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| <hr> |
| <a name="Bytecode-Descriptions-1"></a> |
| <h3 class="section">F.2 Bytecode Descriptions</h3> |
| |
| <p>Each bytecode description has the following form: |
| </p> |
| <dl compact="compact"> |
| <dt><code>add</code> (0x02): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a+b</var></dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Pop the top two stack items, <var>a</var> and <var>b</var>, as integers; push |
| their sum, as an integer. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| |
| <p>In this example, <code>add</code> is the name of the bytecode, and |
| <code>(0x02)</code> is the one-byte value used to encode the bytecode, in |
| hexadecimal. The phrase “<var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a+b</var>” shows |
| the stack before and after the bytecode executes. Beforehand, the stack |
| must contain at least two values, <var>a</var> and <var>b</var>; since the top of |
| the stack is to the right, <var>b</var> is on the top of the stack, and |
| <var>a</var> is underneath it. After execution, the bytecode will have |
| popped <var>a</var> and <var>b</var> from the stack, and replaced them with a |
| single value, <var>a+b</var>. There may be other values on the stack below |
| those shown, but the bytecode affects only those shown. |
| </p> |
| <p>Here is another example: |
| </p> |
| <dl compact="compact"> |
| <dt><code>const8</code> (0x22) <var>n</var>: ⇒ <var>n</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Push the 8-bit integer constant <var>n</var> on the stack, without sign |
| extension. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| |
| <p>In this example, the bytecode <code>const8</code> takes an operand <var>n</var> |
| directly from the bytecode stream; the operand follows the <code>const8</code> |
| bytecode itself. We write any such operands immediately after the name |
| of the bytecode, before the colon, and describe the exact encoding of |
| the operand in the bytecode stream in the body of the bytecode |
| description. |
| </p> |
| <p>For the <code>const8</code> bytecode, there are no stack items given before |
| the ⇒; this simply means that the bytecode consumes no values |
| from the stack. If a bytecode consumes no values, or produces no |
| values, the list on either side of the ⇒ may be empty. |
| </p> |
| <p>If a value is written as <var>a</var>, <var>b</var>, or <var>n</var>, then the bytecode |
| treats it as an integer. If a value is written is <var>addr</var>, then the |
| bytecode treats it as an address. |
| </p> |
| <p>We do not fully describe the floating point operations here; although |
| this design can be extended in a clean way to handle floating point |
| values, they are not of immediate interest to the customer, so we avoid |
| describing them, to save time. |
| </p> |
| |
| <dl compact="compact"> |
| <dt><code>float</code> (0x01): ⇒</dt> |
| <dd> |
| <p>Prefix for floating-point bytecodes. Not implemented yet. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>add</code> (0x02): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a+b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two integers from the stack, and push their sum, as an integer. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>sub</code> (0x03): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a-b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two integers from the stack, subtract the top value from the |
| next-to-top value, and push the difference. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>mul</code> (0x04): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a*b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two integers from the stack, multiply them, and push the product on |
| the stack. Note that, when one multiplies two <var>n</var>-bit numbers |
| yielding another <var>n</var>-bit number, it is irrelevant whether the |
| numbers are signed or not; the results are the same. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>div_signed</code> (0x05): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a/b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two signed integers from the stack; divide the next-to-top value by |
| the top value, and push the quotient. If the divisor is zero, terminate |
| with an error. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>div_unsigned</code> (0x06): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a/b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two unsigned integers from the stack; divide the next-to-top value |
| by the top value, and push the quotient. If the divisor is zero, |
| terminate with an error. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>rem_signed</code> (0x07): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a modulo b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two signed integers from the stack; divide the next-to-top value by |
| the top value, and push the remainder. If the divisor is zero, |
| terminate with an error. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>rem_unsigned</code> (0x08): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a modulo b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two unsigned integers from the stack; divide the next-to-top value |
| by the top value, and push the remainder. If the divisor is zero, |
| terminate with an error. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>lsh</code> (0x09): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a<<b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two integers from the stack; let <var>a</var> be the next-to-top value, |
| and <var>b</var> be the top value. Shift <var>a</var> left by <var>b</var> bits, and |
| push the result. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>rsh_signed</code> (0x0a): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <code>(signed)</code><var>a>>b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two integers from the stack; let <var>a</var> be the next-to-top value, |
| and <var>b</var> be the top value. Shift <var>a</var> right by <var>b</var> bits, |
| inserting copies of the top bit at the high end, and push the result. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>rsh_unsigned</code> (0x0b): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a>>b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two integers from the stack; let <var>a</var> be the next-to-top value, |
| and <var>b</var> be the top value. Shift <var>a</var> right by <var>b</var> bits, |
| inserting zero bits at the high end, and push the result. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>log_not</code> (0x0e): <var>a</var> ⇒ <var>!a</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop an integer from the stack; if it is zero, push the value one; |
| otherwise, push the value zero. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>bit_and</code> (0x0f): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a&b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two integers from the stack, and push their bitwise <code>and</code>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>bit_or</code> (0x10): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a|b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two integers from the stack, and push their bitwise <code>or</code>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>bit_xor</code> (0x11): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a^b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two integers from the stack, and push their bitwise |
| exclusive-<code>or</code>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>bit_not</code> (0x12): <var>a</var> ⇒ <var>~a</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop an integer from the stack, and push its bitwise complement. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>equal</code> (0x13): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a=b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two integers from the stack; if they are equal, push the value one; |
| otherwise, push the value zero. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>less_signed</code> (0x14): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a<b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two signed integers from the stack; if the next-to-top value is less |
| than the top value, push the value one; otherwise, push the value zero. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>less_unsigned</code> (0x15): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> ⇒ <var>a<b</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop two unsigned integers from the stack; if the next-to-top value is less |
| than the top value, push the value one; otherwise, push the value zero. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>ext</code> (0x16) <var>n</var>: <var>a</var> ⇒ <var>a</var>, sign-extended from <var>n</var> bits</dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop an unsigned value from the stack; treating it as an <var>n</var>-bit |
| twos-complement value, extend it to full length. This means that all |
| bits to the left of bit <var>n-1</var> (where the least significant bit is bit |
| 0) are set to the value of bit <var>n-1</var>. Note that <var>n</var> may be |
| larger than or equal to the width of the stack elements of the bytecode |
| engine; in this case, the bytecode should have no effect. |
| </p> |
| <p>The number of source bits to preserve, <var>n</var>, is encoded as a single |
| byte unsigned integer following the <code>ext</code> bytecode. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>zero_ext</code> (0x2a) <var>n</var>: <var>a</var> ⇒ <var>a</var>, zero-extended from <var>n</var> bits</dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop an unsigned value from the stack; zero all but the bottom <var>n</var> |
| bits. This means that all bits to the left of bit <var>n-1</var> (where the |
| least significant bit is bit 0) are set to the value of bit <var>n-1</var>. |
| </p> |
| <p>The number of source bits to preserve, <var>n</var>, is encoded as a single |
| byte unsigned integer following the <code>zero_ext</code> bytecode. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>ref8</code> (0x17): <var>addr</var> ⇒ <var>a</var></dt> |
| <dt><code>ref16</code> (0x18): <var>addr</var> ⇒ <var>a</var></dt> |
| <dt><code>ref32</code> (0x19): <var>addr</var> ⇒ <var>a</var></dt> |
| <dt><code>ref64</code> (0x1a): <var>addr</var> ⇒ <var>a</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop an address <var>addr</var> from the stack. For bytecode |
| <code>ref</code><var>n</var>, fetch an <var>n</var>-bit value from <var>addr</var>, using the |
| natural target endianness. Push the fetched value as an unsigned |
| integer. |
| </p> |
| <p>Note that <var>addr</var> may not be aligned in any particular way; the |
| <code>ref<var>n</var></code> bytecodes should operate correctly for any address. |
| </p> |
| <p>If attempting to access memory at <var>addr</var> would cause a processor |
| exception of some sort, terminate with an error. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>ref_float</code> (0x1b): <var>addr</var> ⇒ <var>d</var></dt> |
| <dt><code>ref_double</code> (0x1c): <var>addr</var> ⇒ <var>d</var></dt> |
| <dt><code>ref_long_double</code> (0x1d): <var>addr</var> ⇒ <var>d</var></dt> |
| <dt><code>l_to_d</code> (0x1e): <var>a</var> ⇒ <var>d</var></dt> |
| <dt><code>d_to_l</code> (0x1f): <var>d</var> ⇒ <var>a</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Not implemented yet. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>dup</code> (0x28): <var>a</var> => <var>a</var> <var>a</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Push another copy of the stack’s top element. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>swap</code> (0x2b): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> => <var>b</var> <var>a</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Exchange the top two items on the stack. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>pop</code> (0x29): <var>a</var> =></dt> |
| <dd><p>Discard the top value on the stack. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>pick</code> (0x32) <var>n</var>: <var>a</var> … <var>b</var> => <var>a</var> … <var>b</var> <var>a</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Duplicate an item from the stack and push it on the top of the stack. |
| <var>n</var>, a single byte, indicates the stack item to copy. If <var>n</var> |
| is zero, this is the same as <code>dup</code>; if <var>n</var> is one, it copies |
| the item under the top item, etc. If <var>n</var> exceeds the number of |
| items on the stack, terminate with an error. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>rot</code> (0x33): <var>a</var> <var>b</var> <var>c</var> => <var>c</var> <var>b</var> <var>a</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Rotate the top three items on the stack. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>if_goto</code> (0x20) <var>offset</var>: <var>a</var> ⇒</dt> |
| <dd><p>Pop an integer off the stack; if it is non-zero, branch to the given |
| offset in the bytecode string. Otherwise, continue to the next |
| instruction in the bytecode stream. In other words, if <var>a</var> is |
| non-zero, set the <code>pc</code> register to <code>start</code> + <var>offset</var>. |
| Thus, an offset of zero denotes the beginning of the expression. |
| </p> |
| <p>The <var>offset</var> is stored as a sixteen-bit unsigned value, stored |
| immediately following the <code>if_goto</code> bytecode. It is always stored |
| most significant byte first, regardless of the target’s normal |
| endianness. The offset is not guaranteed to fall at any particular |
| alignment within the bytecode stream; thus, on machines where fetching a |
| 16-bit on an unaligned address raises an exception, you should fetch the |
| offset one byte at a time. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>goto</code> (0x21) <var>offset</var>: ⇒</dt> |
| <dd><p>Branch unconditionally to <var>offset</var>; in other words, set the |
| <code>pc</code> register to <code>start</code> + <var>offset</var>. |
| </p> |
| <p>The offset is stored in the same way as for the <code>if_goto</code> bytecode. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>const8</code> (0x22) <var>n</var>: ⇒ <var>n</var></dt> |
| <dt><code>const16</code> (0x23) <var>n</var>: ⇒ <var>n</var></dt> |
| <dt><code>const32</code> (0x24) <var>n</var>: ⇒ <var>n</var></dt> |
| <dt><code>const64</code> (0x25) <var>n</var>: ⇒ <var>n</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Push the integer constant <var>n</var> on the stack, without sign extension. |
| To produce a small negative value, push a small twos-complement value, |
| and then sign-extend it using the <code>ext</code> bytecode. |
| </p> |
| <p>The constant <var>n</var> is stored in the appropriate number of bytes |
| following the <code>const</code><var>b</var> bytecode. The constant <var>n</var> is |
| always stored most significant byte first, regardless of the target’s |
| normal endianness. The constant is not guaranteed to fall at any |
| particular alignment within the bytecode stream; thus, on machines where |
| fetching a 16-bit on an unaligned address raises an exception, you |
| should fetch <var>n</var> one byte at a time. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>reg</code> (0x26) <var>n</var>: ⇒ <var>a</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Push the value of register number <var>n</var>, without sign extension. The |
| registers are numbered following GDB’s conventions. |
| </p> |
| <p>The register number <var>n</var> is encoded as a 16-bit unsigned integer |
| immediately following the <code>reg</code> bytecode. It is always stored most |
| significant byte first, regardless of the target’s normal endianness. |
| The register number is not guaranteed to fall at any particular |
| alignment within the bytecode stream; thus, on machines where fetching a |
| 16-bit on an unaligned address raises an exception, you should fetch the |
| register number one byte at a time. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>getv</code> (0x2c) <var>n</var>: ⇒ <var>v</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Push the value of trace state variable number <var>n</var>, without sign |
| extension. |
| </p> |
| <p>The variable number <var>n</var> is encoded as a 16-bit unsigned integer |
| immediately following the <code>getv</code> bytecode. It is always stored most |
| significant byte first, regardless of the target’s normal endianness. |
| The variable number is not guaranteed to fall at any particular |
| alignment within the bytecode stream; thus, on machines where fetching a |
| 16-bit on an unaligned address raises an exception, you should fetch the |
| register number one byte at a time. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>setv</code> (0x2d) <var>n</var>: <var>v</var> ⇒ <var>v</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Set trace state variable number <var>n</var> to the value found on the top |
| of the stack. The stack is unchanged, so that the value is readily |
| available if the assignment is part of a larger expression. The |
| handling of <var>n</var> is as described for <code>getv</code>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>trace</code> (0x0c): <var>addr</var> <var>size</var> ⇒</dt> |
| <dd><p>Record the contents of the <var>size</var> bytes at <var>addr</var> in a trace |
| buffer, for later retrieval by GDB. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>trace_quick</code> (0x0d) <var>size</var>: <var>addr</var> ⇒ <var>addr</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Record the contents of the <var>size</var> bytes at <var>addr</var> in a trace |
| buffer, for later retrieval by GDB. <var>size</var> is a single byte |
| unsigned integer following the <code>trace</code> opcode. |
| </p> |
| <p>This bytecode is equivalent to the sequence <code>dup const8 <var>size</var> |
| trace</code>, but we provide it anyway to save space in bytecode strings. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>trace16</code> (0x30) <var>size</var>: <var>addr</var> ⇒ <var>addr</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Identical to trace_quick, except that <var>size</var> is a 16-bit big-endian |
| unsigned integer, not a single byte. This should probably have been |
| named <code>trace_quick16</code>, for consistency. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>tracev</code> (0x2e) <var>n</var>: ⇒ <var>a</var></dt> |
| <dd><p>Record the value of trace state variable number <var>n</var> in the trace |
| buffer. The handling of <var>n</var> is as described for <code>getv</code>. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>tracenz</code> (0x2f) <var>addr</var> <var>size</var> ⇒</dt> |
| <dd><p>Record the bytes at <var>addr</var> in a trace buffer, for later retrieval |
| by GDB. Stop at either the first zero byte, or when <var>size</var> bytes |
| have been recorded, whichever occurs first. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>printf</code> (0x34) <var>numargs</var> <var>string</var> ⇒</dt> |
| <dd><p>Do a formatted print, in the style of the C function <code>printf</code>). |
| The value of <var>numargs</var> is the number of arguments to expect on the |
| stack, while <var>string</var> is the format string, prefixed with a |
| two-byte length. The last byte of the string must be zero, and is |
| included in the length. The format string includes escaped sequences |
| just as it appears in C source, so for instance the format string |
| <code>"\t%d\n"</code> is six characters long, and the output will consist of |
| a tab character, a decimal number, and a newline. At the top of the |
| stack, above the values to be printed, this bytecode will pop a |
| “function” and “channel”. If the function is nonzero, then the |
| target may treat it as a function and call it, passing the channel as |
| a first argument, as with the C function <code>fprintf</code>. If the |
| function is zero, then the target may simply call a standard formatted |
| print function of its choice. In all, this bytecode pops 2 + |
| <var>numargs</var> stack elements, and pushes nothing. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| <dt><code>end</code> (0x27): ⇒</dt> |
| <dd><p>Stop executing bytecode; the result should be the top element of the |
| stack. If the purpose of the expression was to compute an lvalue or a |
| range of memory, then the next-to-top of the stack is the lvalue’s |
| address, and the top of the stack is the lvalue’s size, in bytes. |
| </p> |
| </dd> |
| </dl> |
| |
| |
| <hr> |
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