var>m</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>represents an identifier that belongs to a set. Generally used in the |
| same function with the metavariable <var>s</var>. The type of <var>s</var> should |
| be <code>SET OF <var>mtype</var></code> (where <var>mtype</var> is the type of <var>m</var>). |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><var>n</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>represents a variable or constant of integral or floating-point type. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><var>r</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>represents a variable or constant of floating-point type. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><var>t</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>represents a type. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><var>v</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>represents a variable. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><var>x</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>represents a variable or constant of one of many types. See the |
| explanation of the function for details. |
| </p></dd> |
| </dl> |
| |
| <p>All Modula-2 built-in procedures also return a result, described below. |
| </p> |
| <dl compact="compact"> |
| <dt><code>ABS(<var>n</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns the absolute value of <var>n</var>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>CAP(<var>c</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>If <var>c</var> is a lower case letter, it returns its upper case |
| equivalent, otherwise it returns its argument. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>CHR(<var>i</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns the character whose ordinal value is <var>i</var>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>DEC(<var>v</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Decrements the value in the variable <var>v</var> by one. Returns the new value. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>DEC(<var>v</var>,<var>i</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Decrements the value in the variable <var>v</var> by <var>i</var>. Returns the |
| new value. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>EXCL(<var>m</var>,<var>s</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Removes the element <var>m</var> from the set <var>s</var>. Returns the new |
| set. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>FLOAT(<var>i</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns the floating point equivalent of the integer <var>i</var>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>HIGH(<var>a</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns the index of the last member of <var>a</var>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>INC(<var>v</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Increments the value in the variable <var>v</var> by one. Returns the new value. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>INC(<var>v</var>,<var>i</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Increments the value in the variable <var>v</var> by <var>i</var>. Returns the |
| new value. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>INCL(<var>m</var>,<var>s</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Adds the element <var>m</var> to the set <var>s</var> if it is not already |
| there. Returns the new set. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>MAX(<var>t</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns the maximum value of the type <var>t</var>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>MIN(<var>t</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns the minimum value of the type <var>t</var>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>ODD(<var>i</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns boolean TRUE if <var>i</var> is an odd number. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>ORD(<var>x</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns the ordinal value of its argument. For example, the ordinal |
| value of a character is its <small>ASCII</small> value (on machines supporting |
| the <small>ASCII</small> character set). The argument <var>x</var> must be of an |
| ordered type, which include integral, character and enumerated types. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>SIZE(<var>x</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns the size of its argument. The argument <var>x</var> can be a |
| variable or a type. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>TRUNC(<var>r</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns the integral part of <var>r</var>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>TSIZE(<var>x</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns the size of its argument. The argument <var>x</var> can be a |
| variable or a type. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>VAL(<var>t</var>,<var>i</var>)</code></dt> |
| <dd><p>Returns the member of the type <var>t</var> whose ordinal value is <var>i</var>. |
| </p></dd> |
| </dl> |
| |
| <blockquote> |
| <p><em>Warning:</em> Sets and their operations are not yet supported, so |
| <small>GDB</small> treats the use of procedures <code>INCL</code> and <code>EXCL</code> as |
| an error. |
| </p></blockquote> |
| |
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