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 <h1 class="settitle" align="center">GNU gprof</h1>


 <a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
 <h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>

 <div class="contents">

 <ul class="no-bullet">
   <li><a name="toc-Introduction-to-Profiling" href="Introduction.html#Introduction">1 Introduction to Profiling</a></li>
   <li><a name="toc-Compiling-a-Program-for-Profiling" href="Compiling.html#Compiling">2 Compiling a Program for Profiling</a></li>
   <li><a name="toc-Executing-the-Program" href="Executing.html#Executing">3 Executing the Program</a></li>
   <li><a name="toc-gprof-Command-Summary" href="Invoking.html#Invoking">4 <code>gprof</code> Command Summary</a>
   <ul class="no-bullet">
     <li><a name="toc-Output-Options-1" href="Output-Options.html#Output-Options">4.1 Output Options</a></li>
     <li><a name="toc-Analysis-Options-1" href="Analysis-Options.html#Analysis-Options">4.2 Analysis Options</a></li>
     <li><a name="toc-Miscellaneous-Options-1" href="Miscellaneous-Options.html#Miscellaneous-Options">4.3 Miscellaneous Options</a></li>
     <li><a name="toc-Deprecated-Options-1" href="Deprecated-Options.html#Deprecated-Options">4.4 Deprecated Options</a></li>
     <li><a name="toc-Symspecs-1" href="Symspecs.html#Symspecs">4.5 Symspecs</a></li>
   </ul></li>
   <li><a name="toc-Interpreting-gprof_0027s-Output" href="Output.html#Output">5 Interpreting <code>gprof</code>&rsquo;s Output</a>
   <ul class="no-bullet">
     <li><a name="toc-The-Flat-Profile" href="Flat-Profile.html#Flat-Profile">5.1 The Flat Profile</a></li>
     <li><a name="toc-The-Call-Graph" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">5.2 The Call Graph</a>
     <ul class="no-bullet">
       <li><a name="toc-The-Primary-Line" href="Primary.html#Primary">5.2.1 The Primary Line</a></li>
       <li><a name="toc-Lines-for-a-Function_0027s-Callers" href="Callers.html#Callers">5.2.2 Lines for a Function&rsquo;s Callers</a></li>
       <li><a name="toc-Lines-for-a-Function_0027s-Subroutines" href="Subroutines.html#Subroutines">5.2.3 Lines for a Function&rsquo;s Subroutines</a></li>
       <li><a name="toc-How-Mutually-Recursive-Functions-Are-Described" href="Cycles.html#Cycles">5.2.4 How Mutually Recursive Functions Are Described</a></li>
     </ul></li>
     <li><a name="toc-Line_002dby_002dline-Profiling" href="Line_002dby_002dline.html#Line_002dby_002dline">5.3 Line-by-line Profiling</a></li>
     <li><a name="toc-The-Annotated-Source-Listing" href="Annotated-Source.html#Annotated-Source">5.4 The Annotated Source Listing</a></li>
   </ul></li>
   <li><a name="toc-Inaccuracy-of-gprof-Output" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy">6 Inaccuracy of <code>gprof</code> Output</a>
   <ul class="no-bullet">
     <li><a name="toc-Statistical-Sampling-Error" href="Sampling-Error.html#Sampling-Error">6.1 Statistical Sampling Error</a></li>
     <li><a name="toc-Estimating-children-Times" href="Assumptions.html#Assumptions">6.2 Estimating <code>children</code> Times</a></li>
   </ul></li>
   <li><a name="toc-Answers-to-Common-Questions" href="How-do-I_003f.html#How-do-I_003f">7 Answers to Common Questions</a></li>
   <li><a name="toc-Incompatibilities-with-Unix-gprof" href="Incompatibilities.html#Incompatibilities">8 Incompatibilities with Unix <code>gprof</code></a></li>
   <li><a name="toc-Details-of-Profiling" href="Details.html#Details">9 Details of Profiling</a>
   <ul class="no-bullet">
     <li><a name="toc-Implementation-of-Profiling" href="Implementation.html#Implementation">9.1 Implementation of Profiling</a></li>
     <li><a name="toc-Profiling-Data-File-Format" href="File-Format.html#File-Format">9.2 Profiling Data File Format</a>
     <ul class="no-bullet">
       <li><a name="toc-Histogram-Records" href="File-Format.html#Histogram-Records">9.2.1 Histogram Records</a></li>
       <li><a name="toc-Call_002dGraph-Records" href="File-Format.html#Call_002dGraph-Records">9.2.2 Call-Graph Records</a></li>
       <li><a name="toc-Basic_002dBlock-Execution-Count-Records" href="File-Format.html#Basic_002dBlock-Execution-Count-Records">9.2.3 Basic-Block Execution Count Records</a></li>
     </ul></li>
     <li><a name="toc-gprof_0027s-Internal-Operation" href="Internals.html#Internals">9.3 <code>gprof</code>&rsquo;s Internal Operation</a></li>
     <li><a name="toc-Debugging-gprof" href="Debugging.html#Debugging">9.4 Debugging <code>gprof</code></a></li>
   </ul></li>
   <li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
 </ul>
 </div>


 <a name="Top"></a>
 <div class="header">
 <p>
 Next: <a href="Introduction.html#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="../dir/index.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a> &nbsp; [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</p>
 </div>
 <hr>
 <a name="Profiling-a-Program_003a-Where-Does-It-Spend-Its-Time_003f"></a>
 <h1 class="top">Profiling a Program: Where Does It Spend Its Time?</h1>

 <p>This manual describes the <small>GNU</small> profiler, <code>gprof</code>, and how you
 can use it to determine which parts of a program are taking most of the
 execution time.  We assume that you know how to write, compile, and
 execute programs.  <small>GNU</small> <code>gprof</code> was written by Jay Fenlason.
 </p>
 <p>This manual is for <code>gprof</code>
 (Linaro GDB 2015.08)
 version 2.25.51.
 </p>
 <p>This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free
 Documentation License version 1.3.  A copy of the license is included
 in the section entitled &ldquo;GNU Free Documentation License&rdquo;.
 </p>
 <table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Introduction.html#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">What profiling means, and why it is useful.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
 </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Compiling.html#Compiling" accesskey="2">Compiling</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to compile your program for profiling.
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Executing.html#Executing" accesskey="3">Executing</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Executing your program to generate profile data
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Invoking.html#Invoking" accesskey="4">Invoking</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">How to run <code>gprof</code>, and its options
 </td></tr>
 <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
 </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Output.html#Output" accesskey="5">Output</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Interpreting <code>gprof</code>&rsquo;s output
 </td></tr>
 <tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
 </pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy" accesskey="6">Inaccuracy</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Potential problems you should be aware of
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="How-do-I_003f.html#How-do-I_003f" accesskey="7">How do I?</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Answers to common questions
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Incompatibilities.html#Incompatibilities" accesskey="8">Incompatibilities</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">(between <small>GNU</small> <code>gprof</code> and Unix <code>gprof</code>.)
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="Details.html#Details" accesskey="9">Details</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">Details of how profiling is done
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td align="left" valign="top">&bull; <a href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>:</td><td>&nbsp;&nbsp;</td><td align="left" valign="top">GNU Free Documentation License
 </td></tr>
 </table>

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	<h1 class="settitle" align="center">GNU gprof</h1>





	<a name="SEC_Contents"></a>
	<h2 class="contents-heading">Table of Contents</h2>

	<div class="contents">

	<ul class="no-bullet">
	<li><a name="toc-Introduction-to-Profiling" href="Introduction.html#Introduction">1 Introduction to Profiling</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Compiling-a-Program-for-Profiling" href="Compiling.html#Compiling">2 Compiling a Program for Profiling</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Executing-the-Program" href="Executing.html#Executing">3 Executing the Program</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-gprof-Command-Summary" href="Invoking.html#Invoking">4 <code>gprof</code> Command Summary</a>
	<ul class="no-bullet">
	<li><a name="toc-Output-Options-1" href="Output-Options.html#Output-Options">4.1 Output Options</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Analysis-Options-1" href="Analysis-Options.html#Analysis-Options">4.2 Analysis Options</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Miscellaneous-Options-1" href="Miscellaneous-Options.html#Miscellaneous-Options">4.3 Miscellaneous Options</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Deprecated-Options-1" href="Deprecated-Options.html#Deprecated-Options">4.4 Deprecated Options</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Symspecs-1" href="Symspecs.html#Symspecs">4.5 Symspecs</a></li>
	</ul></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Interpreting-gprof_0027s-Output" href="Output.html#Output">5 Interpreting <code>gprof</code>’s Output</a>
	<ul class="no-bullet">
	<li><a name="toc-The-Flat-Profile" href="Flat-Profile.html#Flat-Profile">5.1 The Flat Profile</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-The-Call-Graph" href="Call-Graph.html#Call-Graph">5.2 The Call Graph</a>
	<ul class="no-bullet">
	<li><a name="toc-The-Primary-Line" href="Primary.html#Primary">5.2.1 The Primary Line</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Lines-for-a-Function_0027s-Callers" href="Callers.html#Callers">5.2.2 Lines for a Function’s Callers</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Lines-for-a-Function_0027s-Subroutines" href="Subroutines.html#Subroutines">5.2.3 Lines for a Function’s Subroutines</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-How-Mutually-Recursive-Functions-Are-Described" href="Cycles.html#Cycles">5.2.4 How Mutually Recursive Functions Are Described</a></li>
	</ul></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Line_002dby_002dline-Profiling" href="Line_002dby_002dline.html#Line_002dby_002dline">5.3 Line-by-line Profiling</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-The-Annotated-Source-Listing" href="Annotated-Source.html#Annotated-Source">5.4 The Annotated Source Listing</a></li>
	</ul></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Inaccuracy-of-gprof-Output" href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy">6 Inaccuracy of <code>gprof</code> Output</a>
	<ul class="no-bullet">
	<li><a name="toc-Statistical-Sampling-Error" href="Sampling-Error.html#Sampling-Error">6.1 Statistical Sampling Error</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Estimating-children-Times" href="Assumptions.html#Assumptions">6.2 Estimating <code>children</code> Times</a></li>
	</ul></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Answers-to-Common-Questions" href="How-do-I_003f.html#How-do-I_003f">7 Answers to Common Questions</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Incompatibilities-with-Unix-gprof" href="Incompatibilities.html#Incompatibilities">8 Incompatibilities with Unix <code>gprof</code></a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Details-of-Profiling" href="Details.html#Details">9 Details of Profiling</a>
	<ul class="no-bullet">
	<li><a name="toc-Implementation-of-Profiling" href="Implementation.html#Implementation">9.1 Implementation of Profiling</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Profiling-Data-File-Format" href="File-Format.html#File-Format">9.2 Profiling Data File Format</a>
	<ul class="no-bullet">
	<li><a name="toc-Histogram-Records" href="File-Format.html#Histogram-Records">9.2.1 Histogram Records</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Call_002dGraph-Records" href="File-Format.html#Call_002dGraph-Records">9.2.2 Call-Graph Records</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Basic_002dBlock-Execution-Count-Records" href="File-Format.html#Basic_002dBlock-Execution-Count-Records">9.2.3 Basic-Block Execution Count Records</a></li>
	</ul></li>
	<li><a name="toc-gprof_0027s-Internal-Operation" href="Internals.html#Internals">9.3 <code>gprof</code>’s Internal Operation</a></li>
	<li><a name="toc-Debugging-gprof" href="Debugging.html#Debugging">9.4 Debugging <code>gprof</code></a></li>
	</ul></li>
	<li><a name="toc-GNU-Free-Documentation-License-1" href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">Appendix A GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
	</ul>
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	<a name="Top"></a>
	<div class="header">
	<p>
	Next: <a href="Introduction.html#Introduction" accesskey="n" rel="next">Introduction</a>, Up: <a href="../dir/index.html" accesskey="u" rel="up">(dir)</a>   [<a href="#SEC_Contents" title="Table of contents" rel="contents">Contents</a>]</p>
	</div>
	<hr>
	<a name="Profiling-a-Program_003a-Where-Does-It-Spend-Its-Time_003f"></a>
	<h1 class="top">Profiling a Program: Where Does It Spend Its Time?</h1>

	<p>This manual describes the <small>GNU</small> profiler, <code>gprof</code>, and how you
	can use it to determine which parts of a program are taking most of the
	execution time. We assume that you know how to write, compile, and
	execute programs. <small>GNU</small> <code>gprof</code> was written by Jay Fenlason.
	</p>
	<p>This manual is for <code>gprof</code>
	(Linaro GDB 2015.08)
	version 2.25.51.
	</p>
	<p>This document is distributed under the terms of the GNU Free
	Documentation License version 1.3. A copy of the license is included
	in the section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License”.
	</p>
	<table class="menu" border="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Introduction.html#Introduction" accesskey="1">Introduction</a>:</td><td>  </td><td align="left" valign="top">What profiling means, and why it is useful.
	</td></tr>
	<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
	</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Compiling.html#Compiling" accesskey="2">Compiling</a>:</td><td>  </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to compile your program for profiling.
	</td></tr>
	<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Executing.html#Executing" accesskey="3">Executing</a>:</td><td>  </td><td align="left" valign="top">Executing your program to generate profile data
	</td></tr>
	<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Invoking.html#Invoking" accesskey="4">Invoking</a>:</td><td>  </td><td align="left" valign="top">How to run <code>gprof</code>, and its options
	</td></tr>
	<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
	</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Output.html#Output" accesskey="5">Output</a>:</td><td>  </td><td align="left" valign="top">Interpreting <code>gprof</code>’s output
	</td></tr>
	<tr><th colspan="3" align="left" valign="top"><pre class="menu-comment">
	</pre></th></tr><tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Inaccuracy.html#Inaccuracy" accesskey="6">Inaccuracy</a>:</td><td>  </td><td align="left" valign="top">Potential problems you should be aware of
	</td></tr>
	<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="How-do-I_003f.html#How-do-I_003f" accesskey="7">How do I?</a>:</td><td>  </td><td align="left" valign="top">Answers to common questions
	</td></tr>
	<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Incompatibilities.html#Incompatibilities" accesskey="8">Incompatibilities</a>:</td><td>  </td><td align="left" valign="top">(between <small>GNU</small> <code>gprof</code> and Unix <code>gprof</code>.)
	</td></tr>
	<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="Details.html#Details" accesskey="9">Details</a>:</td><td>  </td><td align="left" valign="top">Details of how profiling is done
	</td></tr>
	<tr><td align="left" valign="top">• <a href="GNU-Free-Documentation-License.html#GNU-Free-Documentation-License">GNU Free Documentation License</a>:</td><td>  </td><td align="left" valign="top">GNU Free Documentation License
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